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This article studies the portrayal of the character of Clotilde in Gregory of Tours’s Decem libri historiarum with particular attention paid to the killing of Chlodomer’s sons (3.18). It argues that this, along with other episodes attested in Fredegar, is a contaminations from a tradition in which Clotilde was portrayed as a virago in contrast to the quasi‐hagiographical Tours tradition on which Gregory in the main depended. This creates an internal tension in her character that later authors, both scholarly and belletristic, have either attempted to minimize or to bring into the foreground in their own narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traveling salesperson problem (TSP) is one of the most iconic hard optimization tasks. With frequency fitness assignment (FFA), a new approach to optimization has recently been proposed: instead of directing the search towards better solutions, the optimization process prefers those with rarely encountered objective values. FFA can be plugged into existing algorithms and can improve their performance on some problems that are hard for them. However, problems like the TSP, where the number of possible objective values (here: tour lengths) is high, cause the performance of FFA-based algorithms to deteriorate. We choose 56 symmetric instances from TSPLib as a testbed for our experiments. We plug FFA both into the (1+1) EA and simulated annealing (SA) and obtain the FEA and FSA, respectively. We find that the resulting FEA substantially outperforms the (1+1) EA and that FSA can reach the global optima more often than SA within our computational budget. We propose two ways to hybridize FFA and traditional optimization in a round-robin scheme where objective function evaluations are alternatingly assigned to both components. The FFA-based parts of the algorithms sometimes send a solution over to the traditional-optimization-based ones. This can lead to further performance improvements. In particular, the hybrids combining simulated annealing with the FEA solve most problems and find close-to-optimal solutions on other instances. Even for several instances with many possible different objective values, which are therefore not suited to FFA, hybrids combining FFA and traditional objective-guided optimization algorithms can offer substantial performance improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We confirm the following conjecture of Fekete and Woeginger from 1997: for any sufficiently large even number n, every set of n points in the plane can be connected by a spanning tour (Hamiltonian cycle) consisting of straight-line edges such that the angle between any two consecutive edges is at most π / 2 . Our proof is constructive and suggests a simple O (n log n) -time algorithm for finding such a tour. The previous best-known upper bound on the angle is 2 π / 3 , and it is due to Dumitrescu et al. (Electron. J. Comb. 19(2), # P31 (2012)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helen Pierce's recent publication of an eighteenth-century notebook detailing a corpus of drawings by the English artist Francis Place (1647–1728) expands understanding of the range and scope of his works on paper. More specifically, this material confirms the subject of a Place drawing in The Huntington's collections as one of the earliest extant views of Glasgow, produced during the artist's 1701 tour of Scotland. This essay sets out the physical and contextual evidence for this confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians of science do not generally indulge in much mythologizing about the founders and prominent figures in our discipline's history. Nevertheless, the received history of the field elides a great deal of the work done on behalf of the Society and its publications because it was tedious, contentious, done in service to discarded aims, performed by underpaid or unacknowledged professional staff, or simply unglamorous. A brief tour through the Society's voluminous if poorly organized archives serves as a corrective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-watchman route problem is that of computing a pair of closed tours in an environment so that the two tours together see the whole environment and some length measure on the two tours is minimized. Two standard measures are: the minmax measure, where we want the tours where the longest of them has smallest length, and the minsum measure, where we want the tours for which the sum of their lengths is the smallest. It is known that computing a minmax two-watchman route is NP-hard for simple rectilinear polygons and thus also for simple polygons. Also, any c-approximation algorithm for the minmax two-watchman route is automatically a 2c-approximation algorithm for the minsum two-watchman route. We exhibit two constant factor approximation algorithms for computing minmax two-watchman routes in simple polygons with approximation factors 5.969 and 11.939, having running times O (n 8) and O (n 4) respectively, where n is the number of vertices of the polygon. We also use the same techniques to obtain a 6.922-approximation for the fixed two-watchman route problem running in O (n 2) time, i.e., when two starting points of the two tours are given as input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-destination tours and activities multisided platforms (T&A MSP) are growing ventures at the forefront of digitalizing tour and activity sector. While these platforms are transforming this sector, understanding of their business models and how they create, deliver and capture value is limited. To address this gap, we developed a morphological matrix to facilitate alternative business model exploration and discovery. Derived from three iterations, this matrix visually represents and describes the characteristics of T&A MSP business models. Utilizing this tool, T&A MSP can evaluate and make transformative adjustments to their business models, thereby enhancing performance, adapting to evolving tourists' preferences and generating greater value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eighteenth century saw antiquaries taking an increased interest in evidence arising from the Roman occupation of Britain. Sir Richard Colt Hoare explored Wales. From 1793 to 1804, his tours follow in the footsteps of Giraldus de Barri. His journals describing the Welsh tours are known, except for the year 1804. These have recently been uncovered at Stourhead. The 1804 tour was taken '[...] with a view to [...] exploring the Roman Roads and Stations through the Principality'. Colt Hoare's translation of the The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin Through Wales, a.d. MCLXXXVIII/by Giraldus de Barri; ..., followed in 1806. Comparison of Colt Hoare's journals with his translation of Giraldus' Latin text, which is mostly silent on the Romans, shows how he uses the translation to privilege his observations on Roman Wales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new flow‐based mathematical formulation for the multivehicle covering tour problem. This problem determines a set of vehicle routes for the available fleet; therefore, the total distance traveled is minimal. In the proposed mathematical formulation, each vertex represents a location of interest, and these vertices belong to three sets: vertices that can be visited; vertices that must be visited; and vertices that must be covered, in the sense that each vertex must be close to a visited vertex in a route. The proposed formulation aims to find solutions with balanced routes (all the routes with an equal or similar number of visited nodes) and extends the previous formulations proposed in the literature by considering a two‐index vehicle flow formulation with a decision variable to find the balanced routes. It constitutes an NP‐hard integer programming problem based on a two‐commodity flow model, which is solved by applying the branch‐and‐cut and biased random‐key genetic algorithms. This paper reports computational results for some adapted instances from TSPLIB to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model. The computational results validate the branch‐and‐cut and genetic algorithms, whereby the latter performs better in large‐size instances with reduced computational runtime. Finally, the used approaches obtained competitive solutions compared to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a tour of the Boa Ogoi massacre site in Salt Lake City, Utah, led by Darren Parry, a Northwestern Shoshone Council Member. Parry provides a Native perspective on the massacre, which was the largest mass killing of Native Americans in US history. He challenges the misnomer of the "Battle of Bear Creek" and highlights the conflicts between the Shoshone and the invading Mormons. Parry also discusses the markers and memorials at the site, which have evolved to include the Native perspective over time. He further describes his efforts to preserve and restore the site, including raising funds, purchasing the land, and collaborating with universities and local farmers. However, the tour did not stop at the actual site of the massacre, which disappointed some participants. Overall, the article praises Parry's tour as an honest and empathetic presentation of history. [Extracted from the article]

Food tour television has long allowed Americans to virtually visit domestic and global locations, vicariously tasting "authentic" and "exotic" foods from the comfort of their couches and under the guidance of intrepid hosts. Analyzing the history and evolution of the food tour genre offers a gauge of popular discourse surrounding the construction of taste and the formation of national cuisines. Two recent shows within this genre, Taste the Nation with Padma Lakshmi and No Passport Required with Marcus Samuelsson, are of particular interest given their thematic focus on migration – a focus missing within earlier food tour shows. In this paper, we ask how migrant narratives are portrayed within this new programming and how the shows and their hosts redefine American eating. We examined the aesthetic decisions, content choices, and actor involvement within the available episodes of each show. We find that Taste the Nation and No Passport Required successfully use their platform to bring attention to the hardships of the migratory journey and migrants' contributions as tastemakers. However, within their redirection of the genre, these shows still frequently resort to problematic tropes of migrant deservingness, melting pot assimilation, and rugged neoliberal individualism characteristic of earlier programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the key components and influences of positive affect and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on tourist visits at two developing urban destinations, namely Birmingham, United Kingdom and Valencia, Spain. These two data collection sites yielded evidence gathered from 615 and 627 sightseeing bus tourists, respectively. Through the analytic lens of Affective Events Theory (AET), data were examined, and results verify the significant mediating role of affect in two regards: (1) tourists' decision to extend their visits and (2) eWOM of sightseeing bus tour experiences. The moderating role of past sightseeing experiences in these relationships was also supported by the data analysis. This paper further strengthens the role of affect in tourism management scholarship as well as expands AET from the work-setting into the tourism context thus marking a new research trail. Practical implications for tourism destination management organizations (DMOs) are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive practice education is an integral part of the basic education curriculum, aiming to train students to connect textbook knowledge with real-world life through hands-on manipulations and in-person experiences in off-campus settings. In response to the challenges arising in the current enactment of the comprehensive practice curriculum in Chinese county-level schools, the Tianfu New District Educational Science Institute of China's Sichuan Province developed the "cloud-based study tour" model to leverage local cultural and social resources to advance comprehensive practice education. Strategies, such as digital empowerment and curriculum development partnerships, were adopted. This article focuses on expounding on the positive roles of the "cloud-based study tour" in supporting regionally balanced, high-quality practical education by fully utilizing digital technologies and partnerships in curriculum development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual travel experiences are increasing in various online platforms. In peer-to-peer platforms, people can even sell and buy virtual experiences (e.g., touring attractions virtually and personalizing trip itineraries). With a fresh theoretical lens of Touchpoints, Context, and Qualities of customer experience design, this study unpacks important attributes of virtual experiences in the sharing economy. Using a multi-method approach, this study identifies important attributes of virtual experiences and experience hosts using regression (Study 1) and conjoint (Study 2) analyses. As a result, the average rating of reviews about a virtual experience is the most important attribute, followed by the number of selling points, number of images, time length of the virtual experience, and the host's use of intuitive and plain words. The current study extends the customer experience design literature and provides implications of virtual experiences in the sharing economy to hospitality and tourism businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although emotions have garnered scholarly attention in tourism, an opportunity remains to examine the interplay between different emotions and their implications on tourism outcomes. This multi-method research was carried out in Venezuela and assesses the physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal of emotions. A guided walking tour through Venezuela's high-risk zones resulted in varied degrees of emotional stimulation among participants. Their responses were associated with individual differences, such as travel history and personal/professional interests. The appraisal process showed that people who visit conflict-ridden destinations develop cognitively and emotionally. These findings underscore the significance of non-hedonic trips in emotional processes and illustrate how tourism can foster beneficial outcomes. Travel can especially shape tourists' attitudes towards residents, conflict, and themselves. This research also broadens the literature on risk taking and danger zone tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the unique spatial arrangement of the capital (Nanjing) and imperial mausoleum (Xiaoling) in fourteenth-century China. According to Confucian principles and traditional practices, the location of tombs should be separated from the space of the living for philosophical and emotional reasons. However, this convention was challenged by the Hongwu emperor (1368–1398), founder of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), who built his own imperial mausoleum, Xiaoling, within the confines of the capital, an unprecedented act. According to primary sources—ritual texts, gazettes, tour books, and poetry—this innovative capital–mausoleum plan suggests an extension of the pattern by which the Hongwu emperor honored his ancestors through spatial arrangements and incorporated the imperial ancestors into dynasty-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that k -uniform hypergraphs on n vertices whose codegree is at least (2 / 3 + o (1)) n can be decomposed into tight cycles, subject to the trivial divisibility conditions. As a corollary, we show those graphs contain tight Euler tours as well. In passing, we also investigate decompositions into tight paths. In addition, we also prove an alternative condition for building absorbers for edge-decompositions of arbitrary k -uniform hypergraphs, which should be of independent interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the strategic objectives of the Tour de Okinawa, classified as a non-mega sporting event, and investigate the means by which the event organizer and stakeholders seek to leverage the event. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 individuals, including representatives of the event organizer and five stakeholder organizations, who are involved in leveraging the Tour de Okinawa. Study findings were categorized according to the strategic objectives of "promotion of the event and the city" and "development and promotion of cycling in the city" identified by the event organizer. To achieve these strategic objectives, "media," "social exchange/interaction," "environmental considerations," and "medical system" were used by the event organizer and stakeholders to achieve the "promotion of the event and the city." Moreover, they identified "bicycle environment," "course environment," and "related events" to achieve the "development and promotion of cycling in the city." This study extended the existing literature by examining stakeholder collaboration in the context of event leverage. In addition, new findings that differed from previous studies included environmental considerations, medical systems, and bicycle environment as effective means of achieving strategic objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metaverse, defined as an interoperated persistent network of shared virtual environments, engenders perception of holistic presence for audiences through avatar embodiment as well as psychological and physiological immersion in synchronous interaction with other agents and objects. Metaverse tours is a newly emerged phenomenon requiring deepened understanding in the travel and tourism industry. The current study, applying pertinent concepts of enactive cognition and positive psychology, proposes and verifies a theoretical framework. As the research result suggests, concomitant effect exercised by perception of holistic presence containing subdimensions of spatial-presence, social-presence, and self-presence alongside holistic happiness comprising hedonia and eudaimonia serves to reinforce actual visit intention towards a tourism destination in the metaverse context. The current study contributes to explicating an effective avenue conducive to bringing out optimal impact of metaverse tours for travel and tourism marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personalized travel itinerary recommendation algorithms are the focus of research in smart tourism and tourism GIS. Aiming to address issues present in travel itinerary recommendations for the increasingly popular "self-drive tour" mode, this study proposes an algorithm based on comprehensive tourist satisfaction to mitigate problems such as the neglect of important relevant factors and low degree of personalization. First, we construct a model of tourist satisfaction for travel itineraries by comprehensively considering factors including time utilization, the attractiveness of attractions, itinerary feasibility, and the diversity of attraction types. Unlike previous studies, we consider dining and accommodation time during the itinerary, the physical condition of tourists, and the diversity of attraction types, and establish penalty functions to flexibly constrain deviations from the expected conditions in itinerary planning. Then, with the optimization of comprehensive tourist satisfaction as the objective, we design a new algorithm to address the itinerary recommendation problem, supporting tourists in selecting must-visit attractions, restaurants, and hotels, as well as personalized preferences such as the sightseeing sequence. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm outperforms two baseline algorithms, providing higher comprehensive tourist satisfaction while also exhibiting greater feasibility in itinerary planning. The proposed algorithm effectively addresses the issue of personalized travel itinerary recommendation, presenting an efficient, feasible, and practical solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to review and offer observations on the organised professional study tours, ranging from multi-day journeys throughout Europe to one-day explorations of specific regions of Slovenia, that the Archival Society of Slovenia has organised over the previous 20 years. Professional study trips are mostly open to society members, with the goal of fostering interpersonal relationships, casual experience sharing, and professional growth in general. However, those with an interest in archival work are typically invited as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the presence of poetry and poets in the exiled magazine Encuentro de la Cultura Cubana, directed by Jesús Díaz, and published in Madrid from 1996 to 1999. The article takes a tour of the various issues of the publication to approach the space dedicated to poetry and the tribute made to authors such as Gastón Baquero, Dulce María Loynaz, Roque Dalton, Heberto Padilla, Eliseo Diego, Fina García Marruz, Rafael Alcides, among others. Based on these texts, and also appealing to the novel by Jesús Díaz Las palabras perdidas (1992), and one of its protagonists El Rojo, the role played by poetry and poets in the magazine is traced. This function would be twofold: on the one hand, to unite that broken body and divided what is the island of Cuba and, on the other, to highlight the total disagreement between poetry and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines how a mediatized space becomes a "staged" place to play with, and provides a symbolic platform for performance-based, tourism experiences from a tour program design perspective. It focuses on the Detective Conan Mystery Tour, a derivative tourism product of Detective Conan, a Japanese mystery fiction media franchise. Applying the concept of "playscapes" as the theoretical lens, the findings indicate that creating fiction-driven places forms "imagined playscapes" through the endless negotiation process that occurs between tourists as consumers and tour designers and/or operators as producers. In this regard, tour designers play a crucial role in creating the imagined playscapes of the mediatized spaces, inviting tourist performance as a metaphor for an utterly authentic experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity to deal with digital transformation is a valuable asset for established organizations, and employees play a crucial role in this process. This study contributes to the understanding of employees' sensemaking of digital transformation in the tour operating industry. Using prior digital transformation research, construal-level theory (CLT), and dynamic change perspectives, our scholarly work focuses on the complexities of organizational change in a digital transformation context. Although employees generally support digital transformation, our findings show that their perceptions change over time across a range of specific challenges experienced during the employee change journey. Our findings stress the importance of adopting a social exchange lens in digital transformation knowledge as this represents deep structure change that might cause well-designed transformation processes to fail. Implications for hospitality and tourism management are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the conclusion of the Troubles in 1998, Belfast's tourism industry has boomed. Yet, tourists still visit Belfast to learn about the conflict and tour guides must present a narrative of the conflict that is both educational for tourists and respectful of locals' differing experiences. Conceptualized through the concept of the local gaze, this article uncovers how tour guides construct a narrative about the conflict in the shared city center. Data were collected during 3 months of ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation of guided tours and semi-structured interviews with tour guides. The findings show how the legacy of the conflict is incorporated into guided tours. Guides act with awareness of a local gaze during the tour. They are sensitive to the possibility of offending a local passerby when talking about the Troubles and are careful to neutralize their tour narrative. However, opinions about how the Troubles should be presented are not fixed and tour guides push the boundaries of what is considered acceptable. More broadly, the findings show that tourism can provide a platform for discussions about how the past can or should be remembered in post-conflict societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Projekt-Management Aktuell is the property of Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH & Co.KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article conceptualizes the category 'botanical gestures' and develops arguments about the relevance of its incorporation in educational research. This foundation includes a vast bibliographical tour through theoretical and literary texts. He also proposes two intermezzos that incorporate references to the visual arts. Finally, it states a propositional agenda that constitutes an expansion of two agendas previously stated by the authors of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people are now at the centre of what we call "heritage". Children are a familiar sight at heritage sites, where specific provision is made for their learning and entertainment. Heritage education is also now well established, with families, schools, heritage sites and agencies working to ensure that children are encouraged and supported to engage with the material remains of the past. However, this is a surprisingly recent development. It was only in the later twentieth century that children came to be recognised as an important market for the heritage industry, requiring special consideration and amenities. On the other hand, on an individual basis, many children have been active participants in heritage activities for much longer. This essay considers one aspect of that long history, looking at the presence of children on the "Grand Tour" in the long eighteenth century. The classic image of the Grand Tour is of young British men being sent, in the years following school or university, on a protracted, often debauched journey around Western Europe. This characterisation has been recently challenged in several ways, and this essay continues this reevaluation by investigating the Tourists' age. Some Tourists were mature adults; many others were surprisingly young. This essay investigates both those young people who undertook their own tours, often accompanied by a tutor, and those touring as part of a family group. No reliable corpus of Grand Tourists can be established, and in those directories that do exist, children tend to be underrepresented. But using a range of printed, manuscript and visual sources, including educational treatises, memoirs, diaries, letters, and portraits, this essay establishes the unexpected extent of children's presence on the Tour and shows that it is possible to recapture the experiences of Grand Tour children and of those who travelled with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The March 1945 Australian tour of the Royal Papuan Constabulary (RPC) Band offered Australians a vignette of Papuans' progress since the Australian 'civilising' mandate began in 1906. After recounting the RPC Band's origins and wartime propaganda role, this article examines the sponsors' framing of the tour, the public's responses to the visitors, and the outcomes of the trip for the musicians. The tour challenged Australians to rethink their sentimental appreciation of Papuans as 'Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels', while press reportage described both what was strange (language, recreation, diet, sleeping habits) and what was familiar (discipline, musical skill) about the visiting Papuans. Colonialist attitudes regarding race relations were also challenged during the tour. The RPC tour gave Papua New Guineans and Australians an unusual opportunity to see each other in a different light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FactorISM is a voluntary project in Yao city, Osaka, that aims to promote manufacturing culture to local children. The project allows children to tour local factories and observe real manufacturing work, providing them with an entertaining and educational experience. The project has attracted participants from both the local neighborhood and other regions of Japan. It aims to stimulate young people's interest in manufacturing and enhance motivation among workers in the industry. FactorISM also has ambitions to expand its activities internationally and participate in the Osaka World Exposition in 2025. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of the study was to understand the lives and careers of developmental tour golfers through the lens of athletic identity and social identity theory (SIT), with emphasis on decisions related to transition out of golf caused by COVID-19. Eight developmental tour golfers (4 male; 4 female) were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide during the COVID-19 shutdown of professional sport. Interviews went through a six-stage coding process by two of the authors to produce the final themes of the study. Results indicated that developmental tour golfers (a) faced tougher competition during the lockdown; (b) financial difficulties of developmental tour life were exacerbated by COVID-19; and (c) consequential athletic identity and uncertainty of future career in golf due to COVID-19. The study highlights the sometimes-impractical decisions and lifestyle choices golfers will make to achieve their dreams. From a governance standpoint, suggestions of tour consolidation, emergency financial assistance to players, and educational programming are recommended for more successful transitions out of golf. This study contributes to the growing body of athletic identity literature and provides empirical insight into how developmental tour golfers navigate tumultuous career paths, both in normal times and with the added constraints of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, titled "True West: Myths and Mending on the Far Side of America," is a review of Betsy Gaines Quammen's book. Quammen explores the political trends affecting the Intermountain states and argues that many contemporary issues in the West have their roots in toxic myths. The book discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, floods, fires, and political polarization on rural and urban communities. Quammen's work is praised for its thematic organization, neighborly tone, and journalistic approach. However, some critics note that the book's definition of the West is limited and that it perpetuates certain historical tropes. Overall, the book is seen as an engaging and reflective exploration of Western history and a call for open dialogue. [Extracted from the article]

This project applies the Photovoice method, an established qualitative approach, to discover new insights for market and enterprise development based on racial identity. Examining the interests and motivations of Black consumers and practices of companies which capitalise on Black identity, we reveal viable markets concerning 'Black Paris' tour experiences and educational services. This market is distinct from the long-standing mainstream tourism market in France, which is 'colorblind' by tradition. Practicing Racial Capitalism, Black tour professionals cater to traditionally underserved consumers by highlighting and disseminating information concerning the obscured histories and rich cultural contributions of Black people to culture and society. The Photovoice technique allowed for documentation and critical examination of race-themed tourism services and customer experiences, indicating new opportunities for market development and related social and policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]