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This paper examines the politics of placemaking in an expanding self-built settlement in the city of Cartagena, Colombia, under everyday conditions of disposability and waste toxicity. Based on 11 months of ethnographic research, the paper introduces the triptych of disappearance, emergence, and appearance to categorize residents' everyday garbage-based practices. The paper argues that these three forms of garbage-based practices are racialized and forged through historical processes of urban displacement, shifting socio-political backgrounds, and legacies of violence. This paper highlights the intimate links between the material and social production of Black placemaking and embodied experiences of toxicities in Cartagena. It draws attention to the multiple ways in which Afro-Colombian residents endure and contest cumulative processes of embodied experiences of waste exposure through politics of placemaking. Garbage socio-material entanglements allow for the acknowledgement of the relationality of space, materials, people, and politics, which are constitutive of contentious relational politics of placemaking. As residents in urban contexts contend with ever-evolving waste challenges, this paper proposes novel ways of reading the inherent plurality of relational politics of placemaking, which can foreshadow alternative urban environmental futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environ 10 à 15 % des patientes atteintes d'un cancer du sein seront atteintes d'une récidive locale après un traitement conservateur initial ou une mastectomie. La mastectomie totale est historiquement le traitement de référence en cas de récidive locale. Cependant, la réirradiation peut être une option en cas de second traitement conservateur en association à une segmentectomie ou en cas de récidive sur la paroi thoracique afin d'améliorer le taux de contrôle local. Différentes modalités sont disponibles : la curiethérapie, la radiothérapie externe avec ou sans hyperthermie. Bien que les résultats carcinologiques soient encourageants, cette situation complexe nécessite une sélection rigoureuse des patientes et une maîtrise technique afin d'obtenir le meilleur taux de contrôle local et de limiter la toxicité. Cet article présente une revue des données de la littérature sur les indications et différentes techniques de réirradiation des récidives homolatérales des carcinomes mammaires afin d'apporter une aide à la prise de décision en pratique clinique. Approximately 10 to 15% of patients with breast cancer will have a local recurrence after initial conservative treatment or mastectomy. Total mastectomy has historically been the standard treatment for local recurrence. However, the question of reirradiation may arise as part of a second conservative treatment in conjunction with segmentectomy or in the case of chest wall recurrence to improve local control. Different modalities are available: brachytherapy, external beam radiotherapy with or without hyperthermia. Although the carcinologic results are encouraging, this complex situation requires rigorous patient selection and technical requirements to achieve the best local control and limit toxicity events. This article presents a review of the literature on the different indications and techniques for reirradiation of ipsilateral recurrent breast cancer, with the aim of providing decision support in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le cancer de la prostate est le plus fréquent chez l'homme et, au stade localisé, les schémas d'hypofractionnement de la radiothérapie sont devenus des standards, mais l'absence de risque aggravé de toxicité aiguë et tardive génito-urinaire et gastro-intestinale de l'escalade de dose reste à prouver. La population étudiée comprenait tous les patients pris en charge à l'institut Curie de février 2016 à mars 2018 pour un adénocarcinome prostatique localisé traité par irradiation externe délivrée par un accélérateur linéaire en technique conformationnelle avec modulation d'intensité guidée par l'image à la dose totale de 75 Gy en 30 fractions de 2,5 Gy dans le volume cible prévisionnel comprenant la prostate et les vésicules séminales proximales, et pouvait associer une radiothérapie prophylactique ganglionnaire de 46 Gy en 23 fractions avec la technique de boost intégré. En tout, 166 patients ont été inclus, dont 114 étaient atteints de cancer de risque au moins intermédiaire défavorable (soit 68,7 %). L'âge et le suivi médians étaient de 71,4 ans et 3,96 ans. Cent quarante-neuf patients ont reçu une radiothérapie ganglionnaire (soit 89,8 %). Cent trente et un patients ont reçu une hormonothérapie (soit 78,9 %). Une toxicité génito-urinaire de grade 2 ou plus a été notée en cours de radiothérapie, à 6 mois, 1 an et 5 ans respectivement dans 36,7 %, 8,8 %, 3,1 % et 4,7 % des cas. Deux patients ont souffert à 5 ans d'une toxicité de grade 4 (soit 1,6 %). Une toxicité gastro-intestinale de grade 2 ou plus a été notée en cours de radiothérapie, à 6 mois, 1 an et 5 ans dans respectivement 15,1 %, 1,9 %, 14,6 % et 9,3 % des cas. Parmi ces derniers, huit patients ont souffert d'une toxicité de grade 3 (soit 6,2 %). Il n'y a eu aucune toxicité de grade 4. Les analyses n'ont pas mis en évidence de facteur prédictif de toxicité. Les taux de survie globale, sans progression et spécifique à 5 ans étaient respectivement de 82,4 %, 85,7 % et 93,3 %. La concentration sérique d'antigène spécifique de la prostate et les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires ont été retrouvés comme facteurs prédictifs d'une dégradation de la survie globale (p = 0,0028 pour les deux). La radiothérapie externe pour un cancer prostatique localisé avec notre schéma modérément hypofractionné avec escalade de dose est bien tolérée. En l'absence de toxicité tardive majorée, l'analyse des modes de rechutes à long terme sera intéressante pour déterminer l'intérêt de cette escalade de dose sur les rechutes locales et à distance. Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer among men and radiotherapy hypofractionation regimens have become standard treatments for the localized stages, but the absence of increased risk of acute and late genitourinary or gastrointestinal toxicity of the dose escalation still must be demonstrated. The study population included all patients with localized prostatic adenocarcinoma treated at the institut Curie from February 2016 to March 2018 by external radiation delivered by a linear accelerator using an image-guided conformal intensity modulation technique at a total dose of 75 Gy in 30 fractions of 2.5 Gy in the planning target volume that included the prostate and the proximal seminal vesicles, and could be paired with a prophylactic lymph node radiotherapy at 46 Gy in 23 fractions with simultaneous integrated boost. A total of 166 patients were included. Among them, 68.6% were unfavourable intermediate or (very) high risk. The median age and follow-up were 71.4 years and 3.96 years. One hundred and forty-nine patients received prophylactic lymph node radiotherapy (89.8%). One hundred and thirty-one patients received hormonotherapy (78.9%). Genito-urinary toxicity events of grades 2 or above during radiotherapy, at 6 months, 1 year and 5 years were respectively 36.7%, 8.8%, 3.1% and 4.7%. Two patients had late grade 4 toxicity at 5 years (1.6%). Grade 2 gastrointestinal toxicity events during radiotherapy, 6 months, 1 year and 5 years were respectively 15.1%, 1.9%, 14.6% and 9.3%. Of these, eight patients had grade 3 toxicity (6.2%). There was no grade 4 toxicity. Analyses did not reveal any predictive factor for toxicity. The 5-year overall, progression-free, and specific survival rates were respectively 82.4%, 85.7%, and 93.3%. Serum prostate specific antigen concentration and cardiovascular risk factors were found to be predictive factors of deterioration in overall survival (P = 0.0028 for both). External radiotherapy for localized prostatic cancer with our moderately hypofractionated dose escalation regimen is well tolerated. In the absence of increased late toxicity, the analysis of the modes of long-term relapses will be interesting to determine the benefit of this dose escalation on local and distant relapses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast-conserving surgery followed by reirradiation for a localized ipsilateral breast tumour relapse may increase the radiation dose delivered to the heart and result in a greater risk of cardiac adverse events. This study aimed to compare the incidence of cardiac mortality in patients treated for a localized ipsilateral breast tumour relapse, either with breast-conserving surgery followed by reirradiation or with total mastectomy between 2000 and 2020. All patients treated for a primary non-metastatic breast cancer with breast-conserving surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program database, and those who subsequently experienced a localized ipsilateral breast tumour relapse treated with breast-conserving surgery and reirradiation ("BCS + ReRT" group, n = 239) or with total mastectomy ("TM" group, n = 3127) were included. The primary objective was to compare the cardiac mortality rate between the patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery followed by reirradiation and total mastectomy. Secondary endpoints were overall survival and cancer specific survival. Cardiac mortality was significantly higher in patients treated with breast-conserving surgery followed by reirradiation (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.40, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.19–4.86, P = 0.006) in univariate analysis; non-statistically significant differences were observed after adjusting for age, laterality and chemotherapy on multivariate analysis (HR: 1.96, 95% CI: 0.96–3.94, P = 0.067), age being the only confounding factor. A non-statistically significant difference towards lower overall survival was observed in patients who had breast-conserving surgery followed by reirradiation compared with those who underwent total mastectomy (HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 0.98–1.90, P = 0.066), and no differences were observed in terms of cancer specific survival (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.56–1.82, P = 0.965). In this study, the incidence of cardiac mortality was low, and breast-conserving surgery followed by reirradiation did not independently increased the risk of cardiac mortality for a localized ipsilateral breast tumour relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, the aerial parts of which are used. Native to Asia Minor and the Balkans, it is traditionally used for its medicinal properties, particularly in the treatment and prevention of migraines and arthritis. The main active component responsible for its therapeutic effects is parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone known for its prophylactic properties against inflammation and migraines. The plant also contains flavonoids, including santine, and an essential oil whose main constituents are camphor and trans-chrisantenyl acetate. Pharmacologically, the plant has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-migraine properties, as well as effects on vascular smooth muscle and platelets. Clinical trials have shown that various extracts of partenelle or parthenolide have a preventive effect on migraine attacks. Although not very toxic orally, the plant can cause digestive problems and allergic skin reactions. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and breast-feeding, in children under 12 and in people allergic to Asteraceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite analogue of folic acid that competitively inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase. It is used in high doses in the treatment of neoplasms and in low doses in inflammatory diseases. Objective: Describe the mucocutaneous manifestations secondary to Methotrexate toxicity; Demonstrate the risk factors for this toxicity. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out for which the clinical histories of patients with a diagnosis of cutaneous-mucosal MTX poisoning were evaluated in the dermatology department at Fez University Hospital over a period of 3 years. Results: We collected 6 patients, 5 women and one man. Ages ranged from 26 to 54 years. Three patients received MTX for hydatidiform mole, one for lupus, one for mycosis fungoides, and one for psoriasis. All patients presented with mucocutaneous signs of MTX intoxication, consisting of severe mucositis, genital erosions and well-limited painful skin erosions, with a skin surface affected between 10 % and 30 %, three patients had concomitant hematological damage. A pharmacovigilance declaration was made for all our patients. The imputability criteria were in favor of the responsibility of methotrexate, the patients were put on folic acid and symptomatic treatment with good progress. Conclusion: This work highlights the importance of recognizing the mucocutaneous signs of methotrexate toxicity, the obligatory exclusion of hematological damage in the presence of skin and/or mucosal erosions and the need to initiate treatment as early as possible to avoid a fatal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Crocus sativa, saffron, is a herbaceous plant native to the Mediterranean region (Greece) and is cultivated in several countries, including Iran, Spain, Italy, Greece, India and Morocco. The part used is the stigma which mainly contain carotenoid-like compounds such as crocin and crocetin as well as picrocrocin and safranal. Saffron has a long history in traditional medicine. It has been used to treat insomnia, asthma, whooping cough, depression, anxiety, heartburn and to reduce cough. Pharmacologically, the drug is responsible for several activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. Saffron also exerts effects on cognitive function and showed antidiabetic and anticancer activities (in vitro and in vivo). Clinically, studies carried out with saffron carotenoids extracts have demonstrated statistically significant results in both glaucoma and AMD. Acute toxicity tests show that saffron, safranal and crocin are mild to non-toxic agents. Other studies have reported that effective doses of saffron used in clinical practice are significantly lower than toxic doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Morocco, phytotherapy, with other alternative medicines, is considered particularly attractive. This implies a significant incidence of intoxication linked to the therapeutic use of these plants. Pharmacists, with their knowledge of pharmacognosy and therapeutics, and their constant availability to serve the public, have a very useful role to play in the proper use of these products. The aim of this work is to give a botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and mainly toxicological description of the main plants with neurological, cardiac and renal toxicity most commonly used by the Moroccan population, and to specify the contribution and role of the Moroccan phytovigilance system in minimizing the risk associated with phytotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Le but de cette étude est de mener une analyse phyto-chimique et une évaluation des activités anti-drépanocytaires, anti-inflammatoires, anti-radicalaires et cytotoxiques des feuilles de Ficus exasperata. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent que la poudre des feuilles de cette plante médicinale contient des éléments histologiques caractéristiques tels que des fragments de parenchyme, des cristaux d'oxalates de calcium, des fibres, des vaisseaux annelés, des grains d'amidon et des fragments de vaisseaux ponctués. Elle contient également des tanins, des saponosides, des flavonoïdes, des acides phénols, des iridoïdes, des anthocyanes, des anthrones, des anthraquinones et des terpènes. La teneur en polyphénols totaux est de 442 mg EAG/g d'extrait, tandis que celle des flavonoïdes totaux est de 7,0 mg EQ/g d'extrait. Il est également démontré que l'activité anti-radicalaire du percolât est supérieure à celle du décocté, et que les feuilles de F. exasperata ne sont pas cytotoxiques (%Hémolyse

Introduction : En Afrique, les recettes traditionnelles pour les soins de santé sont majoritairement faites à base de plantes médicinales. Ageratum conyzoïdes est une plante médicinale utilisée pour faciliter les accouchements. La présente étude avait pour objectif de rechercher l’effet pharmacologique de l’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoïdes sur la parturition chez le rat femelle. Méthodologie : Une quantité de Ageratum conyzoïdes (Plante entière) a été récoltée. L’extrait aqueux a été obtenu par macération. La toxicité orale aigüe de l’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoïdes a été déterminée conformément à la ligne directrice 423 de l’OCDE modifiée. L’activité pharmacologique sur la parturition a été étudiée après administration par voie orale de l’extrait chez le rat femelle au 19ième jour de gestation. Des lots de cinq rats femelles gravides ont été constitués. Un lot ayant reçu de l’eau distillée a été utilisé comme témoin négatif et un autre ayant reçu du misoprostol per os comme témoin positif. Les délais d’expulsion ont été calculés en comptant le nombre de jours écoulés entre l’administration de l’extrait et la mise bas des rats femelles. Les différentes valeurs ont été comparées à l’aide du Test de Student, et du Test d’analyse des variances « one-way ANOVA », suivie du post-Test de comparaison multiple de Dunnett. Le seuil de significativité a été fixé à p˂0,05. Toutes les expérimentations animales ont été conduites conformément aux règles sur le traitement des animaux adoptées par le Comité Institutionnel d’Ethique de la Recherche (CIER) de la Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales de l’Université de Yaoundé I qui a délivré une clairance éthique de référence N°306/UYI/FMSB/VDRC/DAASR/CSD. Résultats : Le rendement d’extraction relatif calculé après extraction était de 19,64%. L’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoïdes n’a provoqué la mort d’aucun animal après administration de la dose d’essai limite de 5000mg/kg de poids corporel et aucun signe de morbidité n’a été observé. Le délai d’expulsion moyen du lot de rats femelles ayant reçu l’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoïdes était de 3,4 ± 0,083 jours (81,6 heures). Il était de 1,4 ± 0,061 jours (33,6 heures) et 3,8 ± 0,074 jours (91,2 heure) respectivement pour le lot ayant reçu le misoprostol et celui ayant reçu de l’eau distillée. Le lot de rats femelles ayant reçu le misoprostol a présenté le délai d’expulsion le plus court et celui ayant reçu l’eau distillée le délai le plus long. Le délai d’expulsion moyen du lot de rats femelles ayant reçu l’extrait de la plante était plus court que celui des rats gavés à l’eau distillée, cependant l’analyse statistique n’a pas montré de différence statistiquement significative (p < 5%) entre ces deux lots. Conclusion : L’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoïdes serait à la lumière du présent travail une substance de moindre toxicité avec une DL50 >5000mg /kg de poids corporel. Il contribuerait en outre à diminuer le délai d’expulsion des rats femelles gestants favorisant ainsi l’expulsion du produit de conception.

This study aims to perform a comprehensive systematic review of deep learning (DL) models in predicting RT-induced toxicity. A literature review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Embase databases from the earliest record up to September 2022. Related studies on deep learning models for radiotherapy toxicity prediction were selected based on predefined PICOS criteria. Fourteen studies of radiotherapy-treated patients on different types of cancer [prostate (n = 2), HNC (n = 4), liver (n = 2), lung (n = 4), cervical (n = 1), and oesophagus (n = 1)] were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. Information regarding patient characteristics and model development was summarized. Several approaches, such as ensemble learning, data augmentation, and transfer learning, that were utilized by selected studies were discussed. Deep learning techniques are able to produce a consistent performance for toxicity prediction. Future research using large and diverse datasets and standardization of the study methodologies are required to improve the consistency of the research output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the long-term tolerance and outcome of patients irradiated with an electron beam technique used since 2007 on the chest wall and lymph node areas after mastectomy for non-metastatic locally advanced breast carcinoma. All patients irradiated with an improved electron beam technique after mastectomy for non-metastatic breast carcinoma between 2007 and 2011 at Institut Curie (France) were included in this descriptive study. The technique has already been described in other studies, as has its 5-year tolerance and non-inferiority compared to photon irradiation. Acute and chronic toxicity were collected using CTCAE v 3.0. A clinical examination was carried out each week during the radiotherapy and at each 6 months consultation with one mammogram per year at the Institut Curie for at least 5 years. The patients then continued to be followed either at the Institut Curie or in private practice with a good transmission of outpatient consultations, thanks to a system of forms to be completed and integrated into the electronic files. Quantitative and qualitative data are defined by mean and proportion. Statistical comparisons were made by computer using the Chi2 test and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Recurrence-free survival was defined as the time between the end of treatment and the date of recurrence or death. Overall survival was defined in the same way without taking into account recurrences. Patients who did not report any events were censored at the date of last news. Of the 796 patients included, 51.3% had multifocal lesions, 10.1% had triple negative status, and 18.8% displayed overexpression of the Her2 receptor, 196 (24.6%) patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 208 (26.1%) systemic treatment during radiotherapy (chemotherapy or targeted therapy); 514 (64.6%) had at least one positive lymph node. The internal mammary chain (IMC) was irradiated in 85.6% of cases, the supraclavicular areas in 88.3% of cases, the infraclavicular in 77.9% of cases and the axillary area in 14.9% of cases. With a median follow-up of 113 months (range: 2–164 months), locoregional recurrence-free survival and overall 10-year survival was respectively 94.02%, (95% CI: 92.13–98.94) and 79.84% (95% CI: 76.83–82.97). Median survival was not reached. In the long term, 29.6% of patients had telangiectasias (grade 1: 23.3%, grade 2: 5.2%, grade 3: 1.1%). There were 279 patients (35.1%) with secondary breast reconstruction on average 21 months after all treatments. IMC irradiation was not associated with a majority of pulmonary toxicity. Thirty-five patients developed chronic heart disease after radiotherapy, 30 of whom had received anthracyclines and 9 had received traztuzumab. Three of these reported a coronary ischaemic event, including 2 irradiated on the left and 1 on the right, the 4 were irradiated in the vicinity of the IMC and the other lymph node areas, but presented many other cardiovascular risk factors (between 2 and 4). During follow-up, 4.9% of patients had a contralateral recurrence (n = 39) and 5.5% had a second non-breast cancer (n = 44), of the 6 bronchopulmonary cancers diagnosed, none appeared to be related to chest wall radiotherapy. This study confirms that the improved postmastectomy electron beam radiation therapy technique is well-tolerated after nearly 10 years of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La prévention en santé comprend un apport alimentaire adéquat en macronutriments (glucides, lipides, protides) et en micronutriments (vitamines, oligoéléments). Les micronutriments jouent un rôle essentiel comme cofacteurs ou agents réducteurs dans la quasi-totalité des réactions biochimiques du métabolisme cellulaire. L'objectif de cette revue est de proposer une mise à jour des connaissances du métabolisme des principaux micronutriments, vitamines hydrosolubles (B1, B6, B9, B12, C), liposolubles (A, E, D) et oligoéléments (fer, zinc, cuivre, sélénium) avec une attention particulière sur l'impact de l'inflammation. Cette revue a également pour but de positionner le statut des micronutriments dans des groupes à risques de carence émergents (MICI, chirurgie bariatrique, résection intestinale, Covid) et d'en dégager les principaux messages de mise en pratique. Les biomarqueurs d'un excès en micronutriments sont généralement bien moins caractérisés que ceux d'une carence en particulier en termes de liens avec des symptômes fonctionnels ou cliniques de toxicité. La prévention des carences en l'absence de pathologie, repose sur une alimentation variée et équilibrée qui couvre facilement l'ensemble des besoins. Une prévention par complément micronutritionnel peut se trouver justifiée de façon temporaire ou prolongée dans des situations physiopathologiques particulières (régimes particuliers, interactions médicamenteuses, pathologies). Health prevention includes an adequate dietary intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) and micronutrients (vitamins, trace elements). Micronutrients play an essential role as co-factors or reducing agents in almost all of the biochemical reactions of cellular metabolism. The objective of this review is to provide an update of knowledge of the metabolism of the main micronutrients such as water-soluble (B1, B6, B9, B12, C) and fat-soluble (A, E, D) vitamins and trace elements (iron, zinc, copper, selenium) with a particular attention to their impact of inflammation. The aim of the review is also to define the status of micronutrients in groups at risk of emerging deficiency (inflammation bowel disease, bariatric surgery, bowel resection, COVID) and to draw out the main messages for putting them into practice. Biomarkers of micronutrient excess are generally less well characterized than those of deficiency, particularly in terms of links to functional or clinical symptoms of toxicity. The prevention of deficiencies in the absence of pathology, is based on a diet varied and balanced that easily covers all needs. Prevention by micronutritional supplements may be justified on a temporary or prolonged basis in particular pathophysiological situations (special diets, drug interactions, pathologies). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. L’utilisation excessive des pesticides pose un véritable problème de santé publique, non seulement pour les personnes qui y sont exposées, mais aussi pour l’écosystème. Objectif. Etudier la toxicité induite par le thiaméthoxame (TMX) sur les paramètres morphologiques et hématologiques et sur les marqueurs du stress oxydatif au niveau des érythrocytes. Matériel et méthodes. Des rats mâles de souche Wistar ont été traités par voie intra-péritonéale pendant 30 jours avec trois doses croissantes de TMX (100, 150 et 300 mg/kg de poids corporel). Résultats. L’exposition des rats au TMX a provoqué une perturbation du comportement des rats, de leur poids corporel et de leur consommation quotidienne de nourriture et de boisson. De plus, des modifications du profil hématologique caractérisées par une anémie accompagnée de thrombopénie généralement liée à un déficit immunitaire, ont été détectées. Toutes ces altérations du profil hématologique sont confirmées par l’observation microscopique du frottis sanguin des différents groupes de rats. De plus, une altération du système de défense antioxydante, caractérisée par une diminution du glutathion réduit (GSH), de l’activité la catalase (CAT), de la superoxyde dismutase (SOD) et de la glutathion pero-xydase (GPx), ainsi qu’une augmentation au niveau des marqueurs du stress oxydatif, tels que le malondialdéhyde (MDA) et les produits d'oxydation avancée des protéines (AOPP), est notée, témoignant de l’effet déstabilisant du TMX. Conclusion. Cette toxicité augmente avec l’élévation de la dose de TMX, reflétant que l’utilisation irrationnelle de cet insecticide peut affecter la santé des mammifères. [Introduction. The excessive use of pesticides poses a real public health problem, not only for the people who are exposed to them, but also for the ecosystem. Objective. To elucidate the effect of thiamethoxam-induced toxicity (TMX) on morpho-logical and hematological parameters, and on oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes. Material and methods. Male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally for 30 days with three increasing doses of TMX (100, 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight). Results. The exposition of the rats to TMX caused a disturbance in their behavior, their body weight, and their daily food and drink intake. In addition, a perturbation in the hematological profile was noted. In fact, anemia accompanied with thrombocytopenia usually related to an immune deficiency was also detected. All these alterations in the blood profile were ascertained by the microscopic observation of the blood smear for the different groups of rats. Moreover, an impairment of the antioxidant defense system characterized by a decrease in the reduced glutathione (GSH), the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and by an increase in the level of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation products of proteins (AOPP), was noted testifying the destabilizing effect of TMX. Conclusion. This toxicity increases with enhanced doses of TMX, reflecting that the irrational use of this insecticide can affect the health of mammals.]

The two species of bracken fern, Pteridium esculentum and Pteridium aquilinum, are well known to produce neoplastic lesions and thiamine deficiency when consumed by mammals, with severe consequences to health. New Zealand Pre‐European Māori are known to have consumed rhizomes of P. esculentum as food with little or no recorded consequences to health. Processing methods by Māori prior to consumption may have helped to detoxify this food. We carried out LDH toxicity tests on rhizomes that had been pre‐processed before simulated digestion to test this possibility. We tested rhizomes harvested each month of the year, different components of the rhizome, both raw and roasted rhizomes, rhizomes stored for up to 12 months, and rhizomes leached for up to 24 hours. All specimens remained equally toxic within experimental error. We carried out a detailed analysis of nutrients in bracken rhizome and compared this with kūmara, Ipomoea batatas, another important food plant for pre‐European Māori, and found that bracken rhizome has c. 70% of the caloric value of kūmara. A cost/benefit analysis of the two plants suggested that the reward for effort is greatest for kūmara by a modest amount. Analysis of historic ethnographic observations relating to bracken rhizome from AD 1769 to the 1840s provides complex and contradictory evidence of the role of bracken rhizome in the Māori economic system. Although there is clear evidence that Māori greatly favoured chewing rhizomes, this fondness may result from the presence of one or more plant secondary metabolites (PSM), such as ecdysone, which are known to be addictive. Our analysis of the evidence favours the plant being essentially a famine food, filling in the period between planting and harvest of kūmara, known as the 'hungry gap' between October and April in the southern hemisphere. However, it would also have provided an important source of food for travellers, as fern‐lands are widespread. Our analysis of archaeological information did not produce unequivocal direct evidence of bracken rhizome consumption. However, the presence of extreme tooth wear and a unique pattern of first molar dislocation, attributed to the use of teeth to strip starch from rhizomes, has been shown to be present at all periods of New Zealand prehistory. This is contrary to the finding of some other researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polluants like heavy metals are ubiquitous in the environment, and they can enter our bodies and cause many illnesses and metabolic dysfunctions. The objective of our study is to demonstrate the beneficial effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa) (Cur) on the toxicity induced by cadmium chloride (Cd) in Albinos wistar rats. Forty male rats were divided into four groups and treated daily for 30 days. The first group (0-0) served as a control and received a normal diet without Cd and Cur. The second group (0-Cur) received 2% of Cur in their food. The third group (Cd-0) was on a normal diet, but they were given Cd orally at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The fourth group (Cd-Cur) was treated with 5 mg/kg Cd and 2% Cur. Biochemical, hematological, and histological markers as well as oxidative stress parameters were estimated. Cd exposure induced a significant disturbance in all the values of the parameters studied compared to the control group. In addition, Cd toxicity caused liver and kidney tissue degeneration. However, feeding a turmeric-rich diet reduced the intensity of cadmium-induced oxidative stress and restored all studied biological analyzes in comparison with the control group. At the same time, tissue degeneration was remarkably corrected. The results suggest that turmeric supplementation in the diet is beneficial as it has the power to reduce cadmium toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bruton tyrosine kinase (iBTK) inhibitors are effective drugs used in the treatment of various B-cell hemopathies, including ibrutinib; the first generation iBTK for which there is the most data available. Cardiovascular toxicities associated with the use of ibrutinib, including cardiac arrhythmia due to atrial fibrillation and hypertension, quickly emerged as a potential issue with iBTK, and especially from the first clinical trials with this molecule. Other rarer types of cardiovascular toxicities are increasingly described with ibrutinib. More recently, acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib have been developed as 2nd generation iBTK with greater selectivity for the BTK target and with the prospect of less adverse effects due to inhibition of off-target protein kinases. This work represents a brief literature review on cardiovascular toxicities associated with iBTK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the perception of the use of plants by the population of the region of Fès-Boulemane (north-central of Morocco) a prospective study was conducted in this region. A questionnaire on the sociodemographic characteristics of the population, the knowledge of the toxic risk related to the use of plants and the methods of their use was used. The results of this study showed that 601 respondents (75.1%) practice herbal medicine and that 28% of them are illiterate. The choice of herbal medicine and products of the traditional pharmacopoeia was 57.2% linked to its efficiency and low cost. 14.8% of the plants used are known to be toxic and 96.7% of the total have a relative knowledge of the toxic plants. The oral route was the most preferred route of administration. Leaves were the most used part in traditional herbal medicine (27.5%). The decoction represented 39.9% of the mode of use followed by the infusion. The dose is generally approximate in 85.2%. The digestive disorders were most frequently mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As the effects of electronic cigarettes (ECs) have rapidly become widely known, we propose to take stock of recent findings on the bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular adverse effects (AEs) and the risks of cancer occurrence entailed by EC use. METHOD: We carried out a search from 2018 to October 19, 2023 on PubMed, adopting the PRISMA guidelines (2020) with the following keywords in "Titles and abstracts": electronic cigarette, or e-cigarette, or ENDS, AND safety or toxicology or effect or health effect, using "Systematic Review" as a filter. The inclusion criteria were: systematic review of in vitro or in vivo studies in English or French dealing with the risks of ECs for the bronchopulmonary system, the cardiovascular system, or cancer occurrence. CONCLUSION: Twenty-eight systematic reviews on the adverse effects (AE) of electronic cigarettes (EC) in selected humans show that the toxic substances they generate can cause cancers and increase the risk of cardiac and pulmonary disorders. New studies on the potential dangerousness of EC use are essential and urgent., (Copyright © 2024 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (iBTKs) have profoundly transformed the management of B-cell lymphoid malignancies, particularly chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These targeted therapies, with ibrutinib as the pioneer, have paved the way for significant improvement in the prognosis of many patients. With second-generation iBTKs such as acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, the therapeutic landscape has expanded, offering potential new options for patients with CLL. This review focuses on the cardiovascular adverse effects associated with these treatments. It delves into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of these effects, highlighting the complex interactions between these molecules and the cardiovascular system. Additionally, it examines the frequency of adverse effects according to the type of iBTK, drawing on data from clinical trials and real-world clinical practice. Finally, the importance of close cardio-oncological monitoring is emphasized, with essential collaboration between hematologists and cardiologists. Strategies for screening and managing cardiovascular adverse effects are also discussed, emphasizing the need for a proactive approach in managing these complications. Experts propose a pragmatic follow-up of these patients, through a central illustration and a figure adapted from European cardio-oncology guidelines, to simplify hematologists' practice., (Copyright © 2024 Société Française du Cancer. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

La radiothérapie et les thérapies ciblées occupent une place majeure dans la prise en charge des cancers. Malheureusement, les données de toxicité et d'efficacité concernant leur association sont ténues et non centralisées. Ainsi, nous proposons une revue de la littérature sur les risques et opportunités de l'association de la radiothérapie aux thérapies ciblées. Nous avons cherché dans les bases de données EMBASE, ClinicalTrial.gov, Medline et Web of Science pour les termes « radiotherapy », « radiation therapy », « radiosurgery », « local ablative therapy », « gamma knife » et « stereotactic », combinés avec « cetuximab », « crizotinib », « erlotinib », « gefitinib », « lapatinib » « trastuzumab », "vemurafenib", « panitumumab », « alectinib », « ceritinib », « dabrafenib », « trametinib », « BRAF », « TKI », « MEK », « EGFR », « ALK », « ADC », « trastuzumab », « pertuzumab », « TDM-1 », « trastuzumab emtansine », « TDxd », « trastuzumab deruxtecan », « lorlatinib », « targeted therapy ». Quelques essais ont mis en évidence un effet synergique de la radiothérapie associée aux thérapies ciblées. Les inhibiteurs de m itogen- a ctivated p rotein k inases ont une toxicité prouvée et bien connue, pour laquelle il existe des recommandations de bonne pratique clinique. Cette revue donne un point de vue dans l'état actuel des connaissances, et ses limitations mettent en exergue le besoin de données plus solides dans un domaine plein de promesses. Radiotherapy and targeted therapies play a major role in the management of cancers. Unfortunately, the toxicity and efficacy data regarding their association are tenuous and not centralized. Thus, we propose a literature review about the risks and opportunities of combining radiotherapy with targeted therapies. We searched databases EMBASE, ClinicalTrial.gov, Medline and Web of Science for the terms « radiotherapy », « radiation therapy », « radiosurgery », « local ablative therapy », « gamma knife » et « stereotactic », combinés avec « cetuximab », « crizotinib », « erlotinib », « gefitinib », « lapatinib » « trastuzumab », "vemurafenib", « panitumumab », « alectinib », « ceritinib », « dabrafenib », « trametinib », « BRAF », « TKI », « MEK », « EGFR », « ALK », « ADC », « trastuzumab », « pertuzumab », « TDM-1 », « trastuzumab emtansine », « TDxd », « trastuzumab deruxtecan », « lorlatinib », « targeted therapy ». A few trials have showed a synergistic effect of radiotherapy associated with targeted therapies. MAPK inhibitors provide proven and well-known toxicity, for which clinical practice guidelines exist. This review provides a point of view in the current state of knowledge, and its limitations highlight the need for more solid data in a field full of promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grâce aux succès des inhibiteurs de checkpoint , l'immunothérapie occupe désormais une place majeure dans la prise en charge d'un grand nombre de tumeurs solides, tandis que le nombre des indications continue de croître et que de nouvelles combinaisons pourraient, dans un avenir proche, modifier encore les standards de traitement. Cependant, les taux de réponse des immunothérapies en monothérapie sont modestes et leur utilisation s'envisage de plus en plus au sein de combinaisons avec d'autres traitements anticancéreux (chimiothérapies, chirurgie, radiothérapie ou certaines thérapies ciblées). Les combinaisons avec la radiothérapie semblent particulièrement attractives car il existe un fort rationnel expérimental qui lie une partie de l'efficacité des rayonnements ionisants à une stimulation induite sur le système immunitaire (réponse innée et adaptative). De nombreux essais de phase précoce et un certain nombre de grands essais randomisés de combinaison ont donné des résultats d'efficacité et de tolérance, tandis que des essais importants sont encore en cours et apporteront des réponses dans un avenir proche. Cette revue rapide rappelle le rationnel biologique expérimental de l'immuno-radiothérapie et présente certains axes fondamentaux en cours d'exploration, puis présente les résultats cliniques d'efficacité et de tolérance disponibles à ce jour, ceux qui sont attendus prochainement, et enfin esquisse un tableau des perspectives dans ce domaine en évolution rapide. Thanks to the success of checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy now plays a major role in the management of a large number of solid tumors, while the number of indications continues to grow and new combinations could, in the near future, further modify treatment standards. However, the response rates of immunotherapies as monotherapy are modest and their use is increasingly considered in combination with other cancer treatments (chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy or certain targeted therapies). Combinations with radiotherapy seem particularly attractive because there is a strong experimental rationale linking part of the efficacy of ionizing radiation to an induced stimulation of both of the innate and adaptive response. Many early phases and a number of large randomized combination trials have published efficacy and safety results, while important trials are still ongoing and will provide answers in the near future. This short review recalls the experimental biological rationale for immuno-radiotherapy and highlights some of the fundamental directions being explored, then presents the clinical efficacy and safety results available to date, those expected in the near future, and finally outlines the outlook in this rapidly evolving field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of tumoral vascularization as a therapeutic target was first described in 1971 by Folkman. Anarchic vascularization in response to tumour hypoxia, especially mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor, represents a major target in the management of many cancers. The contribution of systemic anti-angiogenic treatments including humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies (bevacizumab) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, whose effect on vascular normalization and correction of tumour hypoxia has been shown in preclinical studies to be enhancing the effect of radiotherapy. Early trials combining radiotherapy and antiangiogenics with a small number of patients have contradictory results and tend to put into perspective the opportunity that this synergistic association represents. The efficiency found must be tempered by some toxicity described, especially in association with high doses per fraction. The aim of this article is to present the main studies reporting the efficiency and safety of the combination of antiangiogenic drugs and radiotherapy, as well as the expected opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CDK4/6 inhibitors are nowadays commonly used in metastatic HR+/HER2− breast cancer. Herein, we report a literature review regarding the benefits and risks of their combination with radiotherapy. Numerous pre-clinical studies have indeed shown a potential synergistic effect of these treatments in combination with radiotherapy in various types of cancers. On the other hand, some retrospective clinical studies have reported increased acute toxicity in case of digestive or pulmonary irradiation; therefore, it is advisable to discontinue CDK4/6 inhibitors before starting irradiation. Several prospective clinical trials are currently ongoing to assess the feasibility of this combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La prise en charge standard des tumeurs rectales localement évoluées classées cT3-T4 et/ou atteignant les ganglions repose sur un traitement préopératoire associant une radiothérapie de 45 à 50 Gy et une chimiothérapie à base de 5-fluoro-uracile. La radiothérapie avec modulation d'intensitéa déjà montré son intérêt comparativement à la radiothérapie conformationnelle tridimensionnelle pour d'autres localisations notamment pelviennes. La place de la radiothérapie conformationnelle avec modulation d'intensité dans la prise en charge notamment préopératoire des cancers du rectum se pose. Des études publiées montrent sa faisabilité avec comme objectif de réduire la toxicité pour une efficacité équivalente. The standard management of locally advanced rectal tumors as cT3-T4 and/or N0/N1 is based on preoperative treatment combining radiotherapy of 45 to 50 Gy and chemotherapy based on 5-fluorouracil. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy has already shown its interest compared to conformal radiotherapy in other locations, like in pelvic cancer. The role of intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the pre/postoperative treatment of rectal cancers is not a standard of care. Published studies showed its feasibility with the objective of less toxicity with equivalent efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 10 and 40% of patients with cancer will develop one or more brain metastases (BMs). Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is part of the therapeutic arsenal for the treatment of de novo or recurrent BM. Its main interest is to delay whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT), which may cause cognitive toxicity. However, SRT is not exempt from long-term toxicity, and the most widely known SRT is radionecrosis (RN). The objective of this study was to analyze the occurrence of RN per BM and per patient. Between 2010 and 2020, data from 184 patients treated for 915 BMs by two to six SRT sessions for local or distant brain recurrence without previous or intercurrent WBRT were retrospectively reviewed. RN was examined on trimestral follow-up MRI and potentially confirmed by surgery or nuclear medicine. For each BM and SRT session plan, summation V 12Gy , V 14Gy , V 21Gy and V 23Gy isodoses were collected. Volumes of intersections were created between the 12 Gy isodose at the first SRT and the 18 Gy isodose of the following SRT (V 18-12Gy). At the end of follow-up, 23.0% of patients presented RN, and 6.3% of BM presented RN. Median follow-up of BM was 13.3 months (95%CI 18.3–20.8). The median interval between BM irradiation and RN was 8.7 months (95% CI 9.2–14.7). Six-, 12- and 24-month RN-free survival rates per BM were 75%, 54% and 29%, respectively. The median RN-free survival per patient was 15.3 months (95% CI 13.6–18.1). In multivariate analysis, the occurrence of RN per BM was statistically associated with local reirradiation (P < 0.001) and the number of SRTs (P < 0.001). In univariate analysis, the occurrence of RN per patient was statistically associated with the sum of all V 18-12Gy (P = 0.02). No statistical association was found in multivariate analysis. A sum of all V 18-12 Gy of less than 1.5 ml was associated with a 14.6% risk of RN, compared with 35.6% when the sum of all V 18-12 Gy was superior to 1.5 ml. The sum of all V 18-12Gy larger than 1.5 ml was associated with a 74% specificity and 53% sensitivity of RN (P < 0.001). Based on these results, a small number of BMs show RN during repeated SRT for local or distant recurrent BMs. Local reirradiation was the most predictive factor of brain RN. A V 18-12 Gy larger than 7.6 ml in the case of local reirradiation or larger than 1.5 ml in proximity reirradiation were prognostic factors of RN. The more BM patients need radiation therapy, and the longer they survive after irradiation, the higher their individual risk of developing RN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy with helical Tomotherapy is a novel radiation therapy technique, which may be beneficial in several features compared to traditional methods. Our aim was to evaluate the local control, overall survival, progression free survival and adverse events in breast cancer patients treated with this new technique. This is retrospective analysis of patients irradiated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy with helical Tomotherapy. Overall survival and progression free survival curves were plotted with Kaplan-Meier method. We also analysed the overall survival and progression-free survival data by molecular subgroups. Long-term toxicity including skin, cardiac and pulmonary complications were also evaluated. Multivariant logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of the side effects. Between 2009–2015, 179 consecutive patients with 194 treated breasts were irradiated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy with helical Tomotherapy. The median follow-up were 65 months. The overall survival rate was 89.2% (95% confidence interval [95CI]: 83.5–95.4%), while disease-free survival rate was 85.4% (95CI: 80.2–91%). The Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive patients had the best 5-year overall survival data of 95% (95CI: 85.9–100%). Long-term skin toxicity was the most common, seen in a total of 20.7% of the patients. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy with helical Tomotherapy could be safely used for adjuvant breast cancer irradiation in patients with complex anatomy and provides favourable long-term prognosis with acceptable late toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'usage des désinfectants se développe fortement en particulier en raison du contexte sanitaire lié à la pandémie de Covid-19. Leur utilisation trop importante a des conséquences maintenant bien démontrées en termes de toxicité pour l'Homme et son environnement, d'apparition de souches microbiennes « tolérantes » ou résistantes, et de développement de l'antibiorésistance. Il convient donc, dans une perspective « Une seule santé », d'en arriver à un usage raisonné, ce qui est l'un des objectifs de la directive « Biocides » par laquelle ils sont maintenant réglementés en Europe. La démarche d'autorisation de mise sur le marché doit également s'accompagner d'une formation des prescripteurs et d'une information des consommateurs et des utilisateurs qui doivent connaître les limites de leur usage et les avantages de celui des détergents. Disinfectant use is rapidly increasing, due in particular to the Covid-19 pandemic. Its negative consequences, including toxicity, emergence of " tolerant " or resistant bacterial strains and antimicrobial resistance, have now been clearly demonstrated for both human and environmental health. One of the objectives of the European Biocides Directive, which now regulates their marketing authorization, is to encourage reasonable use of disinfectants as part of the " One health " approach. Adequate training is required for prescribers, together with information for consumers and users who also must know when and when not to use them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le terme « écosophie » – un mot-valise qui rassemble les mots écologie et philosophie – ­a été inventé par l’alpiniste-philosophe Arne Næss en 1973, puis revisité à sa façon idiosyncratique par Félix Guattari dans Qu’est-ce que l’écosophie ?, un recueil posthume d’essais et d’entretiens de la fin des années 1980 et du début des années 1990. Pour Guattari, l’écosophie était un concept critique destiné à contrecarrer la tendance des mouvements écologiques de son temps à faire de la défense des espèces une sorte d’identity politics aisément récupérable à des fins conservatrices. Un « intraduisible » philosophique à bien des égards, le terme écosophie était pourtant absent du Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Le dictionnaire des intraduisibles (2004) dirigé par Barbara Cassin. En explorant les potentialités de ce terme aussi bien dans ses usages passés que dans ses applications futures, cet article analyse l’écosophie comme un concept politique crucial, en particulier dans ses rapports de convergence et de divergence avec le concept de « planétarité » développé par Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Même si l’écosophie guattarienne est tournée vers la micropolitique là où la planétarité spivakienne intervient dans un champ éthique, toutes deux reposent sur une praxis traductionnelle qui favorise l’émergence de nouvelles manières de concevoir (et de nommer) le nomos, le cosmos, l’agentivité, l’altérité et la forme-valeur. En conclusion, l’article imagine des entrées possibles pour le terme d’écosophie dans une nouvelle génération de dictionnaires qui vise à dissocier la justice environnementale des épistémologies coloniales et des vocabulaires monolingues du climat.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the second most widely used class of analgesics in France, after paracetamol. Some NSAIDs are available over the counter (OTC), without a prescription, on the advice of a pharmacist. NSAIDs have recently been the subject of safety alerts from France's Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM), highlighting a risk of worsening certain bacterial infections. This signal has not been confirmed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) although a "risk of complications due to masking of symptoms of infection" has not been ruled out. These divergent messages can be confusing for healthcare professionals. This literature review, based on an analysis of nearly 200 scientific publications, considers the place of NSAIDs in the OTC management of migraine, tension headaches, postoperative analgesia, acute musculoskeletal and joint pain, dysmenorrhea, viral respiratory infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and their toxicity. The role of the pharmacist in dispensing NSAIDs without a prescription is also addressed. NSAIDs offer rapid and effective pain management in a context of increasingly challenging access to care. Their safety profile is reassuring and generally well established but could be strengthened by conducting an ad hoc study to rule on the safety signal issued by the ANSM definitively. Pharmacists have the knowledge and tools to ensure the safe dispensing and rational use of NSAIDs, with or without a prescription. The introduction of risk minimization measures, such as decision-support tools, could enable further progress in ensuring the safe dispensing of OTC NSAIDs., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Brocchia cinerea is a North African plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, widely utilized in Algerian folk medicine to treat a variety of illnesses. These therapeutic virtues are mainly due to the plant essential oil. The chemical components of this oil were identified using GC-MS, and the variability in these components' levels was examined in nine samples that were taken at different times from two locations in Algeria's northern Sahara. The contents of the essential oil were found to consist of eight components, varying in concentrations: beta-thujone (46.80%), 1-Methyl-2-(1' methylethenyl) -3'- ethenylcyclopropylmethanol (14.59%), 1,8-Cineole (12.63%), limonen-10-ol (9.47%), 1(7),3,8 o Menthatriene (3.45%), and (-)-Camphor (2.11%). Toxicity studies were conducted in order to assess the safety of the essential oil, namely: LD50 estimation and biochemical blood parameters evaluation. The results showed an LD 50 of 507.5mg/kg close to the LD50 of Beta-thujone (442mg/kg): the main component of the essential oil, making it accountable for the major toxicity. The apparition of seizures as toxic manifestations for higher concentrations confirmed that. The essential oil of Brocchia was noted to be classified as slightly, weakly toxic, and the Beta-thujone contents showed to be within the regulatory accepted values, which makes the use of Brocchia safe within the indicated standards., (Copyright © 2024 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer among men and radiotherapy hypofractionation regimens have become standard treatments for the localized stages, but the absence of increased risk of acute and late genitourinary or gastrointestinal toxicity of the dose escalation still must be demonstrated., Material and Methods: The study population included all patients with localized prostatic adenocarcinoma treated at the institut Curie from February 2016 to March 2018 by external radiation delivered by a linear accelerator using an image-guided conformal intensity modulation technique at a total dose of 75Gy in 30 fractions of 2.5Gy in the planning target volume that included the prostate and the proximal seminal vesicles, and could be paired with a prophylactic lymph node radiotherapy at 46Gy in 23 fractions with simultaneous integrated boost., Results: A total of 166 patients were included. Among them, 68.6% were unfavourable intermediate or (very) high risk. The median age and follow-up were 71.4years and 3.96years. One hundred and forty-nine patients received prophylactic lymph node radiotherapy (89.8%). One hundred and thirty-one patients received hormonotherapy (78.9%). Genito-urinary toxicity events of grades 2 or above during radiotherapy, at 6months, 1year and 5years were respectively 36.7%, 8.8%, 3.1% and 4.7%. Two patients had late grade 4 toxicity at 5years (1.6%). Grade 2 gastrointestinal toxicity events during radiotherapy, 6months, 1year and 5years were respectively 15.1%, 1.9%, 14.6% and 9.3%. Of these, eight patients had grade 3 toxicity (6.2%). There was no grade 4 toxicity. Analyses did not reveal any predictive factor for toxicity. The 5-year overall, progression-free, and specific survival rates were respectively 82.4%, 85.7%, and 93.3%. Serum prostate specific antigen concentration and cardiovascular risk factors were found to be predictive factors of deterioration in overall survival (P=0.0028 for both)., Conclusion: External radiotherapy for localized prostatic cancer with our moderately hypofractionated dose escalation regimen is well tolerated. In the absence of increased late toxicity, the analysis of the modes of long-term relapses will be interesting to determine the benefit of this dose escalation on local and distant relapses., (Copyright © 2024 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Résumé: Les hépatites médicamenteuses sont une des causes d'hépatites les plus fréquentes mais également parmi les plus difficiles à diagnostiquer. Ces difficultés s'expliquent par la pléthore de médicaments utilisés dans la pratique clinique, des plantes et de compléments alimentaires ayant un potentiel hépatotoxique, la présentation par divers phénotypes cliniques et pathologiques, et l'absence actuelle de biomarqueurs spécifiques. Le diagnostic d'hépatite médicamenteuse repose sur un faisceau d'arguments et l'élimination des diagnostics différentiels. Pour les hépatites idiosyncrasiques, les mécanismes de toxicité sont souvent partiellement connus et aucune thérapeutique efficace n'a été découverte. En revanche, pour le paracétamol, la toxicité est directe, dose dépendante et le N-acétylcystéine a montré son efficacité. Cette revue se propose de faire le point sur le diagnostic, le traitement et le mécanisme des hépatites médicamenteuses. Drug-induced liver injury is one of the most common causes of hepatitis but also one of the most difficult to diagnose. These difficulties are due to the plethora of drugs used in clinical practice, herbs and dietary supplements with hepatotoxic potential, the presentation by various clinical and pathological phenotypes and the current lack of specific biomarkers. The diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury is based on a combination of evidence and the elimination of differential diagnoses. For idiosyncratic hepatitis, the mechanisms of toxicity are often partially known and no effective therapy has been found. In contrast, paracetamol toxicity is direct and dose-dependent and N-acetyl cysteine has been shown to be effective in these cases. This review aims to provide an update on the diagnosis, treatment and mechanism of drug-induced hepatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'oncosexualité est récemment devenue une nouvelle mission de soins de support. La morbidité sexuelle est systématiquement sous-estimée et doit être questionnée. Nous faisons ici une mise au point sur les troubles les plus fréquents chez les hommes et les femmes, comment les prévenir et comment les traiter. Oncosexuality has recently become a new supportive care mission. Sexual morbidity is, routinely, underestimated and must be questioned. We report here the most frequent disorders for men and for women, how to prevent them and how to treat them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bien que la radiothérapie conformationnelle en trois dimensions (RC3D) reste la référence comme traitement à visée curative des carcinomes bronchiques non à petites cellules (CBNPC) lorsque la chirurgie n'est pas retenue, la radiothérapie conformationnelle avec modulation d'intensité (RCMI ou IMRT) est de plus en plus utilisée en routine. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer l'impact clinique (toxicité immédiate) et dosimétrique de la RCMI par rapport à la radiothérapie conformationnelle en trois dimensions dans le traitement des cancers bronchiques non à petites cellules localement évolués (de stades IIIA à IIIC) pris en charge par chimioradiothérapie concomitante, alors que la RCMI était mise en place dans le cancer du poumon dans le département de radiothérapie du centre Jean-Perrin. Entre mars 2015 et octobre 2019, 64 patients pris en charge par chimioradiothérapie concomitante ont été inclus rétrospectivement. Trente-deux ont bénéficié d'une conformationnelle en trois dimensions et 32 d'une RCMI. La prescription de radiothérapie était de 66 Gy en 33 fractions de 2 Gy. La RCMI a permis une amélioration de la couverture des volumes cibles (volume recevant 95 % de la dose prescrite, V95, augmenté de 14,89 % en RCMI ; p < 0,001) sans augmentation des doses dans les organes à risque et une diminution des dysphagies (relative risk [RR] = 0,67 ; p = 0,027). Les faibles doses au poumon ont été non significativement augmentées en RCMI (volume recevant 5 % de la dose prescrite, V5 pulmonaire, augmenté de 7,46 % en RCMI). La radiothérapie en modulation d'intensité permet, en comparaison à la technique standard en radiothérapie conformationnelle en trois dimensions, une amélioration dosimétrique de la couverture des volumes cibles sans augmenter la dose dans les organes à risque. Elle améliore également la tolérance immédiate du traitement en diminuant le nombre de dysphagies tous grades confondus. Although three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) remains the gold standard as a curative treatment for NSCLC when surgery is not possible, intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is increasingly used routinely. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical (immediate toxicities) and dosimetric impact of IMRT compared to 3D-CRT in the treatment of locally advanced (stages IIIA to IIIC) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with concomitant radiochemotherapy, while IMRT in lung cancer was implemented in the radiotherapy department of the Jean-Perrin Center. Between March 2015 and October 2019, 64 patients treated with concomitant radiochemotherapy were retrospectively included. Thirty-two received 3D-CRT and 32 IMRT. The radiotherapy prescription was 66 Gy in 33 fractions of 2 Gy. IMRT has improved coverage of target volumes (V95 increased by 14.81% in IMRT; P < 0.001) without increasing doses to OARs and reducing dysphagia (RR = 0.67; P = 0.027). Low doses to the lung were not significantly increased in IMRT (pulmonary V5 increased by 7.46% in IMRT). Intensity modulated radiotherapy, compared with the standard RC3D technique, improve the coverage of target volumes without increasing the dose to the OARs. It also improves the immediate tolerance of the treatment by reducing the number of dysphagia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La BCG-thérapie a permis une amélioration des résultats oncologiques des TVNIM de risque intermédiaire et/ou de haut risque. Cependant, les effets secondaires (ES) sont fréquents et peuvent nuire à l'observance. L'objectif de cet article était de décrire les différents effets secondaires liés aux installations de BCG-thérapie et leur prise en charge. La majorité des ES sont classifiés comme mineurs et nécessitent une simple prescription de paracétamol et d'AINS sans arrêt du BCG. Pour les ES de durée plus importante, une introduction d'un traitement par fluoroquinolones améliore la tolérance et donc l'observance. Pour les ES persistants plus de 7 jours, une corticothérapie est indiquée. Dans de très rares cas, une BCGite peut apparaître, imposant une prise en charge en urgence, des mesures réanimatoires, et un traitement antituberculeux prolongé. BCG therapy has improved the oncological outcomes of intermediate and high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. However, side effects (SE) are common and may interfere with treatment observance. The aim of this article was to describe the various side effects associated with BCG therapy and their management. The majority of SE are classified as minor and require a simple prescription of acetaminophen and NSAIDs without any BCG interruption. For longer duration SE, fluoroquinolone improves tolerance and therefore observance. For SE lasting for more than 7 days, corticosteroid therapy is indicated. In very rare cases, BCG sepsis may occur and require emergency care, resuscitation measures, and prolonged antituberculosis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During pregnancy, women most frequently suffer from nausea, constipation, aching legs, anxiousness and insomnia as well as occasionally from urinary infections and haemorrhoids.Winter ailments, colds, the flu and angina are also common. Being aware of the risks that some medication can present, pregnant women often turn to so-called alternative therapies such as herbal medicines. In the Maghreb region, medicinal plants are easy to come by, be that in a herbalist's shop or the market where stalls offer a huge variety to choose from. Contrary to popular opinion, herbal medicines carry a certain level of risk. Caution is therefore advised, as with any form of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate phytochemical screening, total polyphenol and flavonoids content, antioxidant activities and to examine toxicity, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of different extracts of stigmata of Zea mays from Morocco. The flavonoids and total phenols content were performed for both extracts. The aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts were screened for their possible antioxidant activities by three test systems, namely DPPH free radical-scavenging, reducing power and molybdenum system. Oral and Sub-acute toxicity of the hydro-ethanolic extract was evaluated in vivo. Anti-inflammatory activity of the hydro-ethanolic extract was evaluated by Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method. The antinociceptive effect was tested by using the formalin test. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed a presence of flavonoids, leucoanthocyans, heterosid sterodic, coumarins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, anthocyanins and tannins. The flavonoids and total phenols content show higher content of flavonoids and total phenols in the hydro-ethanolic extract. It showed better antioxidant activity than the aqueous extract in the three methods used. Furthermore, the hydro-ethanolic extract with a concentration of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight inhibited the inflammation induced by carrageenan in rats at 66.67% and 86.67% compared to 60.8% for indomethacin at 10 mg/kg after 5 h of inflammation induction. However, at dose of 500 mg/kg extract showed a pro-inflammatory effect. In the formalin test, the tolerance time of the rats was significantly higher compared to the control group. These initial results tend to support the traditional use in the treatment of cystitis, oliguria, nephritis, renal lithiasis edema, albuminuria, heart disease, slimming cures of stigmata of Zea mays in Morocco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le génome humain présente des variations de séquence pouvant modifier l'efficacité d'un traitement médicamenteux ou le risque d'effets indésirables associé à sa prise. Elles concernent en particulier les gènes codant les enzymes de métabolisme des médicaments. Deux approches sont utilisées pour évaluer la capacité métabolique d'un individu vis-à-vis d'une enzyme donnée, le phénotypage et le génotypage. La seconde nécessite le recueil préalable d'un échantillon biologique à partir duquel est extrait, purifié et analysé l'acide désoxyribonucléique génomique de la personne. The human genome presents sequence variations that can modify the efficacy of a drug treatment or the risk of adverse effects associated with its use. They concern in particular the genes coding for drug metabolism enzymes. Two approaches are used to evaluate the metabolic capacity of an individual with respect to a given enzyme: phenotyping and genotyping. The latter requires the prior collection of a biological sample from which the individual's genomic deoxyribonucleic acid is extracted, purified and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic options for breast cancer have recently been enriched by new antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), which are now being utilized across all known molecular subtypes. ADCs represent a groundbreaking class of therapies that combine a cytotoxic agent with a monoclonal antibody via a combination molecule (linker). The primary objective is to selectively deliver chemotherapy to cells expressing the target antigen, thereby enhancing the therapeutic index. Trastuzumab-emtansine marked the pioneering use of this approach for HER2-overexpressed breast cancer. More recently, trastuzumab-deruxtecan and sacituzumab-govitecan have demonstrated efficacy in progression-free survival and overall survival in HER2-overexpressed and HER2-low breast cancer for the former, and HER2-non-overexpressed (including HER-low) for the latter. Numerous other ADCs are currently under development in breast cancer. While ADCs were initially designed to widen the therapeutic index and mitigate toxicities, managing ADC-related adverse events in the clinical setting remains a challenge. This review article aims to provide an overview of the toxicity profiles of these drugs already in current clinical practice or under development, drawing from results observed in various studies., (Copyright © 2024 Société Française du Cancer. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

We all lie. Some more than others, and others still have made it a way of life in relationships. There is a fine line between the normal and the pathological. It is certainly more psychologically comfortable to side with the truth than with lies. So what is it that drives the liar to stick to his guns?, (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Conditioning regimen prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have an impact on patient fertility through the use of gonadal irradiation and/or bifunctional alkylating agents. Their impact on fertility depends mainly on the dose used and, in women, on age at the time of treatment. All patients should benefit before treatment from a consultation informing them of the potential impact on fertility and of fertility preservation techniques. In the absence of contraindications, the major toxicity of myeloablative conditioning regimen justifies fertility preservation. There are few data concerning fertility after reduced-intensity conditioning. Despite lower theoretical gonadotoxicity, we also recommend fertility preservation, if possible before transplantation. The fertility preservation techniques used depend on the patient's age, pathology and conditioning. In the event of subsequent use of harvested gonadal tissue in the context of acute leukemia or aggressive lymphoma, it is advisable to assess the risk of reintroduction of tumor cells. Finally, it is recommended to assess gonadal function after transplant, especially after reduced conditioning. If there is persistent residual gonadal function, post-treatment fertility preservation should be discuss., (Copyright © 2024 Société Française du Cancer. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Les patients glaucomateux ont souvent besoin d’un traitement local hypotonisant pendant de nombreuses années. Cette administration chronique des collyres a été impliquée dans la survenue des pathologies de la surface oculaire. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la prévalence des pathologies de la surface oculaire chez les patients traités pour un glaucome ou une hypertonie oculaire. Il s’agit d’une étude observationnelle prospective lors de la consultation spécialisée des patients glaucomateux réalisée au service d’ophtalmologie du CHU HASSAN II de Fès. Tous les patients ont bénéficié d’un examen ophtalmologique complet comprenant une évaluation clinique de la surface oculaire. Un questionnaire dérivé de l’Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) a permis d’évaluer le retentissement de cette atteinte et la qualité de vie des patients. Nous avons sélectionné 96 patients âgés entre 10 et 85 ans. L’acuité visuelle moyenne était de 0,32 LogMar, soit 5/10e.La moyenne de l’ancienneté du glaucome est de 5 ans, dans cette étude, 62 patients (64 %) présentaient des symptômes d’atteinte sévère de la surface oculaire. une atteinte légère chez 17 patients (18 %).Alors que 17 patients (18 %) ne présentent pas de symptôme. Ces patients ont été répartis en fonction de la classification clinique A, B et C. Le groupe A (pas d’atteinte), le groupe B (atteinte modérée) et le groupe C (atteinte sévère) comptaient respectivement 26 (27 %), 21 (22 %) et 49 (51 %) patients. Cette étude confirme la grande fréquence des pathologies de la surface oculaire chez les patients traités pour un glaucome ou une hypertension oculaire, le praticien doit inclure de façon systématique l’examen de la surface oculaire au même titre que la prise du tonus oculaire chez le patient glaucomateux.

Flaps are increasingly used during reconstructive surgery of head and neck cancers to improve functional outcomes. There are no guidelines as to whether the whole flap or its anastomotic border should be included in the primary tumour target volume of postoperative radiotherapy to prevent local relapses. Relapse and toxicity rates can increase substantially if the whole flap received full dose. Our aim was to determine whether flaps were included in the primary tumour target volume and to report the patterns of relapse and toxicity. Consecutive patients in 2014 through 2016, with or without a flap, receiving postoperative radiotherapy were selected in a retrospective monocentric control study. Flaps were homogenously delineated blind to treating radiation oncologists using a flap-specific atlas. Tumour recurrence, acute and late toxicity were evaluated using univariate and propensity score analyses. A hundred patients were included; 54 with a flap. Median flap volume included in the tumour volume was 80.9%. Twelve patients experienced local recurrences: six with a flap, among whom two within their flap (3.7%). Patients with flaps had larger median tumour volumes to be irradiated (25 cm3 versus 58 cm3, p < 0.001) and higher acute/late toxicity rates (p < 0.001) even after adjustment on biases (more advanced T stage, oral cavity, active smoking in patients with flaps). Locoregional recurrence and survival rates were similar between patients with/without a flap. Recurrences within a flap were rare in this series when including the whole flap body in the 60Gy-clinical target volume but inclusion of the flap in the primary tumour target volume increased toxicity. Multicentric studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]