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La connaissance de l'anatomie permet non seulement un traitement optimum et donc une satisfaction pleine et entière de nos patientes, mais est aussi fondamentale dans la prévention des complications. Une compréhension approfondie du vieillissement permet de réaliser des traitements efficaces, car la plupart des patientes réclament un résultat naturel, supprimant les signes inévitables de l'âge, qui ne peuvent être compris qu'en prenant en compte leur vieillissement. Le vieillissement du visage est un processus naturel, mais multifactoriel complexe, plus particulièrement pour le front. Dans cet article, nous nous concentrerons sur la toxine botulique ainsi que les produits de comblement dans le cadre du vieillissement. Knowledge of anatomy not only allows optimal treatment and therefore full satisfaction of our patients, but is also fundamental in the prevention of complications. A thorough understanding of aging allows for effective treatments, as most patients demand a natural result, removing the inevitable signs of aging, which can only be understood by considering their aging. Facial aging is a natural but complex multifactorial process, particularly for the forehead. In this article, we will focus on botulinum toxin as well as fillers in aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridioides difficile strains of sequence type (ST) 37, primarily including PCR ribotype (RT) 017, are prevalent in mainland China. Our study aimed to compare the major virulence factors of an epidemic C. difficile isolate of ST37 type (Xy06) from China with the well-characterized C. difficile reference strains R20291 (RT027) and CD630E (ST54), as well as a Chinese ST54 strain (Xy07) isolated from the same hospital. The Xy06 genome was predicted to harbor two complete prophages and several transposon-like elements. Comparative analysis of PaLoc revealed a truncated tcdA gene, a functional tcdB gene, a functional tcdC gene, and well-conserved tcdR and tcdE genes. Phenotypic comparisons showed that Xy06 was a robust producer of TcdB, readily sporulated and germinated, and strongly bound to human gut epithelial cells. In a mouse model of C. difficile infection, Xy06 was more virulent than strains CD630E and Xy07 and was comparable to strain R20291 in virulence. Our data suggest the potential threat of the epidemic ST37 strains in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic serotypes of Vibrio cholerae, transmitted through contaminated water and food, are responsible for outbreaks of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease. While the cholera toxin is the primary virulence factor, V. cholerae also expresses other virulence factors, such as the tripartite toxin MakABE that is secreted via the bacterial flagellum. These three proteins are co-expressed with two accessory proteins, MakC and MakD, whose functions remain unknown. Here, we present the crystal structures of MakC and MakD, revealing that they are similar in both sequence and structure but lack other close structural relatives. Our study further investigates the roles of MakC and MakD, focusing on their impact on the expression and secretion of the components of the MakABE tripartite toxin. Through deletion mutant analysis, we found that individual deletions of makC or makD do not significantly affect MakA expression or secretion. However, the deletion of both makC and makD impairs the expression of MakB, which is directly downstream, and decreases the expression of MakE, which is separated from makCD by two genes. Conversely, MakA, encoded by the makA gene located between makB and makE, is expressed normally but its secretion is impaired. Additionally, our findings indicate that MakC, in contrast to MakD, exhibits strong interactions with other proteins. Furthermore, both MakC and MakD were observed to be localized within the cytosol of the bacterial cell. This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms affecting the Mak protein family in V. cholerae and highlights the complex interplay between gene proximity and protein expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clostridioides difficile has been recognized as an emerging pathogen in both humans and animals. In this context, antimicrobial resistance plays a major role in driving the spread of this disease, often leading to therapeutic failure. Moreover, recent increases in community-acquired C. difficile infections have led to greater numbers of investigations into the animal origin of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic similarities between 23 environmental and animal isolates by using whole-genome sequencing and to determine antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes in toxigenic C. difficile strains to provide important data for the development of diagnostic methods or treatment guidelines. Results: The most common sequence type was ST11 (87%), followed by ST2 (9%) and ST19 (4%). In addition, 86.95% of the strains exhibited multidrug resistance, with antimicrobial resistance to mainly aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline and B-lactams; nevertheless, one strain also carried other resistance genes that conferred resistance to lincosamide, macrolides, streptogramin a, streptogramin b, pleuromutilin, oxazolidinone and amphenicol. In addition, a wide range of virulence factor genes, such as those encoding adherence factors, exoenzymes and toxins, were found. However, we observed variations between toxinotypes, ribotypes and sequence types. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated significant genetic similarity between ST11 strains isolated from environmental sampling and from animal origin; these strains may represent a reservoir for community-acquired C. difficile infection, which is becoming a growing public health threat due to the development of multridug resistant (MDR) bacteria and the number of virulence factors detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In food safety analysis, the detection and control of foodborne pathogens and their toxins are of great importance. Monitoring of virus transmission is equally important, especially in light of recent findings that coronaviruses have been detected in frozen foods and packages during the current global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019. In recent years, field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors have attracted considerable scholarly attention for pathogenic microorganisms and toxins detection and sensing due to their rapid response time, high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, high specificity, label-free detection, portability, and cost-effectiveness. FET-based biosensors can be modified with specific recognition elements, thus providing real-time qualitative and semiquantitative analysis. Furthermore, with advances in nanotechnology and device design, various high-performance nanomaterials are gradually applied in the detection of FET-based biosensors. In this article, we review specific detection in different biological recognition elements are immobilized on FET biosensors for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins, and we also discuss nonspecific detection by FET biosensors. In addition, there are still unresolved challenges in the development and application of FET biosensors for achieving efficient, multiplexed, in situ detection of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. Therefore, directions for future FET biosensor research and applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An isolate of a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, endospore forming bacterium was originally isolated from soil when screening and bioprospecting for plant beneficial microorganisms. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that this strain was closely related to Lysinibacillus fusiformis NRRL NRS-350T (99.7%) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus NRRL B-23268T (99.2%). In phenotypic characterization, the novel strain was found to grow between 10 and 45 °C and tolerate up to 8% (w/v) NaCl. Furthermore, the strain grew in media with pH 5 to 10 (optimal growth at pH 7.0). The predominant cellular fatty acids were observed to be iso-C15: 0 (52.3%), anteiso-C15: 0 (14.8%), C16:1ω7C alcohol (11.2%), and C16: 0 (9.5%). The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained lysine-aspartic acid, the same as congeners. A draft genome was assembled and the DNA G+C content was determined to be 37.1% (mol content). A phylogenomic analysis on the core genome of the new strain and 5 closest type strains of Lysinibacillus revealed this strain formed a distinct monophyletic clade with the nearest neighbor being Lysinibacillus fusiformis. DNA–DNA relatedness studies using in silico DNA–DNA hybridizations (DDH) showed this species was below the species threshold of 70%. Based upon the consensus of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses, we conclude that this strain represents a novel species within the genus Lysinibacillus, for which the name Lysinibacillus pinottii sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain PB211T (= NRRL B-65672T, = CCUG 77181T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems in bacteria are key regulators of the cell cycle and can activate a death response under stress conditions. Like other bacterial elements, TA modules have been widely exploited for biotechnological purposes in diverse applications, such as molecular cloning and anti-cancer therapies. However, their use in plants has been limited, leaving room for the development of new approaches. In this study, we examined two TA systems previously tested in plants, MazEF and YefM-YoeB, and identified interesting differences between them, likely related to their modes of action. We engineered modifications to these specific modules to transform them into molecular switches that can be activated by a protease, inducing necrosis in the plant cells where they are expressed. Finally, we demonstrated the antiviral potential of the modified TA modules by using, as a proof-of-concept, the potyvirus plum pox virus as an activator of the death phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni (Tams, 1926) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is one of the most harmful species that causes destruction in pine ecosystems and also causes critical skin reactions in humans and animals due to its urticating hairs. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different strains [Bti ATCC 35646 (wild-type strain), Bti pHT315, and Bti pHTppk (mutant strain)] of Diptera-targeted Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) and toxins (spore/crystal mixtures) obtained from these strains against the 4th larval stage of T. wilkinsoni under laboratory conditions. T. wilkinsoni eggs were collected from pine trees at Ondokuz Mayıs University in Samsun, Turkey, in 2022. Pine needles were contaminated with bacterial strains of different concentrations (1 × 107, 1 × 108, 1 × 109 cfu/mL) in 5 mL and toxins in different concentrations (0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/mL) in 2 mL. Larvae were placed in containers with 30 larvae in each group and were observed for 25 days. As a result of the study, Bti ATCC 35646 with 63.4% mortality and the lowest LC50 value of 1.2 × 109 cfu/mL among the three strains of Bti and Bti pHTppk with 76.7% mortality and the lowest LC50 value of 1.2 mL among the toxins from the Bti strains had found to be virulent for T. wilkinsoni. The results obtained from our study suggest that Diptera-targeted Bti is virulent to T. wilkinsoni and that this strain and spore/crystal mixture can be used in the biological control of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute intoxications and poisonings are a relevant cause for ICU admission of critically ill patients. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of intoxicated patients in a tertiary center medical ICU in Austria over time and to investigate parameters associated with ICU mortality. This study was a retrospective data analysis including adult ICU patients from the years 2007 to 2021. In addition to ICU documentation, pre-hospital, and emergency department documents as well as autopsy reports were utilized. In an exploratory subanalysis, we compared these findings to a historical dataset from our facility from 1992 to 1996. We identified 581 cases admitted to the medical ICU because of acute poisoning (2007–2021), of which 45% were female and 46.6% were mixed intoxications. Suicidal intent was the primary cause of intoxication (48.2%) and ICU length of stay was median 1.2 days. The majority of deceased patients received pre-hospital mechanical CPR. Primary and secondary poison/toxin removal modalities were used in 29.9% and 11.7% of cases, whereas antidotes were administered in 54.4%. Comparing the data with a historical cohort (n = 168), we found a shift in primary detoxification away from gastric lavage and an increase in alternative secondary poison/toxin removal techniques. The ICU mortality was 4.1% and 4.2% in the present and historic cohort, respectively. Pre-existing psychiatric illnesses increased from 49% in the historic to 69% in the present cohort. Psychiatric illness predisposes patients to severe intoxications necessitating ICU care, thus increasing prevention measures seems warranted. Females did present with a different spectrum of intoxications compared to males. ICU mortality remained low over time and most deceased patients had a grim prognosis already on ICU arrival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli strains producing the genotoxin colibactin, designated as CoPEC (colibactin-producing E. coli), have emerged as an important player in the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we investigated the role of macroautophagy/autophagy in myeloid cells, an important component of the tumor microenvironment, in the tumorigenesis of a susceptible mouse model infected with CoPEC. For that, a preclinical mouse model of CRC, the ApcMin/+ mice, with Atg16l1 deficiency specifically in myeloid cells (ApcMin/+/Atg16l1[∆MC]) and the corresponding control mice (ApcMin/+), were infected with a clinical CoPEC strain 11G5 or its isogenic mutant 11G5∆clbQ that does not produce colibactin. We showed that myeloid cell-specific Atg16l1 deficiency led to an increase in the volume of colonic tumors in ApcMin/+ mice under infection with 11G5, but not with 11G5∆clbQ. This was accompanied by increased colonocyte proliferation, enhanced inflammasome activation and IL1B/IL-1β secretion, increased neutrophil number and decreased total T cell and cytotoxic CD8+ T cell numbers in the colonic mucosa and tumors. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), compared to uninfected and 11G5∆clbQ-infected conditions, 11G5 infection increased inflammasome activation and IL1B secretion, and this was further enhanced by autophagy deficiency. These data indicate that ATG16L1 in myeloid cells was necessary to inhibit colonic tumor growth in CoPEC-infected ApcMin/+ mice via inhibiting colibactin-induced inflammasome activation and modulating immune cell response in the tumor microenvironment. Abbreviation: AOM, azoxymethane; APC, APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway; ATG, autophagy related; Atg16l1[∆MC] mice, mice deficient for Atg16l1 specifically in myeloid cells; CASP1, caspase 1; BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophage; CFU, colony-forming unit; CoPEC, colibactin-producing Escherichia coli; CRC, colorectal cancer; CXCL1/KC, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IL, interleukin; MC, myeloid cell; MOI, multiplicity of infection; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; pks, polyketide synthase; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TME, tumor microenvironment; TNF/TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ricin is a toxic protein regarded as a potential chemical weapon for bioterrorism or criminal use. In the event of a ricin incident, rapid analytical methods are essential for ricin confirmation in a diversity of matrices, from environmental to human or food samples. Mass spectrometry–based methods provide specific toxin identification but require prior enrichment by antibodies to reach trace-level detection in matrices. Here, we describe a novel assay using the glycoprotein asialofetuin as an alternative to antibodies for ricin enrichment, combined with the specific detection of signature peptides by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, optimizations made to the assay reduced the sample preparation time from 5 h to 80 min only. Method evaluation confirmed the detection of ricin at trace levels over a wide range of pH and in protein-rich samples, illustrating challenging matrices. This new method constitutes a relevant antibody-free solution for the fast and specific mass spectrometry detection of ricin in the situation of a suspected toxin incident, complementary to active ricin determination by adenine release assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms produce a great variety of defense chemical compounds to protect themselves from fungivores. Alpha‐amanitin is one of such compounds found in some Amanita mushrooms. The present study focuses on the effect of α‐amanitin on adult survival in 17 drosophilid species including mycophagous ones from the subgenus Drosophila and the genus Hirtodrosophila and nonmycophagous ones of the subgenera Drosophila, Siphlodora and Sophophora. The results showed that all the essential fungivores and some partially mycophagous species from different lineages are tolerant to this lethal toxin at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, suggesting that the α‐amanitin tolerance may have been acquired more or less independently of the evolution of mycophagy in the family Drosophilidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of MALDI-TOF MS combined with analysis platform for identification of toxin-producing Clostridiodes difficile is yet to be known. Between August 2018 and September 2020, 61 isolates from stool specimens of patients with C. difficile -associated diarrhea were analyzed using the MALDI Biotyper system. A C. difficile toxin-producer detection model was developed using ClinProTools. The model was validated using 28 known strains that differed from the isolates used to develop the model. The sensitivity and specificity of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) model using isolates grown on Brucella with hemin and vitamin K (BHK) agar plates were 91.7% and 44.4%, respectively. When isolates grown on cycloserine-cefoxitin mannitol agar were analyzed by the model, sensitivity and specificity were 6.3% and 100%, respectively. The GA model using BHK medium showed the highest discriminatory performance in detection of toxin-producing C. difficile. However, a discrepancy in detection of toxin-producing C. difficile was observed in the results generated when the model was being developed and when the model was validated which suggests that incubation conditions may have affected the results. MALDI-TOF analysis using ClinProTools has a potential to be a cost-effective tool for rapid diagnosis and contribute to antimicrobial stewardship by differentiating toxin-producing C. difficile from non-producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a synthetically manufactured phenolic substance that is very widely employed in producing polycarbonate polymers and epoxy resins which further can be found in numerous items of daily use such as foodstuff and their containers, beverages, milk, audit rolls, dental fillings and so forth. Additionally, it is present in the air we breathe-in. The studies have reported that BPA produces toxic impacts on reproductive, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, gastrointestinal, immune, respiratory, nervous and skeletal system. In the current literature review, we have targeted to highlight the protective role of herbs in opposition to BPA toxicity. The gift of nature-'Plants' seem to be very efficient and potential agents to overcome the BPA induced toxicity as they themselves are devoid of adverse effects. Plants contain a mixture of phyto-molecules which together act to provide a synergistic effect. Further, we have explained the signaling mechanisms implicated in BPA toxicity. Even though, multiple mechanisms involved in BPA toxicity have been examined, no particular target therapy for this toxicity is available at present. Thus, naturally occurring substances may be looked at in the future for restorative use to mitigate the deleterious and negative consequences of exposure to BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Clostridioides difficile has been recognized as an emerging pathogen in both humans and animals. In this context, antimicrobial resistance plays a major role in driving the spread of this disease, often leading to therapeutic failure. Moreover, recent increases in community-acquired C. difficile infections have led to greater numbers of investigations into the animal origin of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic similarities between 23 environmental and animal isolates by using whole-genome sequencing and to determine antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes in toxigenic C. difficile strains to provide important data for the development of diagnostic methods or treatment guidelines. Results The most common sequence type was ST11 (87%), followed by ST2 (9%) and ST19 (4%). In addition, 86.95% of the strains exhibited multidrug resistance, with antimicrobial resistance to mainly aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline and B-lactams; nevertheless, one strain also carried other resistance genes that conferred resistance to lincosamide, macrolides, streptogramin a, streptogramin b, pleuromutilin, oxazolidinone and amphenicol. In addition, a wide range of virulence factor genes, such as those encoding adherence factors, exoenzymes and toxins, were found. However, we observed variations between toxinotypes, ribotypes and sequence types. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated significant genetic similarity between ST11 strains isolated from environmental sampling and from animal origin; these strains may represent a reservoir for community-acquired C. difficile infection, which is becoming a growing public health threat due to the development of multridug resistant (MDR) bacteria and the number of virulence factors detected.

Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin on pistachio are the most important hazards to human health, which start in the orchard and will continue to the storage. This research selected 16 most effective yeast strains through dual culture (DC) assay according to the interaction between 376 yeast strains and A. flavus isolate P1684 in an initial screening. The antifungal ability of the strains was determined to be 94.5%, 72.08 %, and 91.31% in DC, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and extracellular secretions (ESs) assays, respectively. In DC and VOCs assays, the YE 43-6 yeast strain showed maximum inhibition of growth, whereas powder and liquid formulation of the YE 43-10 yeast strain showed better performance. Ammonia vapor assay revealed that yeast strains significantly reduced aflatoxin production in A. flavus. Under in-situ conditions, trees were sprayed with cell/spore populations of both effective yeasts and A. flavus to determine the ability of yeast strains to compete with the pathogen. After 45 days, the fruits were harvested, and the average number of colonies per pistachio fruit unit (CFU/Nut) was determined. The highest and lowest reduction of populations were observed in YE 43-10 (85.71%) and YE 36-9 (35.18%), respectively. In both YE 43-6 and YE 43-10 strains, powder formulation was slightly more effective than liquid, and VOCs effectively prevented pistachio contamination with A. flavus and aflatoxin.

Purpose of Review: Snakebite envenomation, classified as a neglected tropical disease, represents a significant global health threat, particularly in Asia and Africa, where it causes between 57,000 and 100,000 deaths annually. Envenomation by cobras, especially those of the genus Naja, contributes substantially to this burden. This review explores the complexities of cobra venom composition, its associated complications, and current treatment strategies, with a focus on venom-derived therapeutic prospects. Recent Findings: Cobra venom is a complex mixture primarily composed of proteins and peptides that exert various toxic effects, including neurotoxicity, tissue damage, and systemic complications. Antivenom therapy remains the primary treatment for envenomation, successfully mitigating critical effects such as bleeding and paralysis. Recent research, however, has revealed that certain venom-derived molecules possess therapeutic potential, opening up new possibilities for drug development. Summary: Despite the lethal nature of cobra envenomation, advances in antivenom therapy and emerging research into the medicinal properties of venom-derived molecules offer hope. This review highlights the dual nature of cobra venom—both as a source of severe pathology and as a potential reservoir for therapeutic agents—fostering the development of novel drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Widespread resistance of insect pests to insecticides and transgenic crops in the field is a significant challenge for sustainable agriculture, and calls for the development of novel alternative strategies to control insect pests. One potential resource for the discovery of novel insecticidal molecules is natural toxins, particularly those derived from the venoms of insect predators. RESULTS: In this study, we identified three insecticidal proteinaceous toxins from the venom glands (VGs) of the predatory stink bug, Arma custos (Hemiptera: Asopinae). Transcriptomic analysis of A. custos VGs revealed 151 potentially secreted VG‐rich venom proteins. Three VG‐rich venom proteins (designated AcVP1 ~ 3) were produced by overexpression in Escherichia coli. Injection of the recombinant proteins into tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) larvae showed that all of the three recombinant proteins caused paralysis, liquefaction and death. Injection of recombinant proteins into rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) nymphs showed higher insecticidal activities, among which a trypsin (AcVP2) caused 100% mortality postinjection at 1.27 pmol mg−1 body weight. CONCLUSION: A natural toolkit for the discovery of insecticidal toxins from predatory insects has been revealed by the present study. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the use of Moringa Leaf Powder (MLP) and Vitamin C in the diets of broiler chickens exposed to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to enhance performance and health. Two hundred one-day old Cobb 500 broiler breed chicks were divided into four diet groups: CON (no AFB1, no MLP), AFB (0.2 mg AFB1 per kg of feed), AFV (0.2 mg AFB1 with 200 mg vitamin C), and AFM (0.2 mg AFB1 with 500 mg MLP). Supplementation with MLP and vitamin C led to improved broiler performance, with AFM and AFV groups exhibiting higher body weight gain, similar or lower feed intake, and better feed conversion ratios compared to AFB. Mortality rates were lower in AFM and AFV, and dressing percentages and liver weights were higher. Haematological parameters showed significant improvements in AFM and AFV compared to AFB. MLP and vitamin C reduced serum cholesterol levels and normalised liver enzymes. MLP improved kidney function. Using 200 mg kg-1 vitamin C or 500 mg kg-1 Moringa oleifera powder as dietary supplements for broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin B1 is recommended for improved productivity and health.

The idea of the harmful effects of pathogenic bacteria via toxin production has existed since ancient times. In 1872, Klebs hypothesized that "sepsins" were responsible for the formation of toxins produced by staphylococci, although he was unable to prove this hypothesis with evidence. In 1884, Robert Koch discovered that cholera was caused by toxins produced by bacteria rather than the bacteria themselves, demonstrating that bacterial pathogens could grow in the digestive tract without damaging the intestinal wall or nearby organs. However, research and studies have shown that injecting cholera filtrate through the gastrointestinal tract leads to results similar to those shown in real cases of the disease. In 1889, Loeffler revealed that the diphtheria bacillus remained localized at the injection site and was not present in the internal organs, indicating that the toxic substance produced at the injection site had spread into the blood circulation. According to Roux and Yersin, who have isolated several highly toxic bacteria, toxins are the reason behind all the bad things that pathogenic bacteria do. During the nineteenth century, studies widely demonstrated that bacterial toxins were the primary cause of the negative effects of all infectious diseases. As a result, medical research focused primarily on developing antitoxin serums. Exotoxins mostly consist of proteins that cause the immune system to work normally against them, and these toxins are produced by Gram-positive bacteria. However, endotoxins are secreted or released as a result of bacterial decomposition, especially the bacterial cell wall. Exotoxins are more sensitive to heat and may be susceptible to the effects of conditions and substances that do not affect endotoxins. This study represents an overview of most investigations that dealt with the properties of protein-nature exotoxins secreted by pathogenic bacteria, with examples of their production and mode of action.

Forssman was a Swedish pathologist and microbiologist who, in the 1920s and 1930s conducted a long series of experiments that led to unique insights into surface antigens of blood cells, as well as added to the discrimination of toxins produced by staphylococci that lyse red blood cells. This review takes offset in the studies published by Forssman in APMIS addressing the hemolytic properties of staphylococcal toxins displayed against erythrocytes of animal and human origin. In light of current knowledge, we will discuss the insights we now have and how they may pave the way for curing infections with pathogenic staphylococci, including Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes and studies an ecotoxicant system with Lotka-Volterra functional response for predation including prey protective region. The equilibrium points and the stability of this model have been investigated analytically both locally and globally. Finally, numerical simulations and graphical representations have been utilized to support our analytical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are widely found in the genomes of pathogenic bacteria. They regulate vital cellular functions like transcription, translation, and DNA replication, and are therefore essential to the survival of bacteria under stress. With a focus on the type II parDE modules, this study thoroughly examines TAome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium well-known for its adaptability and antibiotic resistance. We explored the TAome in three P. aeruginosa strains: ATCC 27,853, PAO1, and PA14, and found 15 type II TAs in ATCC 27,853, 12 in PAO1, and 13 in PA14, with significant variation in the associated mobile genetic elements. Five different parDE homologs were found by further TAome analysis in ATCC 27,853, and their relationships were confirmed by sequence alignments and precise genomic positions. After comparing these ParDE modules’ sequences to those of other pathogenic bacteria, it was discovered that they were conserved throughout many taxa, especially Proteobacteria. Nucleic acids were predicted as potential ligands for ParD antitoxins, whereas ParE toxins interacted with a wide range of small molecules, indicating a diverse functional repertoire. The interaction interfaces between ParDE TAs were clarified by protein-protein interaction networks and docking studies, which also highlighted important residues involved in binding. This thorough examination improves our understanding of the diversity, evolutionary dynamics, and functional significance of TA systems in P. aeruginosa, providing insights into their roles in bacterial physiology and pathogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea anemones are an important source of bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological applications. Their toxins are produced and stored in organelles called nematocysts and act on specific targets, including voltage-gated ion channels. To date, sea anemone toxins have demonstrated effects on voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, facilitating investigations into the structure and function of these proteins. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Bunodeopsis globulifera sea anemone crude extract, and of a low molecular weight fraction, on voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels within the murine nervous system. Notably, the crude extract led to a significant reduction in total sodium current, while also triggering calcium-dependent glutamate release. Furthermore, the low molecular weight fraction, in particular, enhanced total calcium currents and current density. These findings underscore the existence of sea anemone toxins with diverse mechanisms of action beyond those previously documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ananteris is a scorpion genus that inhabits dry and seasonal areas of South and Central America. It is located in a distinctive morpho-group of Buthids, the 'Ananteris group', which also includes species distributed in the Old World. Because of the lack of information on venom composition, the study of Ananteris species could have biological and medical relevance. We conducted a venomics analysis of Ananteris platnicki, a tiny scorpion that inhabits Panama and Costa Rica, which shows the presence of putative toxins targeting ion channels, as well as proteins with similarity to hyaluronidases, proteinases, phospholipases A2, members of the CAP-domain family, and hemocyanins, among others. Venom proteolytic and hyaluronidase activities were corroborated. The determination of the primary sequences carried out by mass spectrometry evidences that several peptides are similar to the toxins present in venoms from Old World scorpion genera such as Mesobuthus, Lychas, and Isometrus, but others present in Tityus and Centruroides toxins. Even when this venom displays the characteristic protein families found in all Buthids, with a predominance of putative Na+-channel toxins and proteinases, some identified partial sequences are not common in venoms of the New World species, suggesting its differentiation into a distinctive group separated from other Buthids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the production and demand of berries in the world have gradually increased, but the infection of fungal pathogens has become one of the important factors restricting the production and sales of fresh berries. It has been found that Alternaria can cause a variety of plant diseases and fruit rot worldwide. This review introduces the effect of Alternaria infection on berry quality, including physical, chemical and physiological aspects, and discusses the possible infection mechanisms. In addition, Alternaria produces toxins during infections and seriously threatens the safety of berries and consumer health. Therefore, the prevention and control measures of Alternaria are systematically summarized. This review provides the basis for further optimization of postharvest preservation technology and fruit quality, to prolong the shelf life of berries. We can realistically expect to control plant diseases with increasing efficiency, which is conducive to improving the quality and safety of postharvest berry fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammary tumors are the most frequent type of neoplasms in intact female dogs. New therapies that target neoplastic cells without affecting normal cells are highly sought. The Bacillus anthracis toxin has been reengineered to target tumor cells that express urokinase plasminogen activators and metalloproteinases. In previous studies carried out in our laboratory, the reengineered anthrax toxin had inhibitory effects on canine oral mucosal melanoma and canine osteosarcoma cells. In this study, five canine neoplastic epithelial cell lines (four adenocarcinomas and one adenoma) and one non-neoplastic canine mammary epithelial cell line were treated with different concentrations of reengineered anthrax toxin components. Cell viability was quantified using an MTT assay and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Cell lines were considered sensitive when the IC50 was lower than 5000 ng/ml. One canine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line and one mammary adenoma cell line showed significantly decreased viability after treatment, whereas the non-neoplastic cell line was resistant. We conclude that the reengineered anthrax toxin may be considered a targeted therapy for canine mammary neoplasms while preserving normal canine mammary epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca) is the second bacterial cause of nosocomial infections in the general population after K. pneumoniae. This study surveyed the frequency of cytotoxin‐producing strains of K. oxytoca and their antibiotic susceptibility profile in a cohort of children admitted to a referral hospital with different malignancies. Methods: The Stool samples of children admitted to the Cancer Chemotherapy Unit of the Mofid Children's Hospital, Tehran, Iran were analyzed using conventional biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction targeting the pehX gene to identify K. oxytoca. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolated K. oxytoca against commonly prescribed antibiotics used in treating infection at the facility was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique. Also, the prevalence of genes encoding toxins among K. oxytoca was identified by PCR assay. Results: The Stool samples of 280 participants were taken for the study of which 38 samples [(55.3% (21/38) 42 males and 44.7% (17/38) females)] tested positive for various Klebsiella spp. Out of this, K. oxytoca was identified in 2.5% (7/280) stools using cultures and conventional biochemical tests. Also, the stools of 2.9% (8/280) of the participants tested positive for K. oxytoca using PCR assay. Using PCR, (2/7) of the K. oxytoca isolates tested positive for the npsA and npsB genes and were identified as toxigenic K. oxytoca strains. Conclusion: The prevalence of toxin‐producing K. oxytoca strains in stool samples of children diagnosed with cancer in Iran is relatively low. Most of the K. oxytoca isolates were susceptible to tested antibiotics. Globally, active surveillance of toxigenic K. oxytoca strains in patients with different malignancies or immunocompromised patients is recommended in healthcare settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aims to establish a convenient and rapid universal quick purification column as a pre-treatment method, shortening the pre-treatment time by optimizing steps such as extraction and purification, and conducting rapid quantitative analysis of common mycotoxins in feed. The experiment has established an UPLC-MS/MS method for the rapid determination of seven mycotoxins in feed based on the Myco purification column filled with MOFS materials. The feed sample is extracted with acetonitrile-water, vortexed, loaded and purified through the Myco purification column, with 5 mmol/L ammonium formate-methanol as the mobile phase, and quantified by the external standard method using UPLC-MS/MS. The results show that the seven mycotoxins have a good linear relationship in the range of 0.5~500 μg/L, with a correlation coefficient (R2) > 0.99. The method detection limit is 0.5~2.0 μg/kg, and the quantification limit is 2.0~ 5.0 μg/kg. The recovery rates of the seven toxins at low, medium, and high levels of spiking in blank samples are 82.3%~ 96.8%, with relative standard deviations of 2.1%~9.3%. The results indicate that the UPLC-MS/MS method established based on the Myco purification column for the rapid determination of mycotoxins in feed is simple to handle and reliable, suitable for the quantitative determination of the seven mycotoxins in most feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitively detecting hazardous and suspected bioaerosols is crucial for safeguarding public health. The potential impact of pollen on identifying bacterial species through fluorescence spectra should not be overlooked. Before the analysis, the spectrum underwent preprocessing steps, including normalization, multivariate scattering correction, and Savitzky–Golay smoothing. Additionally, the spectrum was transformed using difference, standard normal variable, and fast Fourier transform techniques. A random forest algorithm was employed for the classification and identification of 31 different types of samples. The fast Fourier transform improved the classification accuracy of the sample excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectrum data by 9.2%, resulting in an accuracy of 89.24%. The harmful substances, including Staphylococcus aureus, ricin, beta-bungarotoxin, and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, were clearly distinguished. The spectral data transformation and classification algorithm effectively eliminated the interference of pollen on other components. Furthermore, a classification and recognition model based on spectral feature transformation was established, demonstrating excellent application potential in detecting hazardous substances and protecting public health. This study provided a solid foundation for the application of rapid detection methods for harmful bioaerosols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high mortality rate in cattle and buffalo is a concern, especially in developing countries, such as Egypt. Under conditions of global change in climatic conditions, has caused the activation of some opportunistic microbes, causing deaths in cattle and buffalo farms. As a result of environmental stressors which lead to the activation of some bacterial agents which is the main reason for the increase in mortality in this article, we reported special spots on some bacterial agents causing sudden death in cattle and buffalo. Fecal and nasal discharge samples were collected for bacteriological examination from (60 diseased cattle and buffalo showing clinical signs of respiratory and diarrheic symptoms 30 from each of different ages and sexes (first group) and 40, slaughtered or dead animals (cattle and buffalo) from ruminal contents, tissue samples from liver, spleen, and lung 20 from each (second group). We collected samples from many locations at Assiut Governorate and were sent to the laboratory. The results of the first group indicated that (50) 30 cattle and 20 buffalo were positive for bacterial infection however 10 showed negative results of bacterial infection in buffalo. The incidence of bacterial infection in the first group was 83.5%, whereas the second group indicated that 100% (40) (20 cattle and 20 buffalo) were positive for bacterial infection. Bacteriological investigations of first group revealed that the isolated organisms were: Clostridium perfringens (46.7%), Pasteurella multocida (33.3%), Escherichia coli (13.3%), Salmonella sp.(6.7%) in cattle but in buffalo recorded that Clostridium perfringens (33.3%), Pasteurella multocida (23.3%), Escherichia coli (6.7%), Salmonella sp.( 3.3%), On other hand, bacteriological investigations of second group revealed that the isolated organisms were: Clostridium perfringens (50%), Pasteurella multocida (30%), Escherichia coli (15%) and, Salmonella sp.(5%) in cattle whereas in buffalo showed that Clostridium perfringens (40%), Pasteurella multocida (25%), Escherichia coli (25%), Salmonella sp.(10%), A total of 42 isolates of Clostridium perfringens isolated from first and second group 12 isolates examined for type of toxin by using of Multiscreen Ag ELISA Enterotoxemia The main often occurring toxin type was type A (buffaloes: 5/50; cows: 7/50) Out of 14 isolates of E coli from first and second group examined samples were serologically positive to O111, 0104, O26, O113, O91,0103 and O126. PCR results showed that ten strains from 28 isolates, from the first and second group, were isolates and some of them have Kmt1, BlaROB1, and tetH genes. Antibiogram was applied upon the isolated bacterial pathogens and found that Ofloxacin - oxytetracycline - Aztreonam (Clostridium perfringens) Gentamycin, Ceftriaxone, and Norfloxacin (Pasteurella multocida) garamycin and oxytetracycline (Escherichia coli) and ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone were the most effective antibiotic against salmonella sp. were the drug of choice for treatment of infected animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, is one of the most important pests of sugarcane and corn crops in Argentina. In general, there are no control methods to manage this insect in the cane fields in the country. So, the development of borer resistance in sugarcane through transgenic technology could be the best approach, as in the case of Bt corn derived of the Bacillus thuringensis bacterium that has been the primary tool for managing this borer in the field. However, sugarcane borer control has been threatened by observations of resistance to certain varieties of Bt corn and the protein used in many new varieties. The susceptibility of two populations of sugarcane borer to different Bt toxins expressed in five genetically modified corns (two single and three pyramided genes) was determined for the development of a transgenic sugarcane. In laboratory bioassays, larval mortality of both populations on Bt corn leaf tissue containing Cry1F toxin was lower than other Bt technologies at 3 days of exposure. However, there were no significant differences between larval mortality of the five Bt corns at 7 days after infestation. In a greenhouse trial, larval survival and plant injury were not significant in Bt corns. The results suggest that any Bt protein could be incorporated into sugarcane crops for managing D. saccharalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a substance used to treat chronic sialorrhea, muscle dystonia, and is used in cosmetic applications. Measuring the potency of BoNT is crucial because it acts even with a small amount. However, the current methods for measuring the potency of BoNT involve using two‐dimensional neuroblastoma cell line‐based methods. In this study, we aimed to develop a new method to measure the potency of BoNT using a three‐dimensional organoid culture system. Materials and Method: We established the optimal conditions for coculturing N2a neuronal cells with murine salivary gland organoids (SGOs). After determining the appropriate chemical concentrations, we treated the SGOs cocultured with N2a cells with BoNT type A (BoNT/A). We confirmed the expression of salivary gland‐related genes and proteins using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. Results: The SGOs cocultured with N2a cells showed that the dendrites or axons of neuronal cells were in contact with the outermost layer of the SGOs. When we applied acetylcholine and neostigmine to the coculture systems, the mRNA expression of Aqp5 and Bhlha15, associated with salivary gland secretory cells, increased. However, this effect was reversed when BoNT/A was applied, as confirmed through real‐time PCR. Conclusion: We found that the coculture system of SGOs and N2a neuronal cells can potentially serve as a potency testing platform for BoNT. Level of Evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 134:2697–2704, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Among aquatic creatures, fish are the most diversified organisms that have emerged among other vertebrates. The objective of this research was to evaluate the anticancer properties of toxin extracts from the marine puffer fish Chelonodon patoca. The toxins were extracted from the samples by homogenizing with acetic acid, and the clear supernatant was subjected to anticancer activities by MTT for cytotoxicity and cell viability on both Vero and cancer cell lines (A-549, AGS, HT-29, and MDA-MB-231). More than 70% of the normal cells were viable up to 200 µg/ml of toxin extracts so that hence the concentration was fixed below 200 µg/ml for the cell viability study on human cancer cells. Among the various organs, the toxin extracted from the liver showed potential antiproliferative activity at an inhibitory concentration of 50 µg/ml on HT-29 and MDA-MB231cell lines, 75 µg/ml on A549 and 100 µg/ml on AGS. The cellular and nuclear morphological changes, induction of apoptosis, and its stages were observed microscopically through different staining methods. Further, the DNA damage was confirmed by DNA fragmentation analysis to confirm apoptosis. The results suggest that the extract of toxin (liver) shows a significant antiproliferative effect on the human cancer cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic serotypes of Vibrio cholerae, transmitted through contaminated water and food, are responsible for outbreaks of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease. While the cholera toxin is the primary virulence factor, V. cholerae also expresses other virulence factors, such as the tripartite toxin MakABE that is secreted via the bacterial flagellum. These three proteins are co-expressed with two accessory proteins, MakC and MakD, whose functions remain unknown. Here, we present the crystal structures of MakC and MakD, revealing that they are similar in both sequence and structure but lack other close structural relatives. Our study further investigates the roles of MakC and MakD, focusing on their impact on the expression and secretion of the components of the MakABE tripartite toxin. Through deletion mutant analysis, we found that individual deletions of makC or makD do not significantly affect MakA expression or secretion. However, the deletion of both makC and makD impairs the expression of MakB, which is directly downstream, and decreases the expression of MakE, which is separated from makCD by two genes. Conversely, MakA, encoded by the makA gene located between makB and makE, is expressed normally but its secretion is impaired. Additionally, our findings indicate that MakC, in contrast to MakD, exhibits strong interactions with other proteins. Furthermore, both MakC and MakD were observed to be localized within the cytosol of the bacterial cell. This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms affecting the Mak protein family in V. cholerae and highlights the complex interplay between gene proximity and protein expression.

ABSTRACT Glycogen plays a vital role as an energy reserve in various bacterial and fungal species. Clostridioides difficile possesses a glycogen metabolism operon that contains genes for both glycogen synthesis and utilization. In our investigation, we focused on understanding the significance of glycogen metabolism in the physiology and pathogenesis of C. difficile. To explore this, we engineered a C. difficile JIR8094 strain lacking glycogen synthesis capability by introducing a group II intron into the glgC gene, the operon’s first component. Quantification of intracellular glycogen levels validated the impact of this modification. Interestingly, the mutant strain exhibited a 1.5-fold increase in toxin production compared with the parental strain, without significant changes in the sporulation rate. Our analysis also revealed that wild-type C. difficile spores contained glycogen, whereas spores from the mutant strain lacking stored glycogen showed increased sensitivity to physical and chemical treatments and had a shorter storage life. By suppressing glgP expression, the gene coding for glycogen-phosphorylase, via CRISPRi, we demonstrated that glycogen accumulation but not the utilization is needed for spore resilience in C. difficile. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a significantly lower core/cortex ratio in glgC mutant strain spores. In hamster challenge experiments, both the parental and glgC mutant strains colonized hosts similarly; however, the mutant strain failed to induce infection relapse after antibiotic treatment cessation. These findings highlight the importance of glycogen metabolism in C. difficile spore resilience and suggest its role in disease relapse.IMPORTANCEThis study on the role of glycogen metabolism in Clostridioides difficile highlights its critical involvement in the pathogen’s energy management, its pathogenicity, and its resilience. Our results also revealed that glycogen presence in spores is pivotal for their structural integrity and resistance to adverse conditions, which is essential for their longevity and infectivity. Importantly, the inability of the mutant strain to cause infection relapse in hamsters post-antibiotic treatment pinpoints a potential target for therapeutic interventions, highlighting the importance of glycogen in disease dynamics. This research thus significantly advances our understanding of C. difficile physiology and pathogenesis, offering new avenues for combating its persistence and recurrence.

Cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid, is easily available over the counter, increasing the possibility of accidental and intentional exposures. Severe Cypermethrin exposure is rare but may lead to an organophosphate-like toxidrome, posing a diagnostic quandary to the critical care personnel. The authors present a case of a 25-year-old lady patient, who intentionally ingested a toxin or poison. On repeated investigation by medical personnel and family members, it eventually turned out to be cyperhit. On, immediate shifting to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) following acute poisoning, her vital signs were more or less stable, but with mouth filled with copious mouth secretions and mild bronchorrhoea. An intravenous dose of 1.2 mg of atropine sulfate was administered because of bronchorrhoea, which led to satisfactory improvement, except for hypoglycaemia {(Random Blood Sugar(RBS): 67 mg/dL}. To address hypoglycaemia, an initial bolus of 25% dextrose (IV)/100 mL was injected followed by an infusion of 25% dextrose at a rate of 10 ml/hr. At the end of three days of close monitoring and psychiatric counseling sessions, she was fully alert, oriented, afebrile, and had stable vital signs. The present case suggests that Cypermethrin poisoning should be considered a differential diagnosis of patients presenting with classical features of organophosphorus poisoning. Inadvertent administration of pralidoxime and atropine can be avoided if emergency physicians are aware of this entity. Optimum Atropine administration is useful when the dose is adjusted as per the patient’s response.

Abstract Brown blotch disease in Agaricus bisporus reduces its commercial value, resulting in significant economic losses. The pathogens of brown blotch disease are diverse. Current research on the biological characteristics and toxins has been limited to Pseudomonas tolaasii but lacks understanding of other pathogens. Understanding the biological characteristics of the pathogens and identifying their toxins are essential prerequisites for disease prevention and control. This study isolated two pathogens from brown discoloration in A. bisporus in Guangxi, China, and identified them as Pseudomonas tolaasii and Cedecea neteri. C. neteri exhibited stronger resistance to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and H2O2 and a broader pH adaptation range than P. tolaasii. P. tolaasii showed higher swimming motility than C. neteri. C. neteri produces two toxins identified as phenylacetic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, causing browning symptoms in A. bisporus at 20 μg and 10 μg, respectively. The present study compared various biological characteristics between P. tolaasii and C. neteri. The toxins produced by C. neteri were extracted and identified, and their toxicity to A. bisporus was evaluated, which is the first report on C. neteri toxins. These discoveries have enhanced our understanding of the biological characteristics and biotoxins of C. neteri. The research findings offer new insights for developing novel disease prevention and control strategies.

Societal Impact Statement Gossypol and its derivatives represent a class of toxic and immunosuppressive compounds that are naturally synthesized in cottonseed. These compounds pose several health hazards to humans and animals, such as heart and lung damage, breathing difficulties, and death in swine. In poultry, gossypol reduces egg production and slows growth. Studies have also shown that gossypol can indirectly harm humans and animals through the food chain. Although several physical and chemical approaches are adopted to reduce gossypol levels in cottonseed before food and feed processing, these techniques are expensive. Therefore, genetically regulating gossypol production in cotton could provide a cheaper alternative. Summary Cotton (Gossypium spp.), the most important fiber crop, is cultivated in over a hundred countries to provide raw materials for the growing textile industry. The seed obtained after delinting cotton is a rich source of protein with a vast potential for oil and feed production. Cottonseed oil production is estimated at 5.08 million metric tons and is expected to generate over 6.56 billion United States Dollars in revenue by 2029. The cake from defatted cottonseed is used as animal feed and food supplements. However, the contamination of gossypol in cottonseed limits its use. Gossypol ingestion impairs weight gain and causes anorexia, respiratory distress, and death under extreme exposure. This review highlights the significance of cottonseed oil and meal; the pharmacological uses and impact of gossypol; the chemistry, toxicity, and bioactivity of gossypol; and the physical and chemical methods used in gossypol removal during feed and food supplement processing. In addition, the biosynthetic pathway of gossypol and attempts to genetically transform some key regulators of this pathway to produce glandless cottonseed or reduce the gossypol levels in the seed are discussed.

Resumen: Introducción: la toxina que produce la raya de agua dulce tiene un efecto histolítico, anafiláctico y altamente doloroso. Objetivo: presentar una serie de casos clínicos de accidente con animal ponzoñoso, raya de río, su caracterización clínica y epidemiológica. Resultados: una serie de estudio de 32 personas, 87,50% sexo masculino y 12,50% femenino, con rango de edad de 7-74 años, la media fue de 40,59 años, 59,38% provenían del área rural y el 40,62% de la urbana, el 34,37% consultó en las primeras 24 horas posterior al evento, de uno a 7 días 6,25%, de 7 a 15 días 15,62% y más de 15 días 43,75%, lesión en el pie 53,13%, en el cuello del pie 21,87%, en la pierna 25%, de los síntomas presentados: dolor 100%, el 71,87% con signos de infección local, 59,37% con secreción purulenta, 56,25% lesión con necrosis. Complicaciones: 9,37% síndrome compartimental, 43,75% absceso, 12,50% osteomielitis, 59,37% defecto de cobertura. El rango de procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados por paciente fue de 1-7. Aislamiento el 83,33% gramnegativas, el 93,75% manejo intrahospitalario y 6,25% fueron remitidos por la gravedad de las lesiones, la mortalidad de este estudio fue de 3,12%. Conclusión: la raya fluvial ocasiona lesiones graves, generalmente en los miembros inferiores, que ocasionan estancias hospitalarias prolongadas, múltiples procedimientos quirúrgicos, grandes defectos de cobertura que amerita la inversión de materiales de alta tecnología y cirugía plástica reconstructiva. Abstract: Introduction: The toxin produced by the freshwater stingray has a histolytic, anaphylactic and highly painful effect. Objective: To present a series of clinical cases of accident with a poisonous animal, the stingray, and its clinical and epidemiological characterization. Results: 32 study series, 87,50% male and 12,50% female, age range 7-74 years, mean was 40,59 years, 59,38% were from rural areas and 40,62% urban, 34,37% consulted in the first 24 hours after the event, from one day to seven days 6,25%, from seven to 15 days 15,62%, and more than 15 days 43,75%, lesion in foot 53,13%, in neck of foot 21,87%, in leg 25%, symptoms presented: pain 100%, 71,87% signs of local infection, 59,37% purulent discharge, 56,25% lesion with necrosis. Complications: 9,37% compartment syndrome, 43,75% abscess, 12,50% osteomyelitis, 59,37% coverage defect. The range of surgical procedures performed per patient was 1-7. Isolation 83,33% gram negative, 93,75% in-hospital management and 6,25% were referred due to the severity of the lesions, mortality in this study was 3,12%. Conclusion: Fluvial stingray causes serious lesions in lower limbs that cause prolonged hospital stays, multiple surgical procedures, large coverage defects that merit the investment of high-tech materials and reconstructive plastic surgery.