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Background: The built environments in which we work, live, and play can influence physical activity behaviors, and perceptions of these environments are associated with walking behavior. This study's objective is to compare national-level data on perceptions of the near-home walking environment from the 2015 and 2020 National Health Interview Survey. Methods: Adults in 2015 (n = 30,811) and 2020 (n = 29,636) reported perceptions of walkable supports (roads, sidewalks, paths, or trails; sidewalks on most streets), destinations (shops, stores, or markets; bus or transit stops; movies, libraries, or churches; places that help you relax, clear your mind, and reduce stress), and barriers to walking (traffic; crime; animals). Age-adjusted prevalence estimates, prevalence differences, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated overall and by demographic characteristics. Results: The reported prevalence of roads, sidewalks, paths, or trails for walking increased overall (85.3% in 2015 to 88.0% in 2020) and for many subgroups. Perceived places to walk to for relaxation, to clear your mind, and to reduce stress increased overall (72.1% in 2015 to 77.1% in 2020) and for all subgroups. Perceptions of crime as a barrier to walking decreased overall (12.5% in 2015 to 11.2% in 2020) and for some subgroups. From 2015 to 2020, the proportion of adults perceiving roads, sidewalks, paths, or trails; places to relax; and crime as a barrier to walking improved. Conclusions: Continuing to monitor perceptions of the walking environment could contribute to progress toward national walking and walkability goals in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the research of the peculiarities of behavior in dangerous road situations of various categories of victims of motor vehicle crimes. The structural components of a specific road situation and their influence on the behavior of victims of motor vehicle crimes are considered. It is noted that the vast majority of road users who have become victims of motor vehicle offenses underestimate traffic hazards, do not expect a real threat to their own life and health while driving, lose self-control in critical situations and are unprepared for self-rescue. The opinion is expressed that a typical mistake of victims of traffic offenses is counting on the lawful behavior of the opposite side of the road interaction, shifting responsibility for personal safety to other traffic participants. About half of the victims of motor vehicle offenses behave lawfully during traffic, follow the basic rules of caution, but in difficult road conditions, do not apply additional safety measures, although they had the opportunity to do so. A certain part of the victims deliberately takes a high risk due to a gross violation of road safety rules and at the same time mistakenly calculates that they will be able to avoid serious injury or death in critical situations. More than a third of victims do not follow the rules of safe behavior when driving on the roads, because they mistakenly believe that they are not in danger. Given the different nature and orientation of behavior in a specific traffic situation, it is proposed to distinguish disrespectful, self-confident, reckless and neutral victims of traffic offenses. The specifics of the behavior of each type of victim before causing damage to their life or health because of committing criminal offenses against traffic safety and operation of transport are revealed. Contemptuous victims allow violations of traffic rules and at the same time reject for themselves the possibility of getting into a traffic accident with serious consequences, and in critical situations behave helplessly. Self-confident victims create accident situations by their illegal actions, knowingly take a high risk of serious injury or death, and mistakenly expect to avoid serious consequences by relying on their own strength. Careless victims only partially and far from always comply with the norms of safe behavior during road traffic, do not fulfill the mandatory requirements of caution, believe that they are not in danger, and in critical situations mistakenly rely on the help of other road users. Neutral victims of motor vehicle offenses are injured or killed in road accidents because of falling into accident situations not caused by their fault or due to a random coincidence of circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bus stop layout typically requires consideration of urban population distribution, traffic conditions, and passenger flow demand to establish an efficient foundation for the bus system's operation. Based on the above key factors, this paper introduces a strategic method to optimize the bus stop layout from a macro perspective in order to save passengers' travel time and improve the attractiveness of the bus system. This approach accounts for the matching degree between the Origin-Destination (OD) direction of passengers and their walking direction heading to bus stops. Initially, we take into account factors such as the population and area of traffic districts, and urban road conditions. Utilizing the hypernetwork multidimensional data clustering method along with GIS technology, we construct an alternative set of bus stops based on the hypernetwork framework. This set serves as a reference for the positioning of newly built and moved bus stops. Subsequently, we develop a two-stage model for bus stop layout decision-making. The first stage focuses on determining the bus stop layout at the traffic district level, taking into account multi-factors including the passenger flow matching degree. The second stage is designed to mitigate the negative impact of bus stop optimization on the overall service level of the urban bus system. A case study conducted in XT city demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach. Post-optimization, there is a 15.83% increase in the alignment between passenger flow direction and bus stop layout. Additionally, the average travel time for passengers is reduced by 7.55 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWe implement cluster randomization to test the impact of procedurally just and unjust police behavior during a hypothetical traffic stop (versus procedurally neutral behavior), in addition to the impact of BWC notification (versus BWC absence). The findings from post-vignette surveys administered to a random sample of 750 respondents indicate procedural justice has a pronounced effect on citizens’ perceptions of the officer’s behavior, their attitudes about the encounter, and their general views about police and the law within the context of the vignette. BWC neither improved nor worsened attitudes, nor did it buffer the impact of procedurally unjust policing or enhance the impact of procedurally just policing in the eyes of citizens. Tests of asymmetry indicate procedurally unjust police behavior results in more negative judgments of the officer’s behavior in the vignette than procedurally just behavior results in positive judgments. The results suggest that officer behavior matters much more than BWCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Amphistomy is a potential method for increasing photosynthetic rate; however, the latitudinal gradients of stomatal density across amphistomatous species and their drivers remain unknown. Methods Here, the adaxial stomatal density (SDad) and abaxial stomatal density (SDab) of 486 amphistomatous species–site combinations, belonging to 32 plant families, were collected from China, and their total stomatal density (SDtotal) and stomatal ratio (SR) were calculated. Key Results Overall, these four stomatal traits did not show significant phylogenetic signals. There were no significant differences in SDab and SDtotal between woody and herbaceous species, but SDad and SR were higher in woody species than in herbaceous species. Besides, a significantly positive relationship between SDab and SDad was observed. We also found that stomatal density (including SDab, SDad and SDtotal) decreased with latitude, whereas SR increased with latitude, and temperature seasonality was the most important environmental factor driving it. Besides, evolutionary history (represented by both phylogeny and species) explained ~10- to 22-fold more of the variation in stomatal traits than the present-day environment (65.2–71.1 vs. 2.9–6.8 %). Conclusions Our study extended our knowledge of trait–environment relationships and highlighted the importance of evolutionary history in driving stomatal trait variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite substantial legal and policy debates, whether immigrant arrest rates changed during the Trump presidency remains surprisingly understudied. This is partially because immigration status is rarely available in crime data. We address this gap by applying difference-in-differences (DD) and difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) estimations to detailed arrest data from Texas and California from 2015 to 2018. We find little evidence, descriptive or otherwise, to suggest that the transition from the Obama to the Trump administration had a meaningful impact on immigrant arrests, whether measured as violence, property, drug, or traffic offenses. These results suggest that the immigration enforcement initiatives under President Trump did not deliver on their crime reduction pledges, but they also provide little evidence of over-policing of immigrants in discretionary actions such as traffic arrests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Currently, pedestrians' road-crossing decisions depend on the traffic at the crossing point, crossing opportunities, and circumstantial elements. Longer wait times on the curb and time pressure raise the number of traffic violations among pedestrians. The era of fully autonomous vehicles (FAVs) promises new interactions. External Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) aim to increase the understanding of FAVs' intentions and will influence pedestrians' intent to cross. Yet, how pedestrian behaviors will change in the FAV era remains unclear. Further, there are no good metrics for evaluating the intricate interaction of crossing-related factors. Methods: In a laboratory study, sixty participants observed crossing scenarios of a typical one-lane road with 10–12 FAVs driving along, two possible eHMI messages ("Cross!"/"Stop!"), and varying crossing opportunities (safe, risky, and unsafe). Participants had to indicate when they intended to cross the road using a designated button. Half of the participants were induced to feel time pressure. We developed index scores to convey the complexity of such crossing situations from the perspective of a pedestrian and used them to analyze the experimental data. Results: In total, 48% of participants' indications were to cross in safe crossing opportunities, 34% risky, and 18% unsafe; 69% were made when the eHMI proposition was "Cross!" and 31% for "Stop!". High, significant, and negative correlations were found for compatible responses, e.g., with a safe crossing gap and an eHMI sign to "Cross!". The opposite was true for incompatibility, e.g., a safe crossing gap and an eHMI sign to "Stop!" or an unsafe crossing gap and an eHMI sign to "Cross!". The time pressure group's median times to cross were shorter, making riskier decisions. Conclusion: Our findings reflect a tendency to comply with the eHMI. In more complex scenarios where the crossing opportunity was uncertain or waiting times were longer, we observed that pedestrians were more inclined to follow the eHMI's guidance to cross. These findings suggest that pedestrians may be more likely to follow the eHMI's suggestion to cross than their self-skill, especially under time pressure. Our indices and metrics reflect the intricate interaction aspects of pedestrian behavior with eHMIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug trafficking is a crime that is constantly renewing and adapting to new technological advances. With the emergence of cryptocurrencies, many offenders have incorporated this technology in the development of their criminal activities. It is usually assumed that characteristics of this virtual currency such as its security and anonymity could favor criminality. This paper studies the acceptance of cryptocurrencies in online drug markets in Canada. The results show that most marketplaces refuse cryptocurrency as a form of payment. Furthermore, they suggest that this acceptance is based on criteria of business improvement and customer acquisition, with the market’s need to take advantage of the cryptocurrency’s features being less important. Merchants do not consider their use necessary to protect the development of their criminal activity and therefore most of them do not intend to accept them in the future. The extended TAM has shown to be valuable in elucidating conclusions regarding the acceptance of cryptocurrency in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the twenty-first century, global warming has become one of the severe challenges. Around one-fourth of the total carbon footprint is contributed by transport vehicles. It is crucial to provide alternative solutions to unsustainable transportation systems. This study compares the present travel modes of students of the Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, with the proposed sustainable travel mode. A campus survey (N = 565) was conducted to understand travel choices, travel times, origin and destinations, and student preferences, considering university buses and private vehicles. A comparison was made between the travel time analysis of university bus users and non-bus users. A sustainability analysis has been conducted to evaluate the effects of the present travel modes on students and the proposed university bus transport system. Five main factors were compared: fuel consumption and associated fuel costs, carbon and vehicular emissions, traffic noise pollution, traffic congestion, and accident ratio. The results show that 38% of students commute by private cars and 18% by motorbikes. Around 25% of the students avoid university buses due to long travel times, and 30% prefer because their parents ask them. On average, university buses take 56.8 min, and non-bus transports take 38.8 min for one-way travel. If all students travel by university busses, they could be 86% more sustainable in fuel costs and carbon emissions than non-bus travel modes. These results give useful policy implications for providing sustainable travel alternatives to educational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe randomized response technique has gained a wide popularity among survey researchers over the past few decades. Randomized response procedure is applicable in a variety of fields including sociology, psychology, business, and education, etc. It is a useful method which helps the researcher in dealing with the high non-response rates in sample surveys on sensitive issues such as monthly income, traffic rules violations, income tax amount, and expenditure on luxury items, etc. We introduce an optimal scrambling technique which uses forced responses. The algebraic properties of the estimator of population mean using the suggested technique have been derived. For the purpose of comparison with existing models, the different measures of model-evaluation have been obtained. Our analysis suggests that the new quantitative technique using forced responses is better than the available scrambling techniques not only in efficiency, but also in the combined metric of model’s efficiency and level of privacy, which make it more useful than the available models for practical problems. Using real-world example, we illustrate its practical implementation to sensitive sample surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a pressing public health issue in Ethiopia, exacerbated by rapid urbanization and motorization. Despite efforts, escalating rates persist due to various factors like human behavior and road infrastructure deficiencies. This study addresses the need for comprehensive data on RTAs in Ethiopia, aiming to uncover socioeconomic and behavioral factors to inform evidence-based policies. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted from March to April 2024, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Major databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched using specific keywords related to RTAs and Ethiopia. Studies conducted between 2014 and 2024 were included, with eligibility criteria. Data extraction followed a standardized Microsoft Excel format. Study quality was assessed using the JBI checklist, with high-quality articles included. Statistical analysis, conducted using STATA version 17, included descriptive analysis, forest plots for RTA prevalence, and examination of publication bias using Egger and Begs tests. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression explored moderating factors and sources of heterogeneity. Results: The systematic review identified eight studies meeting inclusion criteria, conducted between 2014 and 2022. RTA prevalence was 36% (95% CI: 23; 49). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the estimated prevalence. Publication bias was detected via Egger's test, though Begg's test was non-significant. Meta-regression found no significant influence of publication year or sample size on RTA prevalence. Socioeconomic factors like income level and driving experience, alongside behavioral factors like traffic rule violations and substance use, were identified as key drivers of RTAs in Ethiopia. Conclusions: The study highlights the significant burden of road traffic accidents in Ethiopia, influenced by socioeconomic and behavioral factors. Socioeconomic factors such as income level and driving experience, along with behavioral factors like traffic rule violations and substance use, emerged as prominent determinants of RTAs. Policymakers should prioritize evidence-based interventions targeting these factors to improve road safety nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object detection systems are used in various fields such as autonomous vehicles and facial recognition. In particular, object detection using deep learning networks enables real-time processing in low-performance edge devices and can maintain high detection rates. However, edge devices that operate far from administrators are vulnerable to various physical attacks by malicious adversaries. In this paper, we implement a function for detecting traffic signs by using You Only Look Once (YOLO) as well as Faster-RCNN, which can be adopted by edge devices of autonomous vehicles. Then, assuming the role of a malicious attacker, we executed adversarial patch attacks with Adv-Patch and Dpatch. Trying to cause misdetection of traffic stop signs by using Adv-Patch and Dpatch, we confirmed the attacks can succeed with a high probability. To defeat these attacks, we propose an image reconstruction method using an autoencoder and the Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM). We confirm that the proposed method can sufficiently defend against an attack, attaining a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 91.46% even when two adversarial attacks are launched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Design anti-tailgating messages considering user comprehension and emotions. • Empirical evaluation of tailgating behavior in real world work zones. • Positive messages can reduce tailgating and enhance work zone safety. Rear-end collisions in work zones, particularly those resulting from tailgating, pose a significant safety challenge that has not been adequately addressed in road safety research. Existing studies have extensively investigated speeding, but the psychological triggers and behavioral patterns leading to tailgating remain largely unexplored. Bridging this critical gap, this research introduces an anti-tailgating strategy using dynamic and fixed message signs, designed with a deep understanding of driver psychology. The methodology involved a user-centric survey assessing the effect of positively toned, non-numerical anti-tailgating messages, which favored clearer comprehension and elicited favorable psychological responses from drivers. Field experiments demonstrated that these signs effectively increased headway and decreased tailgating, without the traffic disruptions associated with pavement markings or the technological limitations of in-vehicle alerts. These encouraging results underscore the potential of strategically placed message signs to positively influence driver behavior. This research not only fills a significant void by elucidating the behavioral factors of tailgating in work zones, but also paves the way for the implementation of behaviorally informed and nonintrusive road safety interventions. The use of dynamic and fixed message signs emerges as a promising, technologically inclusive, and psychologically effective tool for improving road safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The subjective assessment of compliance with traffic rules in Bulgaria is investigated in two different studies. • Study 1 finds that anxiety, sensation seeking, driving anger, and aggressive and risky driving behaviour significantly predict compliance with traffic rules. • Study 2 highlights the role of driving style revealing risky, irrational, distress-reduction, and patient and careful driving styles as significant predictors of this assessment. • Significant differences are found according to age, sex, driving experience, and negative driving outcomes. It is generally accepted that driving is safer when the rules are obeyed. Therefore, the pursuit of greater compliance with traffic rules is often seen as an intermediate goal in ensuring road safety. The article presents two studies that aim to investigate the subjective assessment of traffic rules compliance and the role of personality and behavioural factors such as anxiety, sensation seeking, driving anger, aggressive driving, and risky driving (Study 1; N=1433) on the one hand, and driving style (Study 2; N=456) on the other hand. The studies also examine the differences in traffic rules compliance by age, sex, driving experience, and negative driving outcomes such as registered violations, driving licence suspensions, and involvement traffic accidents. Self-report methods are used to assess personality factors, driving style, traffic rules compliance, and negative driving outcomes. The results show a generally positive assessment of compliance with traffic rules among the participants, with the majority reporting compliance in their daily driving behaviour. Study 1 indicates that all personality factors investigated are significant predictors of traffic rules compliance. Study 2 demonstrates that the risky style, the irrational style, the distress-reduction style, and the patient and careful style are significant predictors of traffic rule compliance. Demographic differences are also observed, with women being significantly more likely than men to perceive themselves as compliant drivers. In terms of negative driving outcomes, both studies demonstrate that individuals with a record of driving violations in the last three years, a suspended driving licence, and involvement in a traffic accident are significantly less likely to rate themselves as compliant. The results can contribute to the development of prevention programmes and road safety strategies to promote safer driving behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research on shootings by police has focused on urban jurisdictions, but most U.S. law enforcement agencies are not located in cities. Prior research suggests that rates of fatal shootings by police are comparable between urban and nonurban areas. Yet, shooting characteristics across the urban–rural continuum are unknown. This study describes and compares fatal and nonfatal injurious shootings by officers in U.S. urban, suburban, and rural areas from 2015 to 2020. Characteristics of fatal and nonfatal injurious shootings by police were abstracted from Gun Violence Archive. In 2023–2024, using ZIP-code and county-based rurality designations, the national distribution, incidence, and characteristics of injurious shootings by police were compared across urban, suburban, and rural areas of the U.S. Rates of injurious shootings in rural areas approached or exceeded those of urban rates. As rurality increased, proportionately more injurious shootings involved single responders, sheriffs, or multiple agency types. Across the urban–rural continuum, characteristics of precipitating incidents were similar. Injurious shootings were most frequently preceded by domestic violence incidents, traffic stops, or shots-fired reports; co-occurring behavioral health needs were common. After accounting for local demographic differences, Black, indigenous, and Hispanic residents were injured at higher rates than White residents in all examined areas. Shootings by police represent an overlooked and inequitable source of injury in rural areas. Broadly similar incident characteristics suggest potential for wide-reaching reforms. To prevent injuries, crisis prevention, dispatch, and response systems must assure proportionate rural-area coverage. In addition, legislative prevention and accountability measures should include sheriffs' offices for optimal rural-area impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political & International Approaches / Faṣlnāmah-i Rahyāft/hā-yi Siyāsī va Biyn/almilalī is the property of Shahid Beheshti University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to analyze criminal law enforcement related to organ trafficking cases. This research includes examining the conformity between existing legal regulations and practices in the field, identifying obstacles in law enforcement, and evaluating the effectiveness of measures that have been taken to deal with organ trafficking. The research method used is empirical. The results show that the main obstacles in handling this case include recovery and rehabilitation services for victims from health and social aspects that are appropriate to the needs of victims. This research concludes that legal regulations related to Organ Trafficking Crime are still incomplete. In addition, handling victims is not only the responsibility of the Police but also the Government and community institutions. It is suggested that the prevention and handling of Organ Trafficking should be optimized and integrated through synergistic cooperation between the community, Government, and community institutions in combating this crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Opuntia Brava is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Las Tunas, Centro de Documentacion e Informacion Pedagogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective Pedestrian injury is a leading contributor to childhood deaths. This study compared the crossing behaviors of children with adults when crossing in virtual single-lane vs. two-lane traffic conditions. Method Using a fully immersive virtual reality system, children 7–10 years and adults crossed streets with traffic in one lane (near lane) or in two lanes (near and far lane) with 0 offset so cars from opposing directions arrived at the child's crossing line at the same time. On each trial, pedestrians made a decision on when to cross and then completed the crossing, with measures of attention and crossing behaviors automatically recorded by the system as they did so. Results In comparison to crossing a single lane of traffic, crossing two-lane roads increased injury risk for all pedestrians, though children experienced significantly greater risk than adults. Children predominantly crossed by stopping before entering the far lane, whereas adults showed greater synchronization of self-movement to traffic flow and more often crossed both lanes without stopping. Conclusions Children experience more high-risk outcomes than adults when crossing single-lane roads. Crossing two-lane roads elevates risk for pedestrians of both ages, though this risk is significantly greater for child than adult pedestrians. The predominant strategy used to cross two lanes of traffic shows significant developmental changes. Implications for injury prevention are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With poor transportation infrastructure and increased reliance on motorization, fast-growing cities in the Global South that are experiencing rapid urbanization have received less attention in terms of sustainable transportation research. In this regard, it is imperative to support active mobility and public transit that help to reduce vehicle emissions, traffic congestion, road fatalities, and energy depletion while supporting public health, robust economies, and social equity. However, in the emerging cities context, the adoption of sustainable transportation options are constrained by various factors. This study aims to explore the key factors hindering the adoption of sustainable transportation options in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To do so, travel survey data were gathered from 720 households using stratified sampling and analyzed using factor analysis. The results from factor analysis indicated five groups of factors hindering residents' intention to adopt sustainable transportation options, including (1) infrastructure condition, (2) modal characteristics, (3) land use pattern, (4) policy framework, and (5) technology-related factors. The confirmatory factor analysis also depicts the five latent factors and the contributions of observed variables that are statistically significant (p < 0.01). More specifically, observed variables such as (i) inadequate pedestrian facilities, (ii) lack of bike facilities, (iii) poor public transit facilities, (iv) limited availability of reliable public transport, (v) long wait times, (vi) high public transport fare, (vii) discomfort, (viii) safety and security issues are the most significant factors. Another set of factors includes (ix) walking distance, (x) dispersed land use pattern, (xi) poor land use mix, (xii) inadequate policy support, and (xiii) lack of real-time information. Furthermore, the intention to adopt sustainable modes of transportation is influenced by socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, age, educational status, income, family size, and car ownership. The result contributes to the existing literature by providing insight into adopting sustainable transportation modes in emerging cities like Addis Ababa, which are characterized by several urban transportation challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing road safety globally is imperative, especially given the significant portion of traffic-related fatalities attributed to motorcycle accidents resulting from non-compliance with helmet regulations. Acknowledging the critical role of helmets in rider protection, this paper presents an innovative approach to helmet violation detection using deep learning methodologies. The primary innovation involves the adaptation of the PerspectiveNet architecture, transitioning from the original Res2Net to the more efficient EfficientNet v2 backbone, aimed at bolstering detection capabilities. Through rigorous optimization techniques and extensive experimentation utilizing the India driving dataset (IDD) for training and validation, the system demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving an impressive detection accuracy of 95.2%, surpassing existing benchmarks. Furthermore, the optimized PerspectiveNet model showcases reduced computational complexity, marking a significant stride in real-time helmet violation detection for enhanced traffic management and road safety measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating organised human trafficking criminality is neither easy nor straightforward. Among the complexity is the need to balance and secure multiple, and often competing, investigative goals. Using case studies of actual human trafficking investigations in England, the present exploratory study provides insights into the tensions between safeguarding victims while also (at the same time) building up evidence against those who exploit them in order to secure a successful prosecution. Findings reveal that factors associated with the assessed level of risk of victims, the intelligence available at the start of the investigation and police resources (balanced with opportunities and risk to secure the investigative goals) influence the investigative approach followed and strategies implemented, particularly those aiming to engage with victims. The exploratory findings illustrate the importance of intelligence in risk assessment and decision-making processes during police operations, but also the need to conduct yet further research on risk assessment within the context of human trafficking investigations to inform policy and decision-making policing practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anthropogenic activities occurring throughout the Sonoran Desert are replacing and fragmenting habitat and reducing landscape connectivity for the Sonoran desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai). Understanding how the structure of the landscape influences tortoise habitat use and movement can help develop strategies for mitigating the impacts of these landscape alterations, which are conservation actions needed to support the species' long-term persistence. However, how natural and anthropogenic features influence fine-scale habitat use and movement of Sonoran desert tortoises remains unclear. Methods: The goals of this study were to (1) understand how characteristics of the landscape shape tortoise habitat use and movement in order to (2) identify factors that may reduce habitat use or threaten landscape connectivity for the species by discouraging or restricting movement. We collected GPS telemetry data from 17 adult tortoises tracked for two summer monsoon seasons, when tortoises are most active, in a U.S. National Monument along the international border between Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. We used Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to assign GPS locations to an encamped or a moving state. We used the moving state data in integrated Step Selection Analyses (iSSA) to examine how range-resident Sonoran desert tortoises select habitat and respond to landscape features while moving. Results: Tortoises selected to move through areas of intermediate vegetation cover and terrain ruggedness and avoided areas far from desert washes and close to low-traffic roads. Tortoises increased their speed when approaching or crossing low-traffic roads but showed no detectable response to a highway. Conclusion: Bare earth or high vegetation cover, flat or extremely rugged terrain, areas far from desert washes, and low-traffic roads may discourage or restrict tortoise movement. Therefore, preventing the development of roads, activities that degrade washes, and activities that thin, remove, or greatly increase vegetation cover may encourage tortoise habitat use and movement within those habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Early studies of the textbook mixed‐ploidy system Biscutella laevigata highlighted diploids restricted to never‐glaciated lowlands and tetraploids at high elevations across the European Alps, promoting the hypothesis that whole‐genome duplication (WGD) is advantageous under environmental changes. Here we addressed long‐held hypotheses on the role of hybridisation at the origin of the tetraploids, their single vs multiple origins, and whether a shift in climatic niche accompanied WGD. Climatic niche modelling together with spatial genetics and coalescent modelling based on ddRAD‐seq genotyping of 17 diploid and 19 tetraploid populations was used to revisit the evolution of this species complex in space and time. Diploids differentiated into four genetic lineages corresponding to allopatric glacial refugia at the onset of the last ice age, whereas tetraploids displaying tetrasomic inheritance formed a uniform group that originated from southern diploids before the last glacial maximum. Derived from diploids occurring at high elevation, autotetraploids likely inherited their adaptation to high elevation rather than having evolved it through or after WGD. They further presented considerable postglacial expansion across the Alps and underwent admixture with diploids. Although the underpinnings of the successful expansion of autotetraploids remain elusive, differentiation in B. laevigata was chiefly driven by the glacial history of the Alps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jl. PHH Mustofa is an arterial road located in Bandung City. Jl. PHH Mustofa is a national road and functions as a primary arterial road (a road that connects primary areas to city or urban activity centers). It has a road length of 2,372 meters, divided into 4 segments, and has a 4/2 TT road type except for segment 4. Based on the results of the general report analysis of the Bandung City PKL Team Jl. PHH Mustofa is an accident-prone area and is a priority for handling it. The main factor causing accidents on Jl. Mustofa PHH is caused by human factors. Meanwhile, infrastructure factors such as poor road equipment, the condition of signs being covered by trees, and road geometrics not complying with Road Geometric Standards. Meanwhile, human factors are caused by high-speed vehicles, as well as drivers who are careless and less careful when driving. It is hoped that by making efforts to address the safety of these problems, it can reduce the number of traffic accidents and the severity of accident victims on the Jl. PHH Mustofa in Bandung City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocaine is one of the most abused illicit drugs, and its abuse damages the central nervous system and can even lead directly to death. Therefore, the development of simple, rapid and highly sensitive detection methods is crucial for the prevention and control of drug abuse, traffic accidents and crime. In this work, an electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensor based on the low-temperature enhancement effect was developed for the direct determination of cocaine in bio-samples. The signal gain of the sensor at 10 °C was greatly improved compared to room temperature, owing to the improved affinity between the aptamer and the target. Additionally, the electroactive area of the gold electrode used to fabricate the EAB sensor was increased 20 times by a simple electrochemical roughening method. The porous electrode possesses more efficient electron transfer and better antifouling properties after roughening. These improvements enabled the sensor to achieve rapid detection of cocaine in complex bio-samples. The low detection limits (LOD) of cocaine in undiluted urine, 50% serum and 50% saliva were 70 nM, 30 nM and 10 nM, respectively, which are below the concentration threshold in drugged driving screening. The aptasensor was simple to construct and reusable, which offers potential for drugged driving screening in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on an analysis of secondary statistics obtained from the Toronto Police Service (TPS) and the Office of the Ontario Attorney General related to the Ontario Safe Streets Act (OSSA). The act came into effect in 2000 and targeted aggressive panhandling; solicitation of a captive audience; and the unsafe disposal of used condoms, needles, and broken glass. Statistics show that OSSA tickets rose steadily in Toronto from 2000 to 2012 and then fell abruptly from 2013 to 2021. We challenge the notion that this drop in ticketing was due to the deterrent effect of this law, as the TPS and the Office of the Attorney General have proposed, because there are no data to support this assumption. To effectively explain this drop in tickets, the following five factors need to be considered: (1) changes in the number of TPS officers per 100,000 population from 2000 to 2021; (2) the disbandment of the Strategic Targeted Enforcement Measures Unit in 2012; (3) changes in tickets issued for all Highway Traffic Act violations in Ontario in the past 10 years; (4) changes in OSSA ticketing practices in Ontario more generally; and (5) the elimination of police street checks in Ontario. The article concludes by noting that the decline will be seen by critics as a positive development, even if it only reflects acceptance of the pointlessness of ticketing those with no means to pay, and by suggesting that now may be the time to go further and repeal the OSSA, given that it unfairly targets marginalized citizens, including people experiencing homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method utilizing an embedded sensing system to determine the dynamic load is proposed to address the problem of not being able to directly obtain the dynamic load time history of a crawler driving structure in the harsh underground working environment of a coal mine roadheader robot. A crawler driving structure and its embedded sensing system are designed. A rigid–flexible coupling simulation model of the roadheader robot is established, and the dynamic load time history parameters of the crawler obtained from the simulation and test data are compared and analyzed. Results show that the load fluctuation of the tested track plate at the idler and sprocket is significant. By contrast, the fluctuation of the free segment is minimal. The load fluctuation range of the support segment of the hard road is −5–15 MPa, and that of the soft sand road is −10–25 MPa. Moreover, the track plate exhibits noticeable warping and winding phenomenon relative to the road wheel on the soft sand road. The changing trend of the crawler dynamic load time history obtained from simulation and test is relatively consistent. This study provides a reference for the crawler driving structure's structural optimization and reliability research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The perceived effectiveness of penalties for traffic offences was related to the evaluation perspective (personal vs general). • The perceived effectiveness of penalties was not related to prior punishment experience. • The perceived strictness of penalties was not related to the evaluation perspective. • Males perceived penalties for traffic offences as stricter compared to women. • Drivers with experience of having their driving licence suspended reported the highest perceived strictness of penalties. Introduction: Previous research has identified the perception of penalties as one of the most important deterrents to road traffic offenses. This study investigated whether the perceived effectiveness and the perceived strictness of penalties for different traffic offenses are associated with prior punishment experience and evaluation perspective (personal – if participants were being punished themselves, vs. general – for punishing all drivers). Method: A convenience sample of 1,374 Lithuanian drivers participated in the survey (56.3% males; aged 18–77 years). Among them, 801 participants had no penalties for traffic offenses, 333 reported monetary fines in the last year, and 240 reported having their drivers license suspended at least once in their driving career. A scale with 10 specific penalties for traffic offenses was developed to measure the perceived effectiveness and strictness of penalties. Half of the participants evaluated the penalties as if they were personally sanctioned for each traffic offense (personal perspective), while the other half assessed the effectiveness and strictness of the penalties for drivers in general. Results: The results indicated that the perceived effectiveness of penalties was related to the evaluation perspective, being higher for changing one's own behavior than for changing behavior in general. However, the perceived effectiveness of penalties was not related to prior punishment experience. Males and drivers who had experienced their license being suspended reported the highest perceived strictness of the penalties, whereas females and drivers with no prior punishment experience perceived penalties as the least strict. Practical applications: These findings suggest the need for developing new ways of communicating penalties to different groups of drivers. Nevertheless, this research was exploratory in nature and further research is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road crime is one of the most prevalent types of crime, which is why more and more frequent offenders and repeat offenders enter prison convicted of serious crimes. The present study aimed to determine the clinical and sociodemographic profile of road offenders, trying to establish differences and relationships with other types of crime and with community drivers. The study involved 513 drivers, classified into four groups: inmates with crimes against road safety (CTRO); inmates with crimes against road safety and with another type of criminal history (CTRO&OO); prisoners convicted of other criminal offences (COO); community drivers with no criminal record (DWCR). All were given a battery of instruments that assessed personality traits, sensation-seeking, psychiatric symptomatology, alcohol dependence, aspects related to driving and sociodemographic data. The results reveal similar profiles, between the CTRO&OO groups and the COO, in personality, search for emotions and psychopathological symptoms and important differences between the groups of road offenders (CTRO AND CTRO&OO) and of these with the DWCR. The classification and regression tree identified as relevant predictors, the number of fines and traffic accidents, alcohol dependence and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. These data can be useful for the prevention and rehabilitation of offenders against road safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Government officials use criminal records as proxies for past conduct to decide who and how to investigate, arrest, charge, and punish. But those records may be racially biased measures of individual behavior. This paper develops a theoretical definition of bias in criminal records in terms of measurement error. It then seeks to provide empirical estimates of racial bias in official arrest records for a broad swath of offenses. Method: I use official arrest and self-reported crime data from the Pathways to Desistance study to estimate Black-to-white and Hispanic-to-white crime ratios conditional on arrest. I also develop a novel, theory-based empirical test of differential reporting across racial and ethnic groups. Results: Compared to white subjects with the same number of arrests, I estimate that Black subjects committed 53, 30, 23, and 56% fewer property, violent, drug, and DUI offenses, respectively, and that Hispanic subjects committed 19 and 46% fewer drug and DUI offenses. The analysis finds relatively little evidence of differential reporting that would bias my estimates upwards, with the possible exception of drug trafficking offenses. Conclusion: The results provide evidence that Pathways subjects' arrest records are racially biased measures of their past criminal behavior, which could bias decisions of criminal justice officials and risk assessment algorithms that are based on arrest records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-lane street hawking is the intermittent entry of signalized intersections by traders to sell groceries to drivers and passengers. Studies have shown that hawkers get exposed to traffic injuries but the lack of quantitative analysis of their lane entry and exit behaviors in signalized intersections makes it difficult to improve traffic safety. This study analyzes the significant predictors of in-lane street hawkers' (1) lane entry within 30 s after the red signal illumination, (2) lane exit within 30 s after the green signal illumination, and (3) probability of getting injuries during the green signal time. Drone-based trajectory data were collected from a selected signalized intersection in Accra, Ghana. A Weibull accelerated failure time duration model incorporating Gamma frailty was used to evaluate hawkers' behaviors. Overall, the majority of hawkers exhibited red-light running behaviors exposing them to traffic injuries. An increase in traffic speed, especially beyond 20 km/h, exposed hawkers to injury risks significantly. Notably, hawkers' lane entry decreased significantly as the traffic speed increased. Their lane exit duration was significantly predicted by the queue lengths and traffic volumes. Accordingly, safety practitioners can enhance traffic regulation and control methods in addition to pro-poor social interventions to demotivate hawking at signalized intersections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the procedural and tactical features of the inspection of the scene of a traffic accident with the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle. To achieve this goal, the forensic features of conducting an inspection of the scene during the pretrial investigation of crimes of violations of road safety rules or vehicle operation at each of the preparatory, working, and final stages are revealed. The current state and prospects of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles by the bodies and units of the National Police during the inspection of the scene of a traffic accident were studied. The advantages of using an unmanned aerial vehicle during the inspection of the scene of a traffic accident are given, the concept of an unmanned aerial vehicle is defined, the methods and tactical methods of using an unmanned aerial vehicle. Scientific and practical recommendations are given on the procedure for recording crimes with the help of an unmanned aerial vehicle regarding violations of the rules of road traffic safety or vehicle operation during the inspection of the scene of the incident. It was concluded that the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle in the activity of the investigator during the investigation of traffic accidents is legitimate and provides much more advantages than the use of other methods of recording, such as measuring with a manual or laser tape measure, taking photos or video recording with cameras or video cameras. The use of UAVs during the inspection of the scene of the incident significantly reduces the time of its inspection, while providing the opportunity to obtain high-quality and sufficient evidentiary material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distracted driving is a leading cause of motor vehicle crashes, and cell phone use is a major source of in-vehicle distraction. Many states in the United States have enacted cell phone use laws to regulate drivers' cell phone use behavior to enhance traffic safety. Numerous studies have examined the effects of such laws on drivers' cell phone use behavior based on self-reported and roadside observational data. However, little was known about who actually violated the laws at the enforcement level. This study sought to uncover the demographic characteristics of drivers cited for cell phone use while driving and whether these characteristics changed over time since the enactment of cell phone laws. We acquired useable traffic citation data for 7 states in the United States from 2010 to 2020 and performed descriptive and regression analyses. Male drivers were cited more for cell phone use while driving. Handheld and texting bans were associated with a greater proportion of cited drivers aged 40 and above, compared to texting-only bans. Trends in the citations issued based on drivers' age group following the enactment of different cell phone laws were also uncovered. The proportion of citations issued to drivers aged 60 and above increased over time but the temporal trend remained insignificant when population effect was considered. This study examined the demographic characteristics of drivers cited for cell phone use while driving in selected states with texting-only bans or handheld and texting bans. The results reveal policy-based differences in trends in the proportion of citations issued to drivers in different age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving driving behaviour can be a fruitful intervention to improve traffic safety. This paper proposes a method to determine a driving behaviour score (DBS) for each driver based on their driving history. For this purpose, a fuzzy inference system (FIS) was used to calculate DBS for every driver between 0 and 1. The input variables for this model are the frequency and severity of previous crashes, near-crash situations, and aberrant driving behaviours. The calculated DBS can then be applied in implementing usage-based insurance schemes. The proposed method is used for a case study in Kerman (Iran). For this purpose, 40 young drivers were recruited in an experiment to record their previous history of crashes, aberrant driving behaviours, as well as surrogate safety measures while driving on a specific route. According to the results, DBQ is a useful indicator to measure a driver's level of safe driving style since it considers the history of crashes, near-crash incidents and dangerous driving behaviours. In this study, DBQ was primarily affected by the frequency of previous crashes. In Iran, drivers with dangerous driving behaviours pay the same insurance premium as those with relatively safer driving habits. Due to the disregard of a complete driving history, the insurance premiums determination process is not fair. According to this paper, usage-based insurance pricing can become fair and dependent upon a driver's behaviour by using DBQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pedestrian bridges is often ineffective as pedestrians tend to prefer crossing directly on the roadway, even though heavy traffic conditions increase the risk of accidents. This lowers the safety level of crossers and causes traffic problems. This study aims to evaluate the efficient use of pedestrian bridges and determine public perceptions of road crossing facilities. The research was conducted using geometric assessment and road performance evaluation methods that refer to the 2023 Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines. In addition, crossing times were analyzed based on the traffic TCT distribution histogram, as well as pedestrian perceptions of crossing facilities. The evaluation results show that the effectiveness of road services falls into category A. Based on pedestrian perceptions, 60% of respondents prefer to cross directly on the roadway, with an average TCT of 1.2 m/sec. From the results of the CSI analysis, the level of respondents' satisfaction with the condition of the pedestrian bridge is 71.373%. Based on the results of the study, the use of pedestrian bridges will be effective in the next 15 years. Recommendations proposed to increase the effectiveness of the use of pedestrian bridges and the level of pedestrian safety is the use of guardrails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organized crime creates a particularly negative social situation in the Western Balkans, which has a direct impact on the relationships that citizens have with their society. The analysis of several characteristics of organized crime and their consequences on young people, based on a review of the literature, constitutes the main research approach on which the conceptualization of the variables is based. The research follows the methodology of a cross-sectional descriptive study, which explores through scientific means how respondents (n=1,059) perceive organized crime in Albanian society. The collection of data through the structured questionnaire, analysed statistically, highlights the factors conducive to crime and the groups most exposed, as well as the dynamics linked to opposition to criminal acts, which support scientific conclusions to focus on the request for specific intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of legal representation on the process and outcomes of legal proceedings, focusing on Israeli traffic courts dealing with simple traffic offenses. It finds that legal representation significantly increased defendants' prospects of obtaining plea bargains and of avoiding demerits points. However, legally represented defendants were also exposed to higher fines compared to self‐represented defendants. Since points are typically the primary concern for defendants, we contend that legal representation improved case outcomes, overall. Considering the simplicity of the process, the minimal legal expertise required, and the low stakes involved, the representation effect was unexpectedly robust. This effect may potentially be even stronger in more complex cases and where the stakes are higher. Unlike previous observational studies, this study reduces the risks associated with selection bias and produces findings that are more credible and potentially generalizable to other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of the impact of international cooperation on improving road traffic safety in Ukraine. The author emphasizes that every year, approximately 1.3 million people die worldwide as a result of road traffic accidents, with tens of millions more suffering injuries of varying severity. This makes the issue one of the most pressing on the international agenda. In this regard, international cooperation in the field of road traffic saf ety is of paramount importance. One of the main topics of the article is the analysis of international agreements, such as the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which is a key document in regulating road traffic at the international level. The Convention establishes uniform standards for the participating countries, promoting the unification of traffic rules, which is especially important in the context of the globalization of transport systems. The article examines how Ukraine is gradually implementing the provisions of this Convention into its national legislation, which is an important step toward harmoni zation with international standards. The article also explores global initiatives such as «Vision Zero,» which aims to achieve zero road deaths. This initiative originated in Sweden and has spread to many countries in Europe and around the world. The article analyzes successful cases of this initiative's implementation in EU countries, which have significantly reduced road mortality rates. Ukraine is also striving to adapt these standards, which could become a key factor in reducing road accidents on its roa ds. The research methodology outlined in the article is based on an in-depth analysis of legal acts, a comparative study of international and national road safety standards, and a review of successful international practices in this field. This approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the role of international cooperation in improving national road traffic safe ty policies. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that international cooperation not only contributes to improving infrastructure and regulatory frameworks but also stimulates the further development of a road safety culture. For Ukraine, it is crucial to continue cooperation with international organizations and adapt global standards to its conditions. This will not only improve road traffic safety but also reduce the accident rate on its roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of long-term traffic violations on accident risk, a frequently overlooked aspect in existing research. Analyzing violation data from Guilin, China, over a decade (2010-2020), including accident records from 2016-2020, the study categorizes drivers into three groups based on their cumulative violations. Given the challenges posed by high-dimensional data and the need for interpretability, the study employs a combination of CatBoost and SHAP models to assess factors influencing accident severity across these driver groups. Results indicate that for drivers without cumulative violations, road type, vehicle type, household registration, and age significantly influence accident risk. Among those with 1–18 cumulative violations, road type, cumulative penalty points, vehicle type, and cumulative fines emerge as significant factors. Drivers with more than 19 cumulative violations are affected by road type, vehicle type, driving experience, and terrain. Notably, penalty points are more effective than fines in reducing the risk of serious accidents, and fines prove significant only for those with fewer than 19 cumulative violations over a decade. In summary, the cumulative violation count effectively distinguishes driver groups, highlighting marked variations in accident risk factors. This research offers valuable insights for devising region-specific measures to enhance road safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relationship between civil litigation and policing activity at a systems level and take a step toward a more rigorous understanding of the effect of civil litigation as an accountability mechanism for law enforcement misconduct. To investigate, we assemble original data on every civil lawsuit filed against a police department in North Carolina between 2003 and 2011, which we pair with existing traffic stops data from 2002 to 2016. We hypothesize that as an agency faces an accumulation of lawsuits, the agency will scale back its discretionary enforcement activities. Empirical tests reveal a 16 percent drop in the number of monthly stops made by officers in the aftermath of new civil litigation against their department. However, reductions in discretionary police behavior appear to benefit white motorists while rates of stops of Black motorists remain relatively unchanged. Our findings highlight the role of litigation in police accountability as well as the seeming intractability of racial disparities in discretionary police behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domestication of plants and animals has resulted in one of the most significant cultural and socio‐economical transitions in human history. Domestication of animals, including human‐supervised reproduction, largely uncoupled particular animal species from their natural, evolutionary history driven by environmental and ecological factors. The primary motivations for domesticating animals were, and still are, producing food and materials (e.g. meat, eggs, honey or milk products, wool, leather products, jewelry and medication products) to support plowing in agriculture or in transportation (e.g. horse, cattle, camel and llama) and to facilitate human activities (for hunting, rescuing, therapeutic aid, guarding behavior and protecting or just as a companion). In recent years, decoded genetic information from more than 40 domesticated animal species have become available; these studies have identified genes and mutations associated with specific physiological and behavioral traits contributing to the complex genetic background of animal domestication. These breeding‐altered genomes provide insights into the regulation of different physiological areas, including information on links between e.g. endocrinology and behavior, with important pathophysiological implications (e.g. for obesity and cancer), extending the interest in domestication well beyond the field. Several genes that have undergone selection during domestication and breeding encode specific G protein‐coupled receptors, a class of membrane‐spanning receptors involved in the regulation of a number of overarching functions such as reproduction, development, body homeostasis, metabolism, stress responses, cognition, learning and memory. Here we summarize the available literature on variations in G protein‐coupled receptors and their ligands and how these have contributed to animal domestication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The start/stop (S/S) system implemented in motorcycles aims primarily at fuel savings. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of this system in conditions of heavy traffic and traffic lights in Lima, using a virtual channel identifier (VCI) and a technical schedule. The detailed analysis covered critical aspects of the S/S system, the description of the route taken, and its segmentation to understand the number of stops and mileage. Speed limits, schedules, and measurement equipment were established, including the MICODUS-ORBD2 device and the VCI-Hero. The study included tests conducted with and without the MICODUSORBD2 device, recording times, distances, and fuel consumption. Data were collected with the S/S activated and deactivated, concluding the system achieves a 10.1% fuel saving. This finding provides valuable insights into understanding the system's effectiveness in actual traffic conditions and emphasizes the importance of maintaining key vehicle components to optimize S/S performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]