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The intersection of gender identity, sports participation, and health care is increasingly under scrutiny within legal and policy spheres. Specifically, the practice of tracking U.S. high school athletes' menstrual cycles sustains concerning implications for gender-based discrimination, particularly affecting transgender and nonbinary athletes. This paper examines the legal and policy implications of menstrual tracking in high school athletics, highlighting the potential violations of privacy rights and discrimination against athletes of diverse gender identities. By analyzing existing laws, regulations, and case law, the paper explores the complexities surrounding the practice of menstrual tracking and calls for more inclusive and equitable sports policies. Additionally, it addresses gaps in privacy protections under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, emphasizing the need for updated regulations to safeguard students' health-related data in digital environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to growing reactionary movements pushing an antigender, transphobic moral panic, sports organizations are increasingly pressured to implement policies for the women's category that more heavily regulate and/or exclude marginalized groups of women. These efforts are the latest iteration in a long history of the paternalistic, white supremacist, heteropatriarchal governance of women athletes. Drawing on a panel convened at the annual conference of the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport in November 2022, we present an intersectional, interdisciplinary dialogue on how "sex" has been, and is currently, weaponized to reinforce normative gender logics. Throughout our reflections, we offer perspectives on raising the stakes for representation in women's sport, following Jennifer Doyle, to rethink women's sport as a "radically inclusive space." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a systematic review of gender critical feminist rhetoric in the realm of sports, this article excavates a rhetorical strategy of what the author calls "trans tolerance," a strategy that is at once trans-affirming and trans-exclusionary. The author argues that three themes run across three gender critical feminist organizations: (a) nonpartisanship, (b) biofeminism, and (c) trans tolerance. In a sports world that desperately needs transformation, scholars and activists alike must sharpen analyses of violent transphobic rhetoric in a way that moves beyond a "pro-trans versus anti-trans framework." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of language ideology in the argumentation of both “alt-right” and “gender-critical” discourses about gender. While positioning themselves on different sides of the left-right political spectrum, both groups make use of referentialist language ideologies to establish themselves as authorities over language. Referentialism is a type of tautological reasoning that posits language and dictionary-style definitions as the final arbiter of reality (e.g., “A woman is an adult human female; if it is an adult human female, it must be a woman”). This article contributes to a broader understanding of how language ideology functions as a powerful rhetorical tool in the fight against anti-gender movements.

Purpose: We assessed whether anticipated stigma (i.e., fear of public mistreatment due to gender identity) impacts communication between transgender women (TGW) living with HIV and health care providers. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of baseline data from Trans Amigas, a study conducted in Brazil, 2018. The study population consisted of TGW living with HIV, older than 18 years, residing in the São Paulo metropolitan area. We used multivariable logistic regression (α = 0.05), mediation, and bootstrapping for the analysis. Results: One hundred and thirteen participants completed the study. Fear of public mistreatment had an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 7.42 (p = 0.003) for difficulty reporting new symptoms to providers. Concerning fear of public mistreatment, we found that unemployment had an aOR of 3.62 (p = 0.036); sex work, an aOR of 2.95 (p = 0.041); and issues related to name change in documents, an aOR of 2.71 (p = 0.033). For the indirect effect on difficulty reporting new symptoms, mediated by fear of public mistreatment, unemployment had an aOR of 1.52 (confidence interval [CI] = 0.88-2.24); sex work, an aOR of 1.48 (CI = 0.81-2.52); and name change issues, an aOR of 1.47 (CI = 0.96-2.43). Conclusions: Anticipated stigma was associated with communication difficulties between TGW living with HIV and providers. Our data suggest that structural factors associated with anticipated stigma could indirectly impact on difficulty reporting new symptoms. These findings indicate the importance of considering social contexts that intersect with individual experiences when analyzing communication barriers between providers and patients, and the need to strengthen social policies for TGW in Brazil. Clinical Trial Registration number: R34MH112177.

As conversations around carceral responses to sexual violence intensify, this study investigates the phenomenon of carceral feminism on Twitter. In adopting a feminist abolitionist perspective, we looked at Twitter debates and elaborated a discursive continuum that not only reflects a polarization among supporters and opponents of carceral feminism but also acknowledges users' tensions in reconciling with not being completely pro- or anti-carceral in cases of sexual violence. While unveiling transphobic, racist, and sexist language amongst carceral feminists, our results also show a lack of conversations around tangible solutions to cases of sexual violence. These conversational absences enable users at both ends of the discursive continuum and across it to focus on theoretical and hypothetical moral stances, rather than practical examples and solutions. Thus, this paper concludes with a call to action for both abolitionists and carceral feminists to engage in constructive discussions and provide stronger, practical alternative solutions to the issue of sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Harry Potter media franchise has recently come under fire because of author J. K. Rowling’s transphobic commentary. LGBTQ+ fans have been particularly affected by Rowling’s bigotry. To reconcile the dissonance surrounding a once beloved childhood text and the author’s transphobic statements, LGBTQ+ fans likely engage in subversive fan behaviors (i.e. queer readings) to reclaim the wizarding world as their own. In the present study, we wanted to understand how subversive fan behaviors are related to identity cohesion and self-acceptance among LGBTQ+ Harry Potter/Marauders fans (i.e. fans of the Harry Potter media franchise and other extra-textual fandoms within). Based on the findings from a cross-sectional sample (N = 361) of fans, queer readings were negatively associated with both self-concept clarity and unconditional self-acceptance. Contact with other fans in the Harry Potter/Marauders community did not moderate either of the proposed relationships and was negatively correlated with self-concept clarity. Broadly, our results suggest that queer readings among LGBTQ+ Harry Potter/Marauders fans are associated with negative identity-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the connection between schooling and spatial factors has been emphasised in studies of bullying, few investigations have explored how these factors contribute to the marginalisation and bullying of students. There has also been limited research on LGBTQI+ marginalisation within the Swedish school context. In this study, we therefore explore the relations between school bullying, LGBTQI+ subjectivities, and the institutional context of schooling. The study was based on participant observations and semi-structured interviews with students and teachers from one eighth-grade class (ages 14–15) at one lower secondary school in Sweden. The field notes and interviews were analysed using a constructivist grounded theory approach. A spatial perspective was utilised to explore the relationship between homo-, bi- and transphobic marginalisation and bullying and the institutional context of schooling. Our findings highlight that the homo-, bi- and transphobic marginalisation and bullying of LGBTQI+ students was an ongoing issue at the school, and that this was related to the institutional context of schooling. Importantly, our findings point to a process of spatial marginalisation, whereby social, environmental, and structural elements affected the rights and subjectivities of young people, awareness, and attempts to deal with LGBTQI+ issues and the ongoing LGBTQI+ bullying at the school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have reported an increase in hate speech on X (formerly Twitter) in the months immediately following Elon Musk's acquisition of the platform on October 27th, 2022; relatedly, despite Musk's pledge to "defeat the spam bots," a recent study reported no substantial change in the concentration of inauthentic accounts. However, it is not known whether any of these trends endured. We address this by examining material posted on X from the beginning of 2022 through June 2023, the period that includes Musk's full tenure as CEO. We find that the increase in hate speech just before Musk bought X persisted until at least May of 2023, with the weekly rate of hate speech being approximately 50% higher than the months preceding his purchase, although this increase cannot be directly attributed to any policy at X. The increase is seen across multiple dimensions of hate, including racism, homophobia, and transphobia. Moreover, there is a doubling of hate post "likes," indicating increased engagement with hate posts. In addition to measuring hate speech, we also measure the presence of inauthentic accounts on the platform; these accounts are often used in spam and malicious information campaigns. We find no reduction (and a possible increase) in activity by these users after Musk purchased X, which could point to further negative outcomes, such as the potential for scams, interference in elections, or harm to public health campaigns. Overall, the long-term increase in hate speech, and the prevalence of potentially inauthentic accounts, are concerning, as these factors can undermine safe and democratic online environments, and increase the risk of offline harms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we report our qualitative survey research that explored lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ+) people’s experiences of motorsport. Fifty-nine participants were recruited with support from Motorsport UK and Racing Pride, who posted invitations to participate on their social media channels. Reflexive thematic analysis resulted in two themes. In the first theme, ‘The first rule of the race team is no chicks or fags’: A lack of inclusivity for those of diverse genders and sexualities, we discuss how motorsport was sometimes reported to be a somewhat unwelcome space for LGBTQ+ people. In the second theme, ‘I don’t necessarily publicise or promote it’: Safely navigating sexuality in motorsport, we show how participants navigated a set of complex contexts and were strategically selective in being out and open about their sexuality. Our research indicates that heterosexism, sexism, homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia in motorsport can result in a hostile environment for people of diverse genders and sexualities that has to be carefully negotiated by LGBTQ+ people. However, our participants were passionate about motorsport and reported pockets of inclusion as well as optimism about a more fully inclusive future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a continuing thread of research evidence that schools acknowledge just two self-evident genders and that trans and gender diverse (TGD) youth face significant marginalisation and exclusion. Drawing on a qualitative study of educational staff and seven TGD school-attending youth in South Africa, this paper explores two lines of inquiry – how schools as cultural and social spaces produce and resist cisnormativity and how TGD school-attending youth orientate themselves in or out of line with normative power? Shedding light on how orientation marks out boundary lines and practices of differentiation, the analysis highlights how schools produce a field of objects that ensures that schooling is orientated around the cisnormative body. The paper argues that schooling is a space where TGD youth learn their place, which is exclusion and marginalisation. The findings point to the need for urgent school reform, highlighting the need for important intervention paths to address gender diversity and schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have only begun exploring how cisgenderism and its byproduct, cissexism, shape organizational processes and how classification systems produce categorical exclusions that harm transgender and non-binary people in cisgendered organizations. Drawing from in-depth interviews with transmasculine and non-binary sex workers, I build on burgeoning research on categorical exclusion in cisgendered organizations, examining how cisgenderism and cissexism, alongside racism, shape what I call cisgendered workspaces. Cisgendered workspaces is a conceptual framework that scholars can use to analyze the complex ways that cisgenderism and cissexism shape the design of workspaces, the administration of gender, workers' labor experiences, and the adverse effects of cissexist exclusion. I argue that cisgendered workspaces produce two distinct modes of exclusion: outright exclusion and categorical exclusion. I demonstrate how transmasculine and non-binary sex workers experience outright exclusion (e.g. brothels or agencies that refuse to hire them) and categorical exclusions (e.g. escort advertising sites that have options for only cisgender women and men). I explore how cissexist exclusions and racism contribute to workers' lack of access to critical resources and produce adverse mental health outcomes—all conditions that adversely affect worker job satisfaction and thwart experiences of joy and pleasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this preregistered study was to systematically review and meta-analyze quantitative research examining relationships between minority stress (distal stress, expectations of gender-based rejection, concealment of gender identity, and internalized transphobia) and substance use (alcohol use frequency and problems, and drug use frequency and problems) in transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) samples. Searches of PsycInfo, MEDLINE, Gender Studies, and LGBTQ+ Source databases were conducted for quantitative articles that included effect sizes for cross-sectional associations between TGD-based minority stress and substance use outcomes. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to compute effect sizes for 16 minority stressor-substance use variable pairs. Moderator analyses were conducted for publication year and proportion of the sample assigned female sex at birth, identified as Black, Indigenous, or people of color (BIPOC), or identified as a sexual minority. Thirty-six studies with 76 effect sizes were included. Significant correlations were observed for relationships between distal stress and alcohol use frequency (r=0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.06 to 0.20) and problems (r=0.09; 95% CI=0.03 to 0.14), and drug use frequency (r=0.16; 95% CI=0.11 to 0.21) and problems (r=0.14; 95% CI=0.05 to 0.23). No associations for proximal minority stress-substance use variable pairs were significant. Effect sizes for associations between distal stress and alcohol use frequency were higher in samples with more BIPOC participants (z=4.27, p<0.001, R2=0.740). Findings indicate that distal, but not proximal, minority stress was significantly associated with drug and alcohol use frequency and problems. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between gender and violent extremism (VE) among individuals engaged in VE clinical services in Montreal, Quebec (Canada). We use mixed methods to understand the experiences and characteristics of individuals who express support for male supremacist ideologies. Study participants include 86 patients enrolled in VE clinical services and 7 clinical practitioners providing services. We conduct a retrospective chart review to identify clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of male supremacists. A focus group was conducted with members of the clinical team. Integrating quantitative and qualitative findings provides an opportunity to draw meta-inferences on male supremacist violent extremists, including a typology of the phenomena as well as clinical characteristics and social dynamics. Clinicians articulated that many of the harmful attitudes and beliefs of male supremacists were not marginal, but rather reflected in everyday forms of misogyny, homophobia, and transphobia that were activated by their personal experiences. Our findings suggest the importance of clinicians remaining attentive to the underlying gendered grievances which shape a range of extremist beliefs. Finally, we explore the value of training practitioners who work on VE on diverse domains of gendered violence which may intersect with VE participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals with GD may suffer from limited access to healthcare services because of negative attitudes from the healthcare providers. Therefore, to promote medical service it is of great importance to address negative attitudes among healthcare providers. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of transphobia as well as to assess the association between personality traits and transphobia among students of the University of Medical Sciences, who will hold key positions within the healthcare system. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 418 students at Tabriz in northwestern Iran in 2024. Convenience sampling method was utilized. Data were gathered through standard self-reported questioners; Genderism and Transphobia Scale (GTS), and Big Five Inventory scale (BFI-44). Linear regression analysis was conducted to estimate standard coefficient with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). Results: The response rate was calculated as 98.35% in which 204 (48.8%) out of the participants were female. The mean (SD) age was 23.73 (2.01) years. The adjusted multiple linear regression coefficients indicated that the agreeableness (β = 0.16, p = 0.001), neuroticism (β = 0.11, p = 0.02), and openness (β = -0.27, p = 0.001) were able to effectively explain the variance in transphobia scores. However, conscientiousness (β = 0.06, p = 0.18) and extroversion (β = 0.06, p = 0.05) did not significantly contribute to explaining the variance in transphobia scores. Conclusions: Personality traits may significantly influence attitudes toward transgender individuals, suggesting that interventions designed to reduce transphobia should consider these foundational personality characteristics. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) persons face considerable challenges accessing sexual and reproductive health care (SRHC), often resulting in poor health outcomes when compared to cisgender persons. Aetiological research predominantly explains these health disparities through a single axis explanation reducing them to factors related to gender identity. Yet, a one-dimensional representation of TGD persons fails to recognize the multiple experiences of systemic oppression that may contribute to poor sexual and reproductive health (SRH) experiences and outcomes. This scoping review was conducted to locate, analyse and synthesise contemporary scientific research exploring TGD persons' experiences with SRHC services, from an intersectional perspective. Searches were conducted in PsycINFO, APA Psychinfo, Ovid MEDLINE®, SCOPUS, and CINAHL. Studies were included if they were in English, conducted in OECD countries, published between 2012 to 2022 in peer-reviewed journals, based upon empirical research, involving human participants and presenting disaggregated data for TGD populations. To be included, studies also had to contain TGD individuals who had accessed SRHC services and data that pertained to forms of oppression, disadvantage, social determinants of health or aspects of identity that intersected with their gender identities. 1290 records were identified and entered into Endnote software X9, with 413 removed before screening. A total of 877 records were screened by the author and a research assistant independently who examined titles and abstracts and selected 27 for in-depth analysis. Included studies were uploaded to NVivo 12 and subjected to in-depth review, coding, and synthesis using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The review found that efforts to understand TGD persons' experiences of multiple marginalisation in SRHC settings are hampered by methodological challenges relating to adopted sampling techniques, measures used, the use of small and non-representative samples, and geographic location. The review found multiple intersecting systems of oppression including cissexism, heterosexism, racism, classism, geographical disadvantage and ageism, that challenged TGD persons' access to quality care within SRHC settings. Best practices were identified including affirming, person-centred care, collaboration, trauma-informed care and leveraging informal support networks, which provide hope for improved service provision and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term “woke” is increasingly used by right-wing political actors to designate left-liberal political positions that they oppose. In this article, I examine how three prominent reactionary influencers on YouTube—Jordan Peterson, Ben Shapiro, and Dave Rubin—construct wokeness as a figure of hate, ridicule, and fear, a gendered and sexualised other against which they produce a sense of community for their viewers. Where these YouTubers previously framed the left through the distinct figures of the “social justice warrior” and the “cultural Marxist,” wokeness collapses the two together, combining the former’s irrational ridiculousness and the latter’s conspiratorial subversiveness into a singular, all-encompassing enemy. In doing so, the YouTubers construct an affectively charged crisis narrative—wokeness threatens social stability so must be expelled, a call for not only the elimination of woke ideas but also the trans and gender nonconforming people whom they position as wokeness’s embodiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, liberals have rallied around the cause of gender-inclusive public restrooms, putatively as a way to provide trans and gender-nonconforming people with access to safe facilities, while also building a social movement for gender freedom. At the same time, liberals have remained largely silent on the ongoing surveillance, harassment, assault, arrest, and public shaming of men who cruise public restrooms. How might we make sense of this discrepancy? This essay offers a hypothesis for this relative silence: cruising is intolerable to liberals insofar as it evokes the pleasure of antisocial and self-shattering relations, thereby threatening social commitments. This hypothesis helps explain why liberals, in defending trans and gender-nonconforming peoples' restroom access, have characterized and reinforced restrooms as nonsexual spaces, effectively insulating gender non-normativity from the stain of sexual perversion. The issues of restroom access and cruising are thus more closely related than they may initially appear to be, as are the liberal silence surrounding cruising and conservative transphobia and transmisogyny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study elucidates stigmatization's mechanisms and power dynamics. Through semi-structured interviews with 13 recent alums and 11 educators at Lakeshore High School, we uncovered a culture of racism, cissexism, heterosexism, and Christian supremacy. Stigmatization manifested through three modes differing by intention, awareness, delivery, directness, and dominant forms of power: casual and misguided, offhand and vulgar, and blatant and traditional. Casual incidents reflect good intentions and perpetrators' ignorance of their harmful behavior. Offhand incidents reflect offensive jokes and lewd comments openly expressed by perpetrators, emboldened by their lack of intention to cause harm. Blatant incidents reflect perpetrators openly displaying prejudice. Our typology highlights stigmatization process theory's missing link: interactional processes – what we call "effectualization" – that transfer social boundaries and ideology into status loss and discrimination. Understanding this component has implications for creating equitable environments that uphold dignity and challenging broader societal systems of stigmatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a double list experiment designed to elicit views free from social desirability bias, we find that support in the United States for transgender people in the labor market is significantly overreported by 8%–10%. After correcting for this overreporting, we still find that over two-thirds of respondents would be comfortable with a transgender manager and support employment nondiscrimination protection for transgender people. However, respondents severely underestimate this level of support. We also show that stated labor market support for transgender people is lower than support for gay, lesbian, and bisexual people. Our results advance our understanding of employment discrimination against transgender people. This paper was accepted by Marie Claire Villeval, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: Financial support from The Vanderbilt LGBTQ+ Policy Lab. is gratefully acknowledged. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.02567. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March of 2022, The Walt Disney Company voiced opposition to Florida's "Parental Rights in Education" ("Don't Say Gay") in support of LGBTQ+ stakeholders within the company and the public. This research studied a dataset of 68,481 tweets where the company's stance was constructed as "grooming" children, that is, manipulating children for sexual abuse. Tweets were collected from March 13, 2022 to May 16, 2022 representing a 2-month period from Disney's stance against "Parental Rights in Education." As grooming is a term often associated with human trafficking and Disney is a major media company, this study is interested in potential linkages to QAnon messaging. QAnon is a conspiracy that proposes a "cabal of elites" is trafficking and abusing children. This thematic connection has been noted by previous scholarship and this study seeks to contribute to empirical validation of that connection. Results suggest that the accounts having the most effect in terms of impact, views, shares, and followers are primarily accounts that have shared QAnon related conspiratorial content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most transgender people face different conditions of health vulnerability on a daily basis. In the Brazilian context, no research review has been found on such situations in the light of the theoretical conceptualization of multidimensional vulnerability. This research aimed to identify and analyze components of social and/or programmatic vulnerability that interfere with access to health care for trans people in Brazil. Methods: The scoping review followed the JBI Manual and the PRISMA-ScR list. Brazilian studies published in any language, in the period 2019-April 2023, in the NCBI/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, SciELO, and LILACS databases were selected. The inclusion criteria included: original research with a sample of transgender people aged 18 years and over; and research contemplating conditions of social and/or programmatic vulnerability. Three reviewers independently selected the articles. The extracted and mapped data included components of these dimensions, according to the theoretical framework, as well as characteristics of the studies, for the synthesis of the descriptive analysis. Results: A total of 46 studies were included. Social and programmatic vulnerability components were present in 67% of the studies. Among the main findings, the social dimension included discrimination, situations of violence in different contexts and social exclusion; prejudice and school dropout, homelessness, informal work and precarious income; and harmful use of alcohol and/or other drugs. The programmatic dimension encompassed disrespect for the use of the social name and institutional discrimination; hormone therapy without professional monitoring and scarcity of specialized services; lack of integration between Primary Health Care (PHC) and specialized care and insufficient PHC involvement; distortions between what is contained in public health policies and the practice in the services. A higher percentage (61%) of studies with trans women and 7% with trans men were observed; inequalities in regional distribution; predominance of HIV and AIDS and mental health themes; and similar percentages in the various methodological approaches and publications in national and foreign journals. Conclusion: The identified situations of vulnerability contribute mainly to supporting the formulation and implementation of new public policies in comprehensive health that are more comprehensive and inclusive, which mitigate the current social and health inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

YouTube has emerged as a valuable resource for trans people to get themselves heard. It also has the potential to help mainstream audiences to understand more about transgender's lives. Following Contact, Narrative Persuasion, and Queer Intercultural Theories, two experiments were conducted among cisgender people to investigate which types of narratives (positive, neutral, or negative) shared by trans YouTubers are more effective for reducing prejudice towards trans people, and whether this effect depends on the YouTuber's gender (Study 1) and/or their ethnic background (Study 2). Results from Study 1 (N = 254) show that negative narratives mediate the reduction of prejudice through narrative transportation, empathy, and intergroup anxiety. Trans women's narratives are more effective for prejudice reduction. Study 2 (N = 161) replicates these findings and shows that xenophobia moderates the aforesaid effect if trans YouTubers are from different nationalities. Consequently, different prejudices might interact in the reception of LGBTQ+ narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This qualitative study aimed to explore what it is like for trans and non‐binary (TNB) person‐centred therapists to be exposed to transprejudice in their client work, and how they navigate such relationships. In so doing, the study aims to amplify TNB perspectives, encourage better allyship from cisgender colleagues, workplaces and professional bodies, and inform understandings of person‐centred theory and practice. Method: Five White, TNB, person‐centred therapists took part in non‐directive interviews. A reflexive thematic analysis was performed with a phenomenological and hermeneutical approach. Findings: Therapists perceived their encounters with transprejudice in client work to be infrequent or less intense than in other areas of their lives. Clients who expressed transprejudice were seen as situated in a transprejudiced context, which allowed the therapists to maintain unconditional positive regard and empathy. The therapists nonetheless reported an adverse effect on their well‐being, which required proactive support from peers. Implications: This study demonstrates the need for cisgender colleagues of TNB therapists to be sensitive to the dynamics of transprejudice. Further research is necessary to elucidate the role of internalised transprejudice in shaping TNB therapists' understandings of their person‐centred practice. Further research is also required to account for the range of identities and backgrounds in the TNB community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish Trans Law has sparked great public debate, generating opposing and confrontational discourses on Twitter. As the debate can be influenced by contextual and individual factors, this study aimed to analyze the tweets posted on the day the preliminary draft of the law was presented and the day it was approved, exploring the prevailing attitudes toward the Trans Law in Spain, both supportive and opposing. Through deductive content analysis of 531 tweets, it was observed that the content tended to vary on both days, although the main differences were found between the pro and anti‐law stances. While supportive messages tended to advocate for rights and highlight transphobia, tweets opposing the Trans Law tended to claim that its approval could cause harm to others, especially cisgender women and children. Moreover, we examined the use of feminism, gender essentialism beliefs, and gender self‐determination measures as arguments to support each stance. The findings reflect the importance of contextual and attitudinal dynamics in the narratives posted on Twitter (now rebranded as X) regarding transgender rights. This qualitative research contributes to understanding attitudes toward transgender individuals as expressed on social media, integrating insights from Social Psychology within the current Spanish context. Public significance statement: When analyzing the content of the tweets commenting on the Spanish Trans Law, two different positions are identified. One supports the law, advocating for rights and taking a stand against transphobia. The other opposes the law, considering it a threat to cisgender women and children. By exploring the reasoning behind the two positions, this study helps to understand attitudes toward trans people online and emphasizes the need to combat misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bostock v. Clayton County, the Supreme Court ushered in a new era of employment law by holding that workplace discrimination against gay and transgender people violates Title VII's prohibition of discrimination because of sex. The Court reached this historic result by using textualism to interpret Title VII and applying a simple "but-for" test. By focusing on individuals and stripping away linguistic labels, the Court created a brightline rule for future courts: if changing an employee's sex changes the employer's discriminatory decision, then the decision was because of sex. While this decision modernized discrimination doctrine to the benefit of millions of LGBTQ+ Americans, it did not address whether its protections would extend to two groups: bisexual and nonbinary people. The decision also expressly left open whether it would prohibit sex-based dress codes and bathroom policies. This Note argues that Bostock's reasoning does not necessarily extend protections to bisexual and nonbinary people in every case. The decision does, however, render workplace enforcement of sex-based dress codes and bathrooms impermissible sex discrimination. This Note first explains the state of pre-Bostock Title VII jurisprudence and the Bostock decision, then analyzes Bear Creek, a Northern District of Texas court's failed attempt to answer Bostock's open questions. Finally, to remedy the implications of Bostock's limitations and Bear Creek's errors, this Note analyzes how bisexual and nonbinary individuals can structure their sex discrimination arguments to win in court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution delves into the entanglements between secular and religious narratives in the context of LGBTQI+ activism in Georgia, focusing on the events surrounding 17 May 2013. On this date, a demonstration organised by LGBTQI+ activists against homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia was attacked by a large group of counter-protesters accompanied by clerics from the Georgian Orthodox Church. Using a multimethod qualitative approach, I analyse the Church's efforts to define public space heteronormatively, juxtaposed with the resistance by LGBTQI+ activists. Through reconstruction of interviews with activists who participated in the 17 May demonstration, this contribution engages with the emotional dimension of secularism in the context of struggles over public space in Georgia. It demonstrates the significance of emotions in LGBTQI+ activism, the meaning-making of secularity, and cultivation of secular ways of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are sharp U.S. political differences in transgender attitudes, with liberals expressing much more favorable attitudes and support for trans-inclusive policies than conservatives. Transgender attitudes likely contribute to numerous public policies that are being passed or considered, including policies that impact transgender health, safety, and well-being. Thus, it is imperative to understand why vast partisan differences in transgender attitudes occur. Here we present two preregistered studies examining whether transgender knowledge (i.e., knowledge about transgender identities, experiences, causes, and health care) differs in Democrats versus Republicans, and whether knowledge mediates political differences in attitudes and policy support (N = 439, Prolific). Participants completed a transgender quiz, followed by measures of transgender prejudice and support for trans-inclusive policies. Democrats had superior transgender knowledge compared to Republicans (ds > 1.39). Further, as predicted, transgender knowledge significantly mediated political differences in transgender prejudice and policy support. Exploratory analyses found that the predicted mediation effects held when knowledge was operationalized in different ways and after adjusting for demographic covariates. These data suggest that knowledge gaps help to explain political differences in transgender attitudes and may stimulate additional work on how to improve such knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars often highlight the roles that group threat and intergroup solidarity play in shaping attitudes toward outgroups. Competition among social groups, including over values and culture, can underlie negative attitudes toward outgroups. Meanwhile, perceptions of discrimination against outgroups can drive feelings of solidarity, sympathy, or empathy, which may foster more positive attitudes. These social identity concepts are often studied in the context of racial, ethnic, and religious prejudice, with less attention to how they apply to attitudes toward transgender and gender diverse people. Using a 2022 national survey, we assess how respondents' perceptions of cultural threat from the LGBTQ community and perceptions of discrimination among a range of outgroups are related to attitudes about transgender rights policies, including access to public restrooms, participation in school sports, and medical transition care. We find that cultural threat is consistently associated with support for policies that restrict the rights of transgender people, but perceived outgroup discrimination tends not to show a significant relationship with these attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anti‐transgender stigma presents threats of discrimination to transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) individuals, prompting them to stay vigilant. Using a longitudinal data of 285 South Korean TGNB adults, we examined vigilance and its associations with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt and explored the protective role of connectedness to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) community. Methods: Data were collected in October 2021 (baseline) and October 2022 (follow‐up). Vigilance was measured using the 4‐item Heightened Vigilance Scale at baseline. At follow‐up, 12‐month suicidal ideation and suicide attempt, and connectedness to the LGBTQ+ community were measured. Results: Having heightened levels of vigilance was associated with increased prevalence of suicidal ideation (Prevalence Ratio [PR]: 1.33, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.09–1.62) and suicide attempt (PR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.23–3.86), after adjusting for covariates including anti‐transgender discrimination experiences and lifetime suicidality at baseline. When stratified by connectedness to the LGBTQ+ community, the associations between vigilance and suicidality remained statistically significant among those with low connectedness whereas no statistically significant association was observed among those with high connectedness. Conclusion: The study provides empirical evidence for policies and interventions that ensure safety of TGNB individuals from discrimination and promote connectedness to the LGBTQ+ community to reduce the suicide risk among TGNB individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prepare future nurses in their providing of holistic care to patients, creative drama activities involving hands-on learning and experiential exercises are important in developing requisite skills. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of education based on creative drama among nursing students, specifically in relation to facilitating discussions as to the expression of sexuality—an important aspect of patient care. A qualitative descriptive research design was employed in this study, therein utilizing semi-structured interviews as the data collection method. The dataset is comprised of field notes from interviews conducted with 16 students. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data and MAXQDA analysis software was used for data organization purposes. Five themes and twenty-one codes were identified. The themes which emerged from the data are; (1) the difficulties faced in questioning expressions of sexuality, (2) the factors which affect sexual care, (3) the feelings experienced by student nurses when taking patient histories, (4) the inclusion of creative drama in nursing education and (5) the perceptions held among student nurses towards the creative drama method. The 21 codes which emerged included cultural and social structures, the perception of sexuality as a private matter, gender discrimination, societal knowledge gaps, age-related concerns, patient hesitation, personal comfort when discussing sexuality, the encountering of negative reactions from patients, the ability to communicate comfortably, the comprehensive fulfilment of the caregiving role and the students' feelings of shame or boredom. Providing education as to the expression of sexuality, accompanied by creative drama activities, shall enable students to address and explore this challenging area and to provide holistic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of the last decade, data has reflected that LGBTQ+ youth are disproportionately represented in the child welfare system. In many jurisdictions, the majority of LGBTQ+ youth disproportionately represented are also youth of color. The precise mechanisms of these intersecting forms of disproportionality are underexplored; however, a flattened single narrative of family rejection is often presumed to be the driving force behind LGBTQ+ youth of color's disproportionate representation. This assumption is, in part, informed by a biased and hyperbolic notion that communities of color are less tolerant of queer and trans children and lends itself to practical responses that may be punitive toward families and disinhibit familial engagement. Moreover, this assumption fails to acknowledge the historical role that the child welfare has played in regulating, surveilling, and fracturing families of color and in criminalizing youth and parents of color alike. In this paper, we argue for a more nuanced understanding of the roles played by structural and institutional forms of racism, homophobia, and transphobia in understanding LGBTQ+ youth of color's disproportionate representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike classic serotonergic psychedelics, whose psychoactive shifts are recognized as having therapeutic value, ketamine's perceptual effects are often overshadowed by its rapid antidepressant properties. However, within a ketamine assisted psychotherapeutic (KAP) context, ketamine's distinct anxiolytic and dissociative features can cocreate a safe setting for client-directed psycho-spiritual exploration, including around body image and feeding disturbances. Eating disorders affect approximately 9% of Americans, and present a significant concern for LGBTQ2SIA+ community. This paper outlines a KAP framework, for further study, that is foundationally queer and grounded in postcolonial and intersectional feminist theories. This paper introduces societal body dysphoria, as a tool for clinicians to recontextualize how unrealistic ideals, identified as a societal distortion rooted in white supremacy, are individually internalized and collectively enforced through self-policing, with the belief that adherence will yield access to power and resources. Within this framework, a case report presents an example of how KAP can facilitate the deconstruction of societal constructs and alleviate distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Transgender-based discrimination is associated with poor mental health, unemployment, and poverty. Travestis and transgender women (trans women) frequently experience transgender-based discrimination, but associated factors are understudied. Our objective was to identify the factors associated with transgender-based discrimination among trans women from Brazil. Methods: We used data from Transcendendo, a clinic-based cohort of trans women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Eligible participants were ≥18 years old, assigned male sex at birth, and self-identified as travestis, transgender women, or other trans feminine identities. We analyzed baseline data for participants enrolled from August 2015 to March 2020. Face-to-face questionnaires collected data on socio-demographics, gender identity and expression, and transgender-based discrimination experience. Factors associated with transgender-based discrimination were evaluated through multivariable linear regression. Results: Out of the 587 participants, 559 (95%) were included (28 excluded due to missing data). Mean age was 33 years, the majority identified as transgender women (40%), 71% reported current or past sex work, and 43% self-reported as living with HIV. In multivariable regression models, factors significantly associated with transgender-based discrimination included having no supporting or one supporting parental figure (vs. support from both parents), living in poverty (vs. not), and current and past sex work (vs. never). Conclusions: Trans women without family support, who engaged in sex work or were economically deprived were more prone to transgender-based discrimination. A lack of parental support, the strongest independent predictor of transgender-based discrimination experiences, likely contributes to emotional and structural vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 1.6 million US adults identify as transgender (that is, a gender different than the one traditionally associated with the biologic sex assigned to them at birth). These patients suffer from healthcare inequity and lack of access to healthcare, causing a public health crisis. This article seeks to raise awareness of this issue and encourage clinicians and healthcare systems to make meaningful changes to reduce healthcare stigma for transgender patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I identify a distinct form of epistemic injustice and oppression which I call 'hermeneutical sabotage'. Hermeneutical sabotage occurs when dominantly situated knowers actively maintain or worsen the dominant hermeneutical resources for understanding the experiences or identities of marginalised groups. They do this through actively distorting the resistant hermeneutical resources developed by marginalised groups, and by introducing new, prejudiced hermeneutical resources. I develop a taxonomy of four forms hermeneutical sabotage can take, giving an example of each, and explain the difference between 'hermeneutical sabotage' and other types of epistemic injustice. I demonstrate the importance of having the concept of hermeneutical sabotage for recognising how it can be used, intentionally or unintentionally, to further the aims of harmful political movements. I give examples of hermeneutical sabotage which furthers the aims of transphobic, racist, and anti-immigrant political movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies and analyses a novel species of hermeneutical epistemic injustice (HI). Fricker's traditional account analyses HI in terms of a collective conceptual gap. (Epistemic injustice: power and the ethics of knowing, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007). Building on this, Simion's analysis (in: Bondy P, Carter JA (eds) Well-founded belief: new essays on the epistemic basing relation. Routledge, New York, 2019) suggests the phenomenon is broader, and thus more ubiquitous: specifically, that agents who have been hermeneutically marginalised can be susceptible to HI through failing to ground their social experience in conceptual resources that are already available. This paper advances the literature further and presents a novel strand of the phenomena, where agents both have, and base, their experience on available concepts but are still subject to HI. I argue that this is an important species of HI that should be investigated and accounted for, and I suggest that in virtue of being hermeneutically marginalised, often agents only have available to them defective or oppressive concepts. I further provide a case study of what this can look like online and new concerns social media presents for this kind of HI. CW: Mentions of transphobia, racism, sexism, rape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prejudice and discrimination against transgender and gender diverse individuals are pervasive in contemporary Chinese societies. However, there remains a limited understanding of the factors and processes contributing to transnegativity in this context. Building upon theoretical and empirical literature suggesting that traditional beliefs in Chinese culture may fuel transnegativity, the present study aimed to investigate the influence of traditionality and modernity on transnegativity. Employing a two-wave longitudinal design, the study explored the mechanisms underlying the relationships between traditionality, modernity, and transnegativity. A total of 373 participants were included in this study. More than 40% expressed skepticism toward individuals who identify outside the traditional binary categories of woman or man. The results indicated that traditionality was indirectly associated with higher levels of transnegativity over time, mediated by a stronger endorsement of traditional gender role beliefs and the internalization of gender norms, after controlling for baseline levels of transnegativity. Similarly, the negative association between modernity and transnegativity was mediated by traditional gender role beliefs and the internalization of gender norms. These findings offer valuable insights for researchers and practitioners working to eradicate transnegativity in China. The study underscores the importance of considering the influences of traditionality and modernity within Chinese culture when designing educational programs and awareness campaigns to address transnegativity effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how trans school employees redeploy, trouble, challenge, and refuse prevalent discourses about transness and education. Drawing from interviews with 100 school workers in Canada and the United States, we employ Coleman’s (2023) concept of ‘narrative repair’ to consider participants’ responses to an interview question asking what they would like the public to know about their workplace experiences. We show that workers in our study primarily drew from four overarching narratives about the relationship between their transness and their work in schools: 1) trans school workers face increased difficulty; 2) trans school workers have unique strengths; 3) trans school workers are no different from other school workers; and 4) the experiences of trans school workers defy narrativization. Our findings deepen understandings of how broader cultural discourses influence how teachers narrativize their professional experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was planned to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Transgender Identity Survey, which evaluates internalized transphobia among trans people. This was a methodological study to verify the linguistic equivalence of the scale through the translation/back-translation method. Content validity was ensured by presenting it to experts in the field of nursing. Together with the Transgender Identity Survey, a structured question form was applied to 260 transgender individuals who volunteered to participate in the study. Data were collected between 2020 and 2021. Internal consistency, factor analysis and test–retest reliability were used to determine consistency over time and intraclass correlations. The content validity index score was determined to be 0.852 (very good). As a result of factor analysis, the Transgender Identity Survey contained four factors, namely pride, transition, alienation and shame. The general internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.862, with a good level of reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficients were higher than the generally accepted value for all items. The Turkish version of the Transgender Identity Survey is a valid and reliable instrument. LAY SUMMARY: The scales that enable the assessment of "internalized transphobia," which is defined as transgender's discomfort with their gender identity because they cannot meet the gender norms and expectations of the society, are extremely important. For this reason, this study will contribute to the improvement of the biophysiological and psychological health of individuals by guiding the planning of interventions to evaluate internalized transphobia in trans individuals and to reduce internalized transphobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the shortcomings of the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) in safeguarding transgender individuals from sexual assault in prison. It delves into the unique challenges faced by transgender inmates, such as heightened risks of sexual violence. The discussion also touches on the establishment of national standards under PREA and how changes in presidential administrations impact the treatment of transgender prisoners. Furthermore, it explores legal avenues for relief for transgender inmates, including Eighth Amendment claims and utilizing PREA to support these claims. The article advocates for amending PREA to include a private cause of action to address violations and stresses the importance of protecting vulnerable populations in correctional facilities. [Extracted from the article]

This paper centers on reading the trans author Rivers Solomon's 2021 novel Sorrowland through the lens of postnaturalism—particularly as it is figured in the monstrous—and thereby helping readers understand the crux of transphobia specifically and conservative politics more generally. In this two-part goal the term transphobia illuminates both how conservative revanchism involves a static social order governed by an orthodoxy that trans people can never affirm even while trans identities threaten the legitimacy of this orthodoxy in revealing the ability of individuals to exceed social categories in a praxis of being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the metalinguistic discourse on trans and the utterance trans is an adjective on Twitter between 2009 and 2022. The aim is to find out which metalinguistic statements about trans and its usage appear in tweets linked to the trans is an adjective discourse and which assumptions about trans and its usage become evident in these statements, to then establish how these statements and assumptions are linked to trans-inclusive and transphobic (linguistic) practice. In the analysis, I observe metasemantic statements – most of which deal with the compound-phrase distinction and spelling – and metapragmatic statements – concerned with social positions and personae. As my analysis will show, both the semantic and the pragmatic aspects of meaning are inseparably linked and equally important when it comes to potentially transphobic language. Furthermore, the results of the study indicate that metasemantic arguments about what the forms refer to are primarily metapragmatic, namely they are about (appropriate) linguistic and social action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although several studies examined the relationship between high levels of dispositional mindfulness and low scores of prejudices referred to various social groups, the findings have sometimes been inconsistent. Such inconsistency may be explained by the fact that much research has relied exclusively on self-oriented dispositional mindfulness as predictor of intergroup biases, thus underestimating the role of the nonjudgmental regard towards others. In the current study, we explored the associations between dispositional mindfulness related to the self, Nonjudgmental Regard towards Others (NRO), sexual prejudice, genderism/transphobia and gender bashing. We expected that higher scores on both dimensions of NRO traits (i.e. Ideological Acceptance and Emotion Acceptance) would be negatively associated with sexual prejudice, genderism/transphobia and gender bashing over mindful traits related to the self. 911 cis-heterosexual participants recruited through Prolific completed the online questionnaire. Dominance analyses were conducted to test our hypotheses. The results partially confirmed the predictions. NRO Emotion Acceptance was the best predictor of sexual prejudice, genderism/transphobia and gender bashing among the mindful traits, above socio-anagraphics, religiosity, political, and ideological variables. However, NRO Ideological Acceptance was not associated with the measures of prejudice. These results suggest that having a nonjudgmental attitude toward others' emotions bay be a better factor in reducing prejudice. Limitations, future research directions, and social implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to its political appropriation, "groomer" characterized adults earning children's trust, so they can manipulate and sexually exploit them. Conservative activists have recently transformed "groomer" into an anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) slur. This critique of anti-"groomer" rhetoric examines an organization called Gays Against Groomers (GAG). GAG's website, which is presumably run by "gays," depicts children as especially vulnerable to queer "indoctrination" and "mutilation." Investigative probes recently conducted by The Advocate, the Anti-Defamation League ("Online Amplifiers," 2023), and Media Matters revealed that far-right hate groups and anti-LGBTQ conservative media strategists are largely responsible for the group's genesis. GAG participates in a duplicitous online discourse I call digital ventriloquism. In this context, digital ventriloquy describes online communication where anti-LGBTQ cadres throw their voices into a "dummy" organization that seemingly operates from a divergent social location. GAG's homonormative cooptation of the groomer pejorative results in a dangerous paradox of speaker location, or social identity, that virtually erases child molestation from anti-"grooming" speech, and recasts transgender people and progressive gender education as child pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against transgender individuals is pervasive across many sectors, yet discourse on the issue remains limited to a few platforms, with minimal action taken to address it. This inaction contributes significantly to public health problems. Transgender individuals often face myriad forms of violence, including familial ostracization, physical abuse, emotional neglect, school bullying, unemployment, and discrimination in public arenas. Such experiences hinder their social integration and infringe on their personal rights. Research indicates that violence against transgender people has detrimental effects on their mental health, and the rates of reporting such incidents are distressingly low. Factors like stigma, misunderstandings by authorities, fear of transphobic reactions, unequal legal protections, and the risk of unjust arrest discourage seeking help. These challenges increase the vulnerability of transgender people to violence. This review will analyze the existing literature on violence against transgender individuals and explore the societal underpinnings of such violent behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Individuals identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual and other related identities (LGBTQIA+) experience challenges with healthcare, including physiotherapy. To understand potential contributions to poor experiences, this study explored physiotherapists' experiences and perspectives about working with members of LGBTQIA+ communities. Methods: This study employed a qualitative research design, suitable for exploring the experiences and perspectives of individuals within the physiotherapy context. The sample consisted of physiotherapists working in Australia who participated in a larger survey study. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews which were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was conducted using a relativistic and queer theoretical framework with a reflexive thematic approach. Results: Eighteen physiotherapists with diverse sexual orientations participated in the interviews. While all participants identified as women or men, not all used binary gender pronouns. Five key themes were developed: 1) "anti-discrimination" regarding choice of language and providing safe environments; 2) "current and historical discrimination" against LGBTQIA+ individuals; 3) "taking an equality approach" when working with LGBTQIA+ patients; 4) "knowledge of LGBTQIA+ health" in a broad sense and specifically with transgender and gender-diverse people; and 5) "managing own reactions" with respect to individual biases and discomfort. Conclusion: Underpinning all themes was the overarching concept of cis/hetero/endonormativity. Assuming normativity when working with LGBTQIA+ patients, is likely to have negative effects on patients' mental health, the therapeutic relationship and quality of care. In order to improve diversity, safety, inclusion and equity of care for LGBTQIA+ individuals, it is vital that normativity within physiotherapy is challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the U.S. population in general and transgender and gender diverse (TGD) communities specifically suggest that religion and spirituality (R/S) can function in both positive and negative ways, including on health outcomes. Patients recovering from gender-affirming surgeries were asked by chaplains, during the course of spiritual care visits, to describe their R/S identities in their own words. Seventy-five responses were included in the study and were coded. Six themes and 10 sub-themes were identified. The themes were (1) centeredness in self; (2) transcendent belief system; (3) non-religious belief systems; (4) importance of prayer; (5) R/S identity and practice as fixed and consistent; and (6) R/S identity and practice as flexible, contextual, and transforming. The findings broadly reflected national data about R/S belonging, including trends related to the growing share of the population that identifies as atheist, agnostic, or spiritual but not religious; ambivalent relationships with R/S communities due to transphobia; and R/S beliefs and practices as supportive. Implications for chaplaincy practice are discussed, including the need for chaplains to understand both demographic trends and the intersections of R/S and transphobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]