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OBJECTIVE To determine escape rates for dogs confined to their owner's property by various containment methods and determine whether biting history was associated with containment method. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE 974 owners of 1,053 dogs. PROCEDURES Individuals patronizing pet stores in Columbus, Ohio, were recruited to complete a survey on the method they used to confine their dogs to their property and their dogs' behavior history. RESULTS Dogs were confined to their owner's property by a physical fence (821/1,053 [78.0%]), electronic fence (150/1,053 [14.2%]), or tether system (82/1,053 [7.8%]). Dogs confined by an electronic fence were more likely to have escaped (66/150 [44.0%]) than were dogs confined by a see-through fence (153/658 [23.3%]), privacy fence (38/163 [23.3%]), or tether (22/82 [26.8%]). Forty-eight (4.6%) dogs had reportedly bitten a person in the past, and 81 (7.7%) had reportedly bitten another dog, but containment method was not significantly associated with whether dogs had ever bitten a person or another dog. Greeting behavior (growling, snarling, or trying to bite) was significantly associated with a history of biting a person or another dog. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that escape rate, but not biting history, was associated with the method owners used to confine dogs to their properties. Greeting behavior was associated with biting history, suggesting that owners of dogs that growl, snarl, or attempt to bite when meeting an unfamiliar person or dog should seek assistance to prevent future bites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zusammenfassung: Anhand der beiden Fassungen des Kyros-Edikts in Esr 1,1-4 und 6,1-5 sowie des Artaxerxes-Firmans in Esr 7,12-26 werden die Wandlungen des Perserbildes in Esr-Neh dargestellt: Am Anfang erscheinen die Perser als Unterstützer und Protektoren der jüdischen Gemeinschaft (Esr 6), werden dann als von Jhwh selbst gesandte Retter dargestellt (Esr 1), bevor in Esr 7 die theologische Idee vertreten wird, die Perser selbst hätten mit der Entsendung Esras für die Einführung und Geltung des jüdischen Gesetzes gesorgt. Es handelt sich bei diesen Stufen indes nicht um historische Vorgänge, sondern um Selbstdefinitionen des Judentums, das sich politisch wie religiös von den Persern her versteht. Abstract: On the basis of both versions of the decree of Cyrus in Esr 1:1-4 and 6:1-5 and the decree of Artaxerxes in Esr 7:12-26 the article demonstrates the changes in the image of the Persians in Ezra-Nehemiah. At the beginning the Persians appear simply as supporters of the Jewish community (Esr 6), then the Persian king is presented as a saviour sent by Jhwh himself, and finally in Esr 7 we come upon the theological concept that it was the Persians who introduced the Jewish law by sending Ezra to Jerusalem. All these stages do not reflect historical processes, but different concepts of Jewish identity and self-understanding: The Jewish community defines itself politically and religiously by the Persians Résumé: l'aide des deux versions de l'édit de Cyrus en Esd 1,1-4 et 6,1-5, ainsi que de l'acte officiel d'Artaxerxès en Esd 7,12-26, l'article présente les changements de l'image des Perses en Esd-Ne: au début, les Perses apparaissent comme les partisans et les protecteurs de la communauté juive (Esd 6), pour devenir ensuite les sauveurs envoyés par Yhwh lui-même (Esd 1), avant que ne soit défendue en Esd 7 l'idée théologique, selon laquelle les Perses eux-mêmes se seraient occupés, avec l'envoi d'Esdras, de l'introduction et de la validation de la loi juive. Il en va, dans ces étapes, non d'un pro cessus historique, mais de la définition même du judaïsme, qui se comprend politiquement et religieusement comme venant des Perses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zusammenfassung: Dass der Erzähler in I Makk nur sehr selten, überaus zurückhaltend und häufig unter Verwendung des Nomens ›Himmel‹ von Gott spricht, ist weitgehend erkannt. Es fehlen aber bisher detaillierte Untersuchungen zur erzählerischen Entfaltung des Gottesbildes, welche dem Textverlauf folgen und neben der Frage nach der Verortung der einzelnen Aussagen auch der textinternen Entfaltung der theologisch-anthropologischen Konzeption nachgehen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung möchte einen Beitrag zum Schließen dieser Lücke leisten und den Linienverlauf der Gottesaussagen nachzeichnen. Dabei zeigen sich sowohl die herausragende Bedeutung der einzigen figural gefassten Gottesaussage in 4,30, welche bislang kaum hinreichend gewürdigt wurde, als auch ein augenfälliges Wechselspiel zwischen der Zeichnung Gottes als Helfer und Retter. Ferner ist zu beobachten, wie es dem Erzähler gekonnt gelingt, durch seine zurückhaltende Bezugnahme auf Gott im Verbund mit der ausführlichen Darstellung der Taten der Hasmonäer deren Rolle bei der Wiederherstellung und Bewahrung des Tempels in den Fokus zu rücken, ohne dabei die absolute Geschichtshoheit Gottes aus dem Blickfeld zu verlieren. Abstract: It is widely known that the narrator in I Macc talks about God only very rarely, exceedingly reserved, and often by using ›heaven‹ as a replacement. What has been missing thus far are detailed studies concerning the narrative expansion of the image of God which follow the course of the text and which aside from the positioning of each specific statement also trace the expansion of the anthropological-theological conception. The study at hand attempts to contribute to the closing of this gap and wants to trace the assertion of God. In this process, both the importance of the lone figural assertion to God in 4,30, which has yet to be appreciated sufficiently, as well as an evident interaction between the outline of God as aide and savior become apparent. It is further to be observed that the narrator skillfully is able to put the Hasmoneans' role in the restoration and preservation of the temple (and Israel's integrity) into focus by reticently making reference to God and elaborately depicting their actions without losing sight of God's absolute sovereignty. Résumé: Le narrateur du I Macc fait preuve dans son texte d'une certaine retenue quand il parle de Dieu en employant assez souvent le nom ›ciel‹. La recherche scientifique connaît déjà ce problème. Mais jusqu'à présent, il y a un grand manque de recherches détaillées en ce qui concerne le déploiement narratif de la représentation du Seigneur et qui poursuivent ni le déroulement du texte ni la localisation des messages individuels ou qui vérifient l'exactitude du déroulement du contenu du texte voire la conception théologique et anthropologique. La recherche ci présentée aimerait apporter sa contribution à cette lacune. Cette étude relève l'importance exceptionnelle du seul message de Dieu qui s'occupe d'une personne dans 4,30 et qui implique de toute évidence un jeu alternant entre la représentation du Seigneur comme soignant ou sauveur. De plus, il est à constater que le narrateur, en se référant à Dieu avec retenue accentue en même temps les actions des Hasmonées. Il leur donne un rôle central comme reconstituteurs et préservateurs du temple sans perdre de vue l'absolue souveraineté historique de Dieu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Allais, Hanna and others have argued that Kant is a nonconceptualist about intuition and that intuitions refer objectively, independently of the functions of the understanding. Kantian conceptualists have responded (e.g. with reference to KrV, A 89 ff./B 122 ff. (§ 13), which the nonconceptualists also cite as textual evidence for their reading) that this view conflicts with the central goal of Kant's Transcendental Deduction: to argue that all intuitions are subject to the categories. I argue that the conceptualist reading of KrV, A 89 ff./B 122 ff. is unfounded. Further, I argue that the nonconceptualists are wrong to believe that intuitions as such refer objectively and that they are mistaken about the relation between figurative synthesis and intellectual synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augustus' last words according to Suetonius have been interpreted in some quarters as the cynical confession of an opportunist in pursuit of power, and indeed the self-dramatisation of monarchical rule since the Hellenistic period does exhibit theatrical elements. However, if his words are considered in the context of the multilayered semantics of a death scene that is clearly marked as artificial, they can be interpreted, according to others, as engaging a philosophical topos. However, the semantic complexity of the death scene goes far beyond this: we encounter a dynast who in the face of death stoically affirms his - for Rome - novel role and insists on the success of his actions in this role; who, against the backdrop of possible unrest after his death, stages in his inmost circle of courtiers an acclamation-like vote of confidence in his rule, in order to ensure the transfer of power to his successor; who, aware of the parallels, founded on his horoscope, between his political role and that of a stage-actor, offers his own commentary on his success, in a way that may not have been entirely understood even within his own most intimate circle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A user-driven approach in lexicography - e.g. the function theory of lexicography (Bergenholtz & Tarp 2002, 2003, 2004; Fuertes-Olivera & Tarp 2014; Tarp 2008) - compels lexicographers to use all possible means at their disposal to improve the quality of dictionary use and to ensure an optimal retrieval of information from the lexicographical data. For instance, the advent of the internet has substantially modified the design and compilation of dictionaries in two ways. First, online dictionaries are dynamic tools, which makes them more suitable for meeting user needs in different user situations. Second, thinking in terms of static lexicographic structures is erroneous as these are ill-suited for benefiting from existing and potential internet technologies, for complying with the tenets of the user needs paradigm, and for analysing the merits of lexicographical tasks such as lexicographical storing. This article follows Bergenholtz & Agerbo's concept of lexicographical structuring, which supports the main tenets of the user needs paradigm and the necessity of analysing the process of storing lexicographical data in a lexicographical database. This analysis supports my belief that lexicographical storing is a new lexicographical task which must be better understood, especially when working with the large amount of data being stored in lexicographical databases such as the one on which we are currently compiling the UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID INTERNET DICTIONARIES OF SPANISH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution enlarges upon the topic of macrostructures and access structures in LSP e-lexicography, paying special attention to the technical domain and translation-oriented usage. Whereas dictionary microstructures and mediostructures have so far been at the centre of research concerning LSP, macrostructures have been taken into consideration only incidentally and not in a systematic way. This paper proposes an evaluation framework for macrostructures of e-lexicographic tools on the grounds of different, combinable criteria, and applies this framework to a set of online and offline available resources. Against this background, the paper argues in favour of more in-depth studies on the role of macrostructures and access structures in the development of new methods for terminology management and description, especially under consideration of the quantitative predominance of the technical domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing idiomatic academic texts in English is a challenge faced by an increasing number of international students and scholars. In this article, we present a web-based dictionary-cum-writing aid tool, the Louvain English for Academic Purposes Dictionary, which aims to address the attested needs of non-native writers of English, with a particular focus on the phraseological patterning of academic words. First, we present the general design of the dictionary, highlighting four of its main features, i.e. the fact that it is corpus-based, production-oriented, hybrid and customizable. We then describe key aspects of the macro- and microstructure and highlight innovative features of the access structure, such as direct access to discipline-specific corpora. The conclusion outlines some important priorities for the future, in particular the need for validation and the desirability of integrating the dictionary into a wider learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, we present a novel approach for the analysis of cross-reference structures in digital dictionaries on the basis of the complete dictionary database. Using paradigmatic items in the German Wiktionary as an example, we show how analyses based on graph theory can be fruitfully applied in this context, e. g. to gain an overview of paradigmatic references as a whole or to detect closely connected groups of headwords. Furthermore, we connect information about cross-reference structures with corpus frequencies and log file statistics. In this way, we can answer questions such as the following ones: Are frequent words paradigmatically linked more closely than others? Are closely linked headwords or headwords that stand more solitary in the dictionary visited significantly more often? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following report reflects on the activities of EMLex - the International European Master in Lexicography, focusing on the second annual colloquium and subsequent annual consortium meeting held at the Karoli Gaspar Reformatus Egyetem in Budapest, Hungary as well as the annual teaching semester at the University of Minho, in Braga, Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on previous research results, the following paper gives an overview of the possibilities of transferring the valence theory to verbal phraseologisms. Verbal phraseologisms display internal and external 'blank positions' which can't be differentiated strictly dichotomically. Moreover, there are certain interferences or transitions between both valence levels. To fulfill a wide phraseology concept, the analysis focuses not only on the verbal idioms, but, furthermore, on the valence of light-verb constructions. Relating to the theoretical status of the valence of these constructions, there exist partially controversial discussions in the latest research which will be illustrated below. Problems of describing these phenomena from a lexicographical perspective will be elaborated in the following. As a last point, a specific phenomenon will be approached that can be classified into the 'phraseological irregularities'; the so-called 'valence irregularities'. Furthermore, the article demonstrates that a satisfying description of the valence of phraseologisms can only be accomplished with the help of a corpus-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnifizenz Prof. Dr.‐Ing. habil. D.Eng./Auckland Drs. h.c. HANS MÜLLER‐STEINHAGEN hieß am 10. März d. J. die über 1.400 Teilnehmer zum silbernen Jubiläum des Dresdner Brückenbausymposiums herzlich willkommen und erinnerte an die viele Jahrhunderte alte Tradition des Brückenbaus, der immer wieder mit neuen Ideen und Entwicklungen aufwarten kann. Auch in diesem Jahr wurde mit den Themen der Bogen von bemerkenswerten historischen Ingenieurleistungen über Neuheiten bei den technischen Entwicklungen, Baustoffen und Verfahren bis zu neuen Brückenbauwerken, zur Vorstellung von Instandsetzungsprojekten und Visionen gespannt. Das Dresdner Brückenbausymposium habe in seiner eigenen Dynamik gleichsam die Entwicklung der Technischen Universität Dresden im kleinen Maßstab mitgestaltet, betonte der Rektor. Es sind auch wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen vom Format des Symposiums, die die Aufmerksamkeit auf die TU Dresden lenken. Die Brücke steht schlechthin als ein Symbol für das Verbindliche an sich. Sowohl der Brückenbau in der Praxis als auch in Forschung und Entwicklung an der TU Dresden bleibt mit Sicherheit spannend und die besten Ausblicke auf die künftigen Entwicklungen bekommt man auch in Zukunft bei diesem Symposium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Baugrund stellt die Bauschaffenden immer wieder vor große Probleme. Seine Beschaffenheit lässt sich – wenn überhaupt – nur mit relativ großem Aufwand einigermaßen verlässlich klären; ein Restrisiko bleibt immer. Dementsprechend häufig erleben die Baubeteiligten unliebsame Überraschungen mit dem Baugrund, so etwa, wenn sich beim Aushub der Baugrube herausstellt, dass unerwartet auftretendes Grundwasser bewältigt werden muss oder wenn die Bodenbeschaffenheit eine viel aufwändigere Gründung des herzustellenden Bauwerks erzwingt, als sie geplant und vertraglich vorgesehen war. Diese mit den Bodenverhältnissen einhergehenden bautechnischen Unwägbarkeiten betreffen unweigerlich auch die rechtliche Abwicklung von Bauverträgen. Dort lauten die zentralen, immer wiederkehrenden Fragen: Wer haftet für Baumängel, die darauf zurückzuführen sind, dass die Bauausführung nicht zu der Beschaffenheit des Baugrundes passt? Und: Wer trägt die Mehrkosten, die durch eine gegenüber dem Ausgangsvertrag geänderte, an die tatsächlichen Bodenverhältnisse angepasste Bauausführung anfallen? Solche Fragen werden in Rechtsprechung und Literatur gerne durch Zuweisung des “Baugrundrisikos” beantwortet. Dieser Ansatz ist bedenklich; er führt nicht selten auf Abwege. Die folgenden Ausführungen werden zeigen, dass es eine eigenständige rechtliche Kategorie “Baugrundrisiko” nicht gibt und dass die “Zuweisung” des tatsächlichen Risikos “Baugrund” allein den rechtsgeschäftlichen Entscheidungen der Parteien vorbehalten ist. Wer das Baugrundrisiko zu tragen hat, ist im Einzelfall nach allgemeinen Grundsätzen der Rechtsgeschäftslehre zu beurteilen und in der Regel durch Auslegung des Vertrages zu ermitteln. Dementsprechend beschäftigt sich Abschn. 1 des Beitrages zunächst ausführlich mit diesen Grundsätzen und der Struktur des Bauvertrages. Unter Abschn. 2 geht es dann um deren Anwendung auf die Fälle, in denen der Baugrund nicht die Beschaffenheiten besitzt, die vorzufinden die Beteiligten erwartet haben. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Schlitzwandtechnik hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten häufig als die beste Möglichkeit erwiesen, in Ballungsräumen tiefe, wasserdichte Baugruben auszuführen. Jedoch führt die Betrachtung von Schadensereignissen der letzten Jahre zu der Erkenntnis, dass die Schlitzwandfugen eine relevante Schwachstelle innerhalb einer Baugrubenumschließung darstellen. Anhand von dokumentierten Schadensereignissen werden mögliche Schadenshergänge und ‐ursachen aufgezeigt. Eine Übersicht über die gängige Fugentechnik führt zur differenzierten Betrachtung der Möglichkeiten der einzelnen Fugensysteme mit ihren Vor‐ und Nachteilen. Die einschlägigen technischen Regelwerke halten sich bei der Wahl der richtigen Fugensysteme sowie bei der Qualitätssicherung beim Einbau sehr offen. In dem Beitrag werden Qualitätssicherungssysteme für Fugen vorgestellt und anschließend vergleichend bewertet. Zur Risikominimierung an Schlitzwandbaugruben ist die integere, gerade und saubere Fuge zwingend vor der Betonage eines Sekundärelementes nachzuweisen. Dabei sollte jedoch nicht nur auf die Erfassung eventueller Schadstellen schon beim Bau Wert gelegt werden, sondern bereits in der Planung und Bauvorbereitung auf einen Fugentyp hingewirkt werden, der Schadensursachen wie etwa Umlaufbeton von vorne herein ausschließt. Avoid of damage to diaphragm wall joints through the use of appropriate quality assurance systems In recent decades diaphragm wall technology has proven to be the best way to carry out deep watertight pits in urban areas. The observation of execution failures of recent years has lead to the realization that the joint represents the weakest point of a diaphragm wall. On the basis of execution failures possible damage and causes of damage are shown. An overview of common joint techniques results in a differentiated consideration of the possibilities of each joint system with its advantages and disadvantages. Codes and standards give no clear guidelines for choosing the right joint system and quality assurance during installation although quality assurance systems exist for the joints which will be presented individually and will then be compared. In the future, the firm, straight, and clean joint must be implemented before concreting the secondary element to minimize the risk of diaphragm wall pits. In future, not only the detection of possible defects during construction should be taken into consideration but a joint type should be developed, which eliminates causes of damage such as circulation concrete from the very beginning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Das Straßenverkehrslastmodell des neuen Eurocodes 1, Teil 2 [1] für Deutschland gewährleistet eine zukunftssichere Bemessung für neue Brückenbauwerke. Es wurde so ausgelegt, dass eine prognostizierte weitere Zunahme im Gesamtgewicht der Fahrzeuge sowie der genehmigungspflichtige Schwerverkehr bereits berücksichtigt werden. Somit sind auch beispielsweise Neubauten von Großbrücken an Autobahnen mit zwei bis drei Fahrstreifen und sehr hoher Verkehrsstärke durch dieses Modell abgedeckt. Zwangsläufig ergeben sich bei einer solchen Vereinheitlichung im Bereich der kommunalen Brücken, die typischerweise kleinere Stützweiten und geringere Verkehrsstärken aufweisen, sehr hohe Sicherheiten. Daher wurde vom Tiefbauamt Stuttgart ein Forschungsvorhaben ins Leben gerufen, mit dem Ziel, für definierte Brückentypen mit geringen Spannweiten, die gerade im Bereich der Kommunen häufig vorkommen, das Sicherheitsniveau des neuen Verkehrslastmodells zu untersuchen. Auf der Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse wird ein Vorschlag formuliert, wie unter gewissen Randbedingungen das Verkehrslastmodell so angepasst werden kann, dass die Zuverlässigkeitsanforderungen der Eurocodes weiterhin erfüllt werden, die Bauwerke jedoch ihre Wirtschaftlichkeit bewahren. Adjusted traffic load model for bridges in urban areas The traffic load model of the new German national annex to the Eurocode 1 Part 2 ensures a prudent design for new bridges, considering even a prognosticated increase in gross vehicle weight and exceptionally heavy vehicles requiring individual permit. Therefore this model covers for example the construction of wide‐span highway bridges with two to three lanes and high traffic density. As a direct consequence of this unified approach however, urban bridges with typically small spans and low traffic show rather high reliabilities. Hence the Civil Engineering Office of the city of Stuttgart initiated a research project to investigate the level of safety provided by the new traffic load model in case of specific types of small‐span bridges, commonly present in urban areas. Based on these results recommendations are made in order to adjust the traffic load model for small bridges fulfilling certain criteria. This enables economic design of these structures, while still meeting the requirements on reliability defined in the Eurocodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persönliches: Hans‐Ulrich Litzner 70 Jahre / Eberhard Pelke 60 Jahre / Josef Seiler 60 Jahre Nachrichten: Fachplaner für Barrierefreies Bauen – Kompetenz für die tägliche Planungspraxis / Leonhardt, Andrä und Partner gewinnt Wettbewerb in Taiwan Berichtigung [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT The objectives of this research were to develop a scale for constraints on bringing dogs along on tourism activities and to examine the influence of these constraints on owners' intentions to take dogs along on tourism activities. The responses of 518 Taiwanese dog owners were examined through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The findings revealed three dimensions of pet-related tourism constraint (i.e. pets' specific constraints, pets' interpersonal constraints and pets' structural constraints). This measurement scale was found to be both valid and reliable. In addition, the constraints were found to negatively influence owners' intentions to take pets along on tourism activities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Seaman, a Newfoundland dog who accompanied explorer Meriwether Lewis on his expedition across the U.S. with explorer William Clark. It examines the journals of men who traveled with Lewis and comments on Indian attempts to take or buy Seaman. The author also notes that members of the expedition ate dog meat. He explores the life of Seaman after the journey, suggesting that the dog may have been taken by expedition members George Drouillard or John Colter or North West Company partner Alexander Henry.

More Americans currently consider their dogs as part of their families and are more frequently including them in their travel plans. This study examines this phenomenon and the implications for the marketers of travel-related products and services. Empirical findings show that while over half of those surveyed report traveling with their dogs, many are unaware of the increasing dog-friendliness of the hospitality industry. Also, those traveling with their dogs are more likely to be risk takers, perceive that traveling with dogs is more convenient, and are more likely to see dogs as members of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty-two dogs with problems when travelling in the car took part in a non-blinded study aimed at differentiating groups of dogs on the basis of the pattern of signs shown by individual dogs and their response to treatment with a collar impregnated with dog-appeasing pheromone (DAP) for six weeks and general behavioural advice. The dogs were taken out in the owner's car at least twice weekly for nine weeks, and their behaviour was assessed every three weeks to determine the frequency of 21 behavioural signs. On the basis of these signs and by using principal components analysis, the dogs were grouped into five well defined groups, defined as ‘excitable’, ‘nausea’, ‘tense’, ‘attention-seeking’ and ‘elimination’ For the purpose of statistical analysis, the attention-seeking and elimination groups were combined when assessing the effect of the treatment. All the groups showed some statistically significant improvements after treatment, but their responses were not uniform. The greatest perceived improvement was among the nausea group and the least was among the excitable group. In the groups for which there were sufficient data for analysis, there was little evidence of a relapse in most of the signs in the three to five months after the collar had been removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]