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Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SWS - Rundschau is the property of Verein fur interdisziplinare sozialwissenschaftliche Studien und Analysen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pediatrie pro Praxi is the property of SOLEN sro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nicotine and tobacco withdrawal in the process of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is considered to have beneficial effects for the patient's abstinence from substance use. The purpose of this study was to implement smoke-free men inpatients unit at the Department of Addictology where the changes in symptoms of smoking withdrawal were measured in fourth and seventh week of SUD treatment. From qualitative point of view, the goal was to determine the readiness of the unit, and the whole department for the smoke-free regime along with drawing implication for clinical practice. Withdrawal symptoms were present in low rate, the most present were urge to smoke and increased appetite. From qualitative point of view, the crucial prognostic factor of successful implementation is considered the consistence of the staff of the whole department and creation of an algorithm of therapeutic interventions when the abstinence is violated. When it comes to clinical implications, patients can benefit from the insight of how smoke-free regime can be beneficial for their future abstinence from the primary substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco use is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The prevalence of tobacco smoking is significantly higher among patients undergoing psychiatric treatment compared to the general population. Despite clear evidence of positive effects resulting from the cessation of smoking in patients receiving mental health treatment, quitting smoking still remains a controversial issue among specialists. In 2018, Military University Hospital Prague introduced a pilot fully non-smoking environment at the acute psychiatric care department. Part of this concept is a complex ban on tobacco use during hospitalization (including new forms of tobacco and nicotine products). The project proved to be viable, it doesn't significantly complicate the course of hospitalization and the acute psychiatric care department is already permanently in a non-smoking regime. All support is available to patients to bridging the period when they can't smoke. Because smoking cessation has an impact on the plasma concentrations of some psychopharmaceuticals, monitoring is established in teamwork with a clinical pharmacist. At the same time, the smoking cessation in psychiatric treatment is full of many myths that still prevent professionals from introducing non-smoking environments. The aim of this article is to contribute to a further discussion on the spread of non-smoking policy in psychiatric and addictology workplaces. Three years of experience from the psychiatric ward in Military University Hospital Prague show that it is possible to implement and adhere to it without negative consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims: The Motivation to Stop Scale (MTSS) is a single-item English language scale for predicting attempts to quit smoking. The aim of the study was an external validation of a German version of the MTSS (Motivation zum Rauchstopp Skala, MRS) based on a sample of current tobacco smokers in Germany. Methods: We used data from the first 18 waves (June 2016–May 2019) of the DEBRA study (German Study on Tobacco Use): a nationwide, face-to-face household survey of persons aged 14 years and older with one follow-up telephone interview after 6 months. We analysed data from 767 current smokers. The MRS was used at baseline (level 1–7 = no to highest motivation). At follow-up, the number of quit attempts since baseline were measured. We conducted logistic regression analyses and calculated the discriminant accuracy of MRS using the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC-AUC). Results: At baseline, 61.1 % (n = 469; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 57.7–64.6) of current 767 tobacco smokers were not motivated to quit smoking (MRS level 1–2). Overall, 185 of the 767 smokers (24.1 %; CI = 21.1–27.1) made at least one quit attempt between the baseline and follow-up survey. The odds of reporting a quit attempt increased with increasing motivation to stop smoking on the MRS: odds ratio = 1.37, 95 % CI = 1.25–1.51. The discriminative accuracy of the MRS was ROC-AUC = 0.64. Conclusion: The MRS is a brief and valid measurement for assessing the motivation to stop smoking in the German language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TSG: Tijdschrift Voor Gezondheidswetenschappen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TSG: Tijdschrift Voor Gezondheidswetenschappen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The hospitality and table culture refer to a traditional reflection of sharing and division culture that has been shaped and passed down from generation to generation throughout the historical process. This article deals with the types of the guest (konak), dishes that served to the guests and the connection of this concept with the view of ülüş in the Kazakh culture, which carries the traditional features of Turkish hospitality from the past to the present. This article also explores the naming and types of presentation of dishes in the hospitality. Also, it focuses on the cultural meaning and legends about animal limbs in the hospitality. The guest is usually stated by the word konak in Kazakh society. Besides, the guests can also take different names depending on the days (wedding, birth, etc.) and for what purpose (celebration, relatives visit, etc.) they came. The tables that were established in meetings such as advisory council and toys, and the manner and amounts of the dishes in these tables were also called ülüş in Turkish culture. The ülüş, which is used in the meaning of portion, share and parting political and social terms, also refers to social status based on sharing and the gift given to the person in today's Kazakh society. In the Kazakh culture, from the meat and bone pieces that prepared on the dishes, it is known to whom the dish will be presented. Because the serving process is determined by the rules (töre) in the Kazakh culture. Although the Kazakh hospitality culture and dishes are still alive among the public today, they were not written down and their function within their own culture was not defined. Therefore, this article aims to reveal the rich culture of hospitality of the Kazakhs as well as the application of the view of hospitality in social life. This article was prepared based on the descriptive method. The descriptive method, which was used in this article, is based on the emergence of a cultural element, its meaning within its own culture and the determination of its usage areas. Also due to the lack of written resources in the identification of dish types, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Kazakhs living in Kazakhstan. While the issue of ülüş has mostly been studied in the meaning of the word in the cultural history, this article tries to reveal the existence of the view of ülüş and uses it as a tool to interpret the guest entertaining culture based on the hospitality and dishes. Furthermore, this article tries to assess the Kazakh hospitality culture, how this hospitality took place, to whom served the various limbs of the animal and their meanings, the way each dish was prepared and its contents in the context of social relations. By touching on the place and meaning of animal limbs in Kazakh folk legends, this article tries to determine how to transmit this cultural heritage to future generations. It is possible to list the results of this article as follows: from the hospitality and table culture it can be seen that the view of ülüş is still an important factor in the Kazakh culture. It is determinative in the distribution of shares and regulating social relations. In addition, it can be said that it still determinates social status in the Kazakh culture. However, while the hospitality and the dishes served to the guests were applied according to a certain custom and law in the Kazakhs, in the following periods it is seen that it became a tradition with sociocultural change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pediatrie pro Praxi is the property of SOLEN sro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zdravotnicke listy is the property of Alexander Dubcek University in Trencin, Faculty of Nursing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Die Vermeidung des Rauchens und der Passivrauchbelastung von Kindern und Jugendlichen ist ein wichtiges gesundheitspolitisches Ziel. Die wiederholt erhobenen Daten der KiGGS-Studie zeigen einen deutlichen Rückgang bei Tabakkonsum und Passivrauchbelastung. Dazu dürften sowohl Maßnahmen der Tabakkontrollpolitik als auch Präventionsprogramme beigetragen haben. Dennoch besteht noch Handlungsbedarf bei der Verbesserung der Tabakkontrollpolitik, vor allem im Bereich des Tabakwerbeverbots. The prevention of smoking and exposure of children and adolescents to passive smoking is an important health policy objective. The repeatedly collected data from the KiGGS study show a significant decline in tobacco consumption and exposure to passive smoking. Both tobacco control policy measures and prevention programmes may have contributed to this. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement in tobacco control policy, in particular in the area of tobacco advertising bans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gesunde Pflanzen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zentralblatt fuer Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Das Rauchen ist in den Industrienationen das bedeutendste einzelne Gesundheitsrisiko und die führende Ursache vorzeitiger Sterblichkeit. Zu den vordringlichen Zielen von Public Health gehört es daher, den Tabakkonsum in der Bevölkerung zu reduzieren. Wie die Tabaksteuerstatistik und bevölkerungsweite Studien zeigen, ist sowohl der Zigarettenabsatz als auch der Anteil der Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen, die rauchen, in den letzten 25 Jahren deutlich zurückgegangen. Diese positive Entwicklung ist sicherlich auch auf Maßnahmen zurückzuführen, die im Zuge einer verstärkten Tabakkontrollpolitik in Deutschland umgesetzt wurden. Insbesondere beim konsequenten und flächendeckenden Nichtraucherschutz, bei der Tabaksteuer und bei umfassenden Tabakwerbeverboten besteht weiterhin Potential zur Verbesserung. Smoking is the single most significant health risk and the leading cause of premature mortality in industrialised countries. One of the major objectives of public health is to reduce tobacco consumption in the population. As the tobacco tax statistics and population-wide studies show, the sale of cigarettes and the proportion of adolescents and adults who smoke have decreased significantly in the last 25 years. This positive development can also be referred to a strengthened tobacco control policy in Germany. Nevertheless, there is further potential for improvement, especially when it comes to consistent and nationwide smoke-free laws, tobacco tax and comprehensive tobacco advertising bans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TSG: Tijdschrift Voor Gezondheidswetenschappen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The problem of smoking has to be seen as a serious public health phenomenon conditioned by many factors. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper was to measure the extent and type of impact of selected socio-economic variables on tobacco smoking and the views on the risks associated with its use among students. METHODS: The data set was obtained on the basis of a questionnaire survey. SAMPLE: 748 full-time students at Slovak universities (290 males and 458 females). RESULTS: Relatively, the greatest effect is a student's (temporary) job alongside their studies. Out of the thirteen items on tobacco use, the impact of employment was found significant in eight of them. In all cases, employment had a negative influence. Female students showed a significantly lower prevalence of lifetime use of water pipes and seemed to be more concerned about the risks of occasional cigarette smoking in comparison to their male counterparts. The last major determinant is the type of faculty. The medical faculty played a significantly positive role in students' experience with water pipes. Students majoring in health-specific fields reported significantly lower levels of the lifetime use of water pipes. The impact of the other potential determinants under study was insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude that being of female gender and majoring in health-oriented fields are factors which have a significant positive effect on the prevalence of tobacco use and opinions about the associated risks among full-time Slovak university students. On the other hand, students' employment has a significantly negative impact. Students who work show a higher prevalence of tobacco use and also spend more money on it. A finding of major concern is that students who work tend to use tobacco together with alcohol, and a significantly larger number of them found it difficult to quit smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of German Journal of Exercise & Sport Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The clove cigarettes (kretek) industry is the second largest employer in Indonesia, after the Indonesian government. Between 4 and 17 million people are employed in this industry, including areas such as cultivation, trading, transport, advertisement and production of clove cigarettes. The Indonesian government depends on the kretek industry because of its important economic function. This paper contributes to tracing the historical development of kretek, considering economic, social and political aspects. The article raises the question which factors have determined the consumption behaviour of smoking? Why has betel chewing increasingly been replaced by smoking kretek cigarettes? Which steps has the kretek cigarette taken since its invention and what factors have mechanization, political intervention, tobacco control and advertisement played for the development of the kretek industry? What image do kretek cigarettes have today, what are its patterns of consumption and what infl uence do multinational enterprises have on the development of kretek? --- Die Industrie der Nelkenzigaretten (Kretek) ist im Laufe ihrer historischen Entwicklung zum zweigrößten Arbeitgeber Indonesiens nach der indonesischen Regierung avanciert. Die Anzahl an Beschäftigten in dieser Branche wird auf zwischen 4 und 17 Millionen Menschen geschätzt und umfasst Bereiche wie Anbau, Handel, Transport, Werbung und Produktion der Nelkenzigaretten. Aufgrund ihrer bedeutenden ökonomischen Funktion ist die indonesische Regierung von der Kretek-Industrie abhängig. Dieser Artikel möchte einen Beitrag dazu leisten, die historische Entwicklung der Kretek unter Berücksichtigung spezifischer ökonomischer, sozialer und politischer Aspekte nachzuzeichnen. Dabei wird insbesondere folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: Welche Faktoren haben dazu beigetragen, dass der Habitus des Betelkauens zunehmend durch das Rauchen von (Kretek-)Zigaretten ersetzt wurde? Welche wesentlichen Stationen hat die Kretek-Zigarette seit ihrer Erfi ndung durchlaufen und welche Auswirkungen hatten Faktoren wie Mechanisierung, politische Intervention, Tabakkontrolle und Werbung auf die weitere Entwicklung der Industrie? Welches Image haben Kretek-Zigaretten heute, welches Konsumverhalten ist feststellbar und welchen Einfl uss haben multinationale Unternehmen auf die Entwicklung der Kretek-Industrie?