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Background: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is an important cause of death in premature infants. This study aimed to assess the association of the umbilical cord plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and erythropoietin (EPO) with the occurrence and severity of IVH in premature infants.Methods: Fifty premature newborns of mothers with chorioamnionitis risk factor were selected via nonprobability sampling. The concentration of the cord plasma's IL-6 and erythropoietin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 3 days. Finally, all samples underwent sonography for the diagnosis of IVH. Results analyzed statistically.Results: Among the samples, 68.98% of them were diagnosed with IVH grade 1. The most severe IVH cases were detected on the second day. The mean and standard deviation of IL-6 level was 74.71 ± 50.53 in the case group and 24.10 ± 46.10 in the control group. There was a correlation between IL-6 levels and IVH (p = 0.0005). The mean and standard deviation of EPO level was 18.38 ± 15.23 in the IVH group and 6.45 ± 13.48 in samples without IVH. A correlation was detected between EPO level and IVH (p = 0.005).Conclusion: The concentration of IL-6 and EPO levels of the cord plasma was higher in the premature newborns with IVH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) culture for distinction between aseptic and bacterial meningitis can be difficult and long-term, and other diagnostic methods are under studying. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic value for the levels of Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and IL-8 of CSF in the children and adolescent with meningitis. Methods: Fifty-one patient with meningitis between one month and 18 year included in a Cross-Sectional Studies in the Rasul Hospital, Tehran, from 2012 to 2014. All of samples underwent aspiration of CSF. The routine tests performed that include culture; coloring and biochemical of CSF. The concentrations of IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 were determined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) method and all of data were analyzed. Results: Frequency of bacterial and aseptic meningitis was equal (49%). 64.7% of samples were boys and gender had not different between two bacterial and aseptic group (P=0.7). Mean (±SD) of the age in total was 358.46±858.40, and bacterial group had a higher mean of age than aseptic group (P=0.047). The level of IL-1 was 10.87±37.04 pg/ml in bacterial and 0.55±1.64 pg/ml in aseptic group, that had not different (P=0.168). The level of IL-6 was 90.51±139.3 pg/ml in bacterial and 21.36±67.84 pg/ml in aseptic group, that had significant different (P=0.030). The level of IL-8 was 365.40±765.52 pg/ml in bacterial and 50.66±59.34 pg/ml in aseptic group, that had significant different (P=0.047). Diagnostic value of IL-1 was noted in the 80.77% of bacterial and 68.00% of aseptic group that had not different (P=0.349). Diagnostic value of IL-6 was noted in the 53.85% of bacterial and 64.00% of aseptic group that had not different (P=0.572). Diagnostic value of IL-8 was noted in the 80.77% of bacterial and 28.00% of aseptic group that had significant different (P=0.000). There was not different between two group of CSF variables include coloring degree, WBC and RBC index, glucose and protein. Conclusion: Although the concentration of IL-6 and IL-8 was higher in bacterial meningitis than in aseptic patients, only IL-8 had suitable diagnostic value for distinction between different types of meningitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), a dangerous consequence of Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The early detection for infections of Staphylococcus aureus in burned children is very important, also the prevention for consequences of TSST-1. Fever is one of the most noticeable sign in burned children. On the other hand, fever is one of the important consequences of TSST-1 production. This study aimed to assess the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 level in the wound's specimens of two groups febrile and afebrile in the hospitalized burned children in Motahari hospital Tehran, Iran in the year 2013. Methods: In this case-control study, 90 children who admitted to the burn unit, divided in two groups of 45 patients: febrile (cases group) and afebrile (control group). All of burned children under went wound biopsy, and then all of wound's specimens were tested by PCR for specific primer of toxin producing genome. Finally all of data collected and statistically analyzed. This data include group febrile and afebrile, demographic characteristics, percentage of burned surface severity and result of PCR. Results: The positive result for PCR test, production of TSST-1 in febrile burned children (cases group) was 37.7% and in afebrile burned children (control group) was 11.1% that this different was statistically significant (P=0.003). The mean and standard deviation for percentage of burned surface (severity) in samples with positive result for PCR test was 30.9±16.93 and in samples with negative result for PCR test was 20.09±11.02 that this different was statistically significant (P=0.01). There was no difference between positive PCR result and negative PCR result of age and sex. Conclusion: Direct association was approved between the production of TSST-1 and the occurrence of fever in burned children. Increased surface severity of burns also related to the production of TSST-1. Further research is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nasal polyp (NP) is a benign mucosal mass located in both sinuses and nares which is mostly seen in association with cystic fibrosis, asthma or oversensitivity to aspirin. The prominent histological feature of NP is inflammatory cell infiltration with eosinophil predominance. Superantigens role in causing NP complications is already proven. Superantigens, which are mostly originated from Streptococci and Staphylococci, activate T cells strongly and increase the process of production and release of cytokines, and secretion of IgE from B cells, which in turn directly affects proinflammatory cells such as eosinophils, both in their tissues infiltration and functions. Methods: The samples are collected from patients referring to ENT clinic in Rasoul Akram training Hospital in Tehran after thorough clinical and paraclinical examinations. For control group the samples collected from patients undergoing rhinoplasty. All the samples kept frozen and sent to immunology lab. The DNA of the excised tissues extracted and amplified by using the superantigens specific primers and PCR product detected by gel electrophoresis. The date analyzed by using mean and SD and X2 analytical tools. Results: Fifteen healthy individuals, 25 patients with rhinosinusitis and 24 with polyposis entered this trial. Group A Streptococcus toxin detection was significantly more frequent in those with nasal polyp and rhinosinusitis compared to healthy individuals (P=0.001 and 0.005, respectively), but the results were almost the same for those with nasal polyp and rhinosinusitis (P=0.4). Conclusion: Streptococci may play an important role in induction or clinical exacerbation of polyposis and group A Streptococcus pyogenes exotoxin (SPEs) with superantigenic effects may have a crucial role in etiology and pathogenesis of polyps with or without rhinosinusitis. It is postulated that, T cells polyclonal activation by SPEs may cause recruitment of inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa. These inflammatory cells include IgE producing B cells laeding to allergic and inflammatory reactions in NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Staphylococcus aureus secretes numerous superantigenes which trigger the inflammatory mechanisms of sinus mucosa and cause chronic rhino-sinusitis. This study was designed to evaluate the role of staphylococcus aureus superantigens in polyp tissues of patients with chronic rhino-sinusitis in comparison with a control group. Methods: Polyp tissue samples of 28 patients and mucosal specimens of 19 healthy individuals were evaluated for staphylococcus aureus bacterium superantigens, exotoxins A, B, C and D and TSST-1 with RT-PCR and ELISA methods Rasoul Akram Hospital during 2 years. Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results revealed that 88.2% of the patients and 45.5% of the controls had at least one type of superantigen (P=0.03). Evaluation of superantigens using ELISA method showed presence of at least one type of superantigen in the nasal samples of all patients and in 35.3% of the controls (P<0.001). Conclusion: A relationship between staphylococcal superantigens and nasal polyps is concluded from this study which indicates the probable role of these superantigens in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Too many studies are in the process of determining the probable role of immune system in the etiopathogenesis of nasal polyposis. This study was designed to identify the probable participation of Th1, Th2 lymphocytes in the induction and progression of nasal polyposis. Methods: Seventy-five patients, 42 male and 33 female, with nasal polyposis were examined for total serum IgE, specific serum IgE and reaction to skin test for differentiating allergic from non-allergic participants in Rasoul Akram Hospital during 2010. To determine the possible correlation of allergic reactions in the upper respiratory tract and nasal polyposis, cytokine gene expression was evaluated on the extracted RNA by RT-PCR. The data were analyzed by using χ2, independent t-test, correlation and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The mean age of participants was 38 years (18-81 years). IFN-γ and IL-4 gene expressions were more prevalent in allergic than non-allergic individuals (IFN-γ: 39.5% vs. 14.2%, P=0.3 and IL-4: 44.7% vs. 18.9%, P=0.02, respectively). IL-10 and IL-12 (P35 and P40 fractions) genes were not significantly different between the two groups. IL-10 and IL-12 (P35, P40) genes did not differ significantly either. Conclusion: This research suggests that overproduction of cytokines and an imbalance of Th1 and Th2 cell production may play an important role in the pathophysiology of allergic or non-allergic nasal polyp formation. Thus, although nasal polyposis is a multifactorial disease with several different etiological factors, chronic persistent inflammation is undoubtedly a major factor irrespective of the etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]