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The association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sarcopenia has been suggested. We investigated sarcopenia’s impact on NAFLD severity and its relationship with cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. We conducted a retrospective study on 122 patients aged 13–18 years and diagnosed with both NAFLD and sarcopenia by laboratory tests, abdominal ultrasound (US), and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Sarcopenia was stratified into tertiles based on the skeletal muscle-to-fat ratio (MFR), NAFLD severity was established by the US, and cardiometabolic risk was assessed by the triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Compared with the other patients, those in the lower MFR tertiles exhibited a greater severity of NAFLD (p < 0.001) and significantly higher TyG index and AIP. The independent effect of MFR was observed to have a negative correlation with the severity of NAFLD (p < 0.001). Based on the aforementioned results, the degree of sarcopenia can be considered as one of the risk factors of severe NAFLD and might be an indicator of cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. Weight training to reach the amount of muscle mass could be included in the treatment strategies to improve or prevent NAFLD in adolescents with sarcopenia.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections frequently recur after liver transplantation in patients with HCV-related liver diseases. Approximately 30% of these patients progress to cirrhosis within 5 years after surgery. In this study, we proposed an effective therapeutic strategy to overcome the recurrence of HCV. CRISPR-Cas9 was used to insert an expression cassette encoding an RNA aptamer targeting HCV NS5B replicase as an anti-HCV agent into adeno-associated virus integration site 1 (AAVS1), known as a “safe harbor,” in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line to confer resistance to HCV. The RNA aptamer expression system based on a dihydrofolate reductase minigene was precisely knocked in into AAVS1, leading to the stable expression of aptamer RNA in the developed cell line. HCV replication was effectively inhibited at both the RNA and protein levels in cells transfected with HCV RNA or infected with HCV. RNA immunoprecipitation and competition experiments strongly suggested that this HCV inhibition was due to the RNA aptamer–mediated sequestration of HCV NS5B. No off-target insertion of the RNA aptamer expression construct was observed. The findings suggest that HCV-resistant liver cells produced by genome editing technology could be used as a new alternative in the development of a treatment for HCV-induced liver diseases.

Abstract Vanadium-based catalysts have been used for several decades in ammonia-based selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) processes for reducing NO x emissions from various stationary sources (power plants, chemical plants, incinerators, steel mills, etc.) and mobile sources (large ships, automobiles, etc.). Vanadium-based catalysts containing various vanadium species have a high NO x reduction efficiency at temperatures of 350–400 °C, even if the vanadium species are added in small amounts. However, the strengthening of NO x emission regulations has necessitated the development of catalysts with higher NO x reduction efficiencies. Furthermore, there are several different requirements for the catalysts depending on the target industry and application. In general, the composition of SCR catalyst is determined by the components of the fuel and flue gas for a particular application. It is necessary to optimize the catalyst with regard to the reaction temperature, thermal and chemical durability, shape, and other relevant factors. This review comprehensively analyzes the properties that are required for SCR catalysts in different industries and the development strategies of high-performance and low-temperature vanadium-based catalysts. To analyze the recent research trends, the catalysts employed in power plants, incinerators, as well as cement and steel industries, that emit the highest amount of nitrogen oxides, are presented in detail along with their limitations. The recent developments in catalyst composition, structure, dispersion, and side reaction suppression technology to develop a high-efficiency catalyst are also summarized. As the composition of the vanadium-based catalyst depends mostly on the usage in stationary sources, various promoters and supports that improve the catalyst activity and suppress side reactions, along with the studies on the oxidation state of vanadium, are presented. Furthermore, the research trends related to the nano-dispersion of catalytically active materials using various supports, and controlling the side reactions using the structure of shaped catalysts are summarized. The review concludes with a discussion of the development direction and future prospects for high-efficiency SCR catalysts in different industrial fields.

Abstract In the study reported herein, silver-coated copper (Ag/Cu) powder was modified with alkanethiols featuring alkyl chains of different lengths, namely butyl, octyl, and dodecyl, to improve its thermal stability. The modification of the Ag/Cu powders with adsorbed alkanethiols was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Each powder was combined with an epoxy resin to prepare an electrically conductive film. The results confirmed that the thermal stability of the films containing alkanethiol-modified Ag/Cu powders is superior to that of the film containing untreated Ag/Cu powder. The longer the alkyl group in the alkanethiol-modified Ag/Cu powder, the higher the initial resistance of the corresponding electrically conductive film and the lower the increase in resistance induced by heat treatment.

Abstract Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is defined as three distinct features: liver disease, hypoxemia, and intrapulmonary vasodilation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of pediatric HPS and to identify the risk factors for HPS in children with biliary atresia (BA). We performed a retrospective cohort study of all children who were diagnosed with HPS between 2000 and 2018 at Seoul National University Hospital. The clinical features and outcomes of the 10 patients diagnosed with HPS were reviewed. To clarify the risk factors of HPS in patients with BA, we reviewed 120 patients diagnosed with BA. Underlying liver disease was BA in 8 patients, portal vein agenesis in 1 patient, and portal vein thrombosis in 1 patient. A total of 7 patients underwent liver transplantation (LT). Currently, all seven patients, including 3 patients with severe HPS, survived after LT. The prevalence of HPS in children with BA was 7%. Polysplenia/interrupted inferior vena was the only risk factor for HPS in BA patients in multivariate analysis. The Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease score was not associated with the development of HPS. Children with severe HPS undergoing LT had excellent outcomes. Screening for HPS in children with BA is required regardless of the severity of liver diseases.

Abstract Background Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) is an autosomal recessive disorder presenting as isolated direct hyperbilirubinemia.DJS is rarely diagnosed in the neonatal period. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical features of neonatal DJS and to analyze the genetic mutation of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2). Methods From 2013 to 2018, 135 infants with neonatal cholestasis at Seoul National University Hospital were enrolled. Genetic analysis was performed by neonatal cholestasis gene panel. To clarify the characteristics of neonatal DJS, the clinical and laboratory results of 6 DJS infants and 129 infants with neonatal cholestasis from other causes were compared. Results A total of 8 different ABCC2 variants were identified among the 12 alleles of DJS. The most common variant was p.Arg768Trp (33.4%), followed by p.Arg100Ter (16.8%). Three novel variants were identified (p.Gly693Glu, p.Thr394Arg, and p.Asn718Ser). Aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were significantly lower in infants with DJS than in infants with neonatal cholestasis from other causes. Direct bilirubin and total bilirubin were significantly higher in the infants with DJS. Conclusions We found three novel variants in 6 Korean infants with DJS. When AST and ALT levels are normal in infants with neonatal cholestasis, genetic analysis of ABCC2 permits an accurate diagnosis.

Abstract Fat-mass and obesity-associated protein (Fto) is highly expressed in the brain including, the hippocampus, and its expression is significantly decreased in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients. In the present study, we measured Fto immunoreactivity and protein levels in the hippocampus of obese and aged mice, which were induced by high-fat diet for 12 weeks and D-galactose treatment for 10 weeks, respectively. The obesity and aging phenotypes were assessed by physiological parameters and Morris water maze test, respectively. High fat diet fed mice showed significant increases in body weight and blood glucose levels compared to that in the control or D-galactose-induced aged mice. In addition, treatment with D-galactose significantly decreased the spatial memory. Fto immunoreactivity in the control group was mainly detected in the pyramidal cells of the CA1 and CA3 regions and in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. In the hippocampus of high-fat diet-fed mice, Fto immunoreactive structures were similarly found in the hippocampus compared to that in the control group, but Fto immunoreactivity in high-fat diet-fed mice was also found in the stratum oriens and radiatum of the CA1 and CA3 regions and the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus. In the hippocampus of D-galactose-induced aged mice, fewer Fto immunoreactive structures were detected in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus compared to the control group. Fto mRNA and protein levels based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were slightly increased in the hippocampus of high-fat diet-fed mice compared to that in control mice. In addition, Fto mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased in the aged hippocampus compared to that in the control group. Fto protein levels are susceptible to the aging process, but not in the hippocampus of high-fat diet-induced obesity. The reduction of Fto in aged mice may be associated with reduced memory impairment in mice.

Abstract Background Pyridoxine (PDX; vitamin B6), is an essential vitamin. PDX deficiency induces various symptoms, and when PDX is misused it acts as a neurotoxicant, inducing severe sensory neuropathy. Results To assess the possibility of creating a reversible sensory neuropathy model using dogs, 150 mg/kg of PDX was injected subcutaneously into dogs for 7 days and body weight measurements, postural reaction assessments, and electrophysiological recordings were obtained. In addition, the morphology of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactive satellite glial cells and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) immunoreactive microglia/macrophages were assessed at 1 day, 1 week, and 4 weeks after the last PDX treatment. During the administration period, body weight and proprioceptive losses occurred. One day after the last PDX treatment, electrophysiological recordings showed the absence of the H-reflex in the treated dogs. These phenomena persisted over the four post-treatment weeks, with the exception of body weight which recovered to the pre-treatment level. Staining (CV and HE) results revealed significant losses of large-sized neurons in the DRG at 1 day and 1 week after PDX treatment cessation, but the losses were recovered at 4 weeks post-treatment. The Iba-1 and GFAP immunohistochemistry results showed pronounced increases in reactive microglia/macrophage and satellite glial cell at 1 day and 1 week, respectively, after the last PDX treatment, and thereafter, immunoreactivity decreased with increasing time after PDX treatment. Conclusions The results suggest that PDX-induced neuropathy is reversible in dogs; thus, dogs can be considered a good experimental model for research on neuropathy.

A 6-year-old, intact female, Maltese presented with limited movement of the hind limbs and intermittent pruritus for three months. The patient was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus. Conventional immunosuppressive therapy was attempted for 70 days; however, the patient still suffered from life-threatening pancreatitis and hepatopathy. Therefore, we tried canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for immunomodulation and liver protection. After 6-months of the stem cell therapy, the patient's walking and hepatopathy improved. These findings indicate that stem cell therapy may be another option for systemic lupus erythematosus in dogs.

In this study, we investigated the bonding mechanism of surface-treated steel with an Al-Si alloy in order to produce steel-aluminum (STL-Al) hybrid composite materials by cast-bonding. The results showed that there are differences in the phase and properties of the hybrid composite materials bonded specimens depending on the surface treatment of the steel sheet used, and that the bonding conditions can be controlled further by detailed conditions of the surface treatment. Based on the interfacial bonding strengths measured here, the galvanized surface treatment induced metallurgical bonding to form a reaction layer on the bonding surface and was determined to be the most effective surface treatment.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of cuprizone on cell death, glial activation, and neuronal plasticity induced by hypothermia after ischemia in gerbils. Food was supplemented with cuprizone at 0.2% ad libitum for eight weeks. At six weeks after diet feeing, gerbils received transient forebrain ischemia with or without hypothermic preconditioning. Cuprizone treatment for 8 weeks increased the number of astrocytes, microglia, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus. In addition, cuprizone treatment significantly decreased the number of proliferating cells and neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus. Brain ischemia caused cell death, disruption of myelin basic proteins, and reactive gliosis in CA1. In addition, ischemia significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and the number of proliferating cells and differentiating neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus. In contrast, hypothermic conditioning attenuated these changes in CA1 and the dentate gyrus. However, cuprizone treatment decreased cell survival induced by hypothermic preconditioning after ischemia and increased the number of reactive microglia and astrocytes in CA1 as well as that of macrophages in the subcallosal zone. These changes occurred because the protective effect of hypothermia in ischemic damage was disrupted by cuprizone administration. Furthermore, cuprizone decreased ischemia-induced proliferating cells and neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus.

Thermal management in an electric vehicle is important to extend the life of the battery. This paper is about modelling and analysis of a 6-kW battery module for improving the thermal performance of the lithium ion battery in electric vehicles with PCMs (phase change materials). For a battery thermal management system, we considered phase change materials such as RT15 (Rubitherm15), RT31, EG5 (Expanded Graphite5), and EG26 PCMs with different thermal properties. The ambient temperature conditions range considered was over 40 °C and below −10 °C, also tested on the hot and cool soaking conditions. The lithium polymer pouch single battery was designed and simulation analysis was performed with and without PCMs to enhance heat transfer rate. The simulation and experiment results on a single battery were satisfied to control the battery temperature within the safe operating conditions. Hence the proposed battery thermal management system (BTMS) was applied on a 6-kW battery pack. The design of the battery module was done in AUTOCAD and analysis was done in ANSYS CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software tool.

PurposeChest pain is common in children and adolescents and is a reason for referral to pediatric cardiologists. Although most cases of chest pain in these age groups are benign and do not require treatment, timely diagnosis is important not to miss life-threatening diseases requiring prompt treatment. We investigated certain clinical characteristics that may be useful in the diagnosis of such critical diseases.MethodsPatient medical records between July 2006 and September 2013 were retrospectively examined. We included 517 patients who presented with chest pain to the Department of Pediatrics at Kyung Hee University Hospital in Gangdong.ResultsMost cases of chest pain were idiopathic in origin (73.6%), followed by cases with respiratory (9.3%), musculoskeletal (8.8%), cardiac (3.8%), gastrointestinal (2.9%), and psychiatric (1.4%) causes. In 6 patients (1.2%) with air-leak syndrome including pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum, the pain was abrupt, continuous, and lasted for a short period of 1-2 days after onset in the older adolescents. Of the patients with cardiac pain, 13 had cardiac arrhythmias (65.0%), 6 had congenital heart diseases (30%), and 1 had coronary aneurysms caused by Kawasaki disease (5.0%). One patient with atrial flutter had only symptoms of syncope and chest pain.ConclusionThe abrupt, continuous chest pain of a short duration in the older children was characteristic of air-leak syndrome. In patients with pneumomediastinum, radiological diagnosis was difficult without careful examination. Combined syncope should not be neglected and further cardiac workup is essential in such patients.

This paper proposes a method to predict fluctuations in the prices of cryptocurrencies, which are increasingly used for online transactions worldwide. Little research has been conducted on predicting fluctuations in the price and number of transactions of a variety of cryptocurrencies. Moreover, the few methods proposed to predict fluctuation in currency prices are inefficient because they fail to take into account the differences in attributes between real currencies and cryptocurrencies. This paper analyzes user comments in online cryptocurrency communities to predict fluctuations in the prices of cryptocurrencies and the number of transactions. By focusing on three cryptocurrencies, each with a large market size and user base, this paper attempts to predict such fluctuations by using a simple and efficient method.

Purpose: Human breast milk (HBM) contains immune components that produced and delivered from the mother along with nutrients necessary for the baby. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA molecule, that is used as an ideal biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and are more abundant in HBM. We analyzed and compared the immune components and miRNAs of HBM. Methods: HBM were collected from 20 healthy breastfeeding mothers. We measured the amount of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and extracted the miRNAs from each breast milk samples. Next, the top 5 and bottom 5 expressed miRNAs were compared and analyzed based on the amounts of the 3 immune components. Results: The mean levels and ranges of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA were 6.33 (2.24-14.77)x106 ng/mL, 9.90 (1.42-17.59)x107 pg/mL, and 6.64 (0.48-20.01)x105 ng/mL, respectively. The miRNAs concentration per 1 mL of skim milk was 40.54 (14.95-110.01) ng/μL. Comparing the bottom 5 and top 5 groups of each immune component, 19 miRNAs were significantly upregulated (6, 9, and 4 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively) and 21 were significantly downregulated (4, 9, and 8 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively). There were no miRNAs that were expressed significantly higher or lower in common to all 3 components. However, 2 and 3 miRNAs were commonly overexpressed and underexpressed, in the top 5 groups of lysozyme and IgA concentrations. Conclusion: We identified the immune components and miRNAs in breast milk and found that each individual has different ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]