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Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome - coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single-stranded positive ribonucleic acid virus of the coronaviridae family. The disease caused by this virus has been named by the World Health Organization coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), whose main manifestation is interstitial pneumonia. Aim of this study is to describe the radiological features of SARS-CoV-2 infection in its original form, to correlate the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) patterns with clinical findings, prognosis and mortality, and to establish the need for treatment and admission to the intensive care unit. Material and Methods: From March 2020 to May 2020, 193 patients (72 F and 121 M) who were swab positive for SARS-CoV-2 were retrospectively selected for our study. These patients underwent HRCT in the clinical suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 interstitial pneumonia. Results: Our results confirm the role of radiology and, in particular, of chest HRCT as a technique with high sensitivity in the recognition of the most peculiar features of COVID-19 pneumonia, in the evaluation of severity of the disease, in the correct interpretation of temporal changes of the radiological picture during the follow-up until the resolution, and in obtaining prognostic information, also to direct the treatment. Conclusion: Chest computed tomography cannot be considered as a substitute for real-time - polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of COVID-19, but rather supplementary to it in the diagnostic process as it can detect parenchymal changes at an early stage and even before the positive swab, at least for patients who have been symptomatic for more than 3 days.

Health promotion requires good nutrition and an adequate lifestyle, and together, they contribute to the "well-being" of people. Moreover, an adequate and varied diet ensures, under normal circumstances, all the micro/macro nutrients that the human body needs. In addition, there are numerous sources highlighting how an adequate diet before, during and after training and a match can improve performance. This means that it is important to properly select foods and drinks, as well as the right times for their consumption. Despite this, the evolution of lifestyles, as well as the proteins, the vegetarian and vegan diet, a culture of additivity and the pressure of sports stakeholders have led to a significant increase in the consumption of supplements, in the wrong belief that they can significantly improve their physical performance. Healthy nutrition does not need to be integrated, except in particular training conditions. Unfortunately, the incorrect use and abuse of the aforementioned substances represents a serious health and sports lawfulness problem. Nutrition therefore plays a role of fundamental importance in the daily life of an athlete, and certainly this role is reflected on psychological well-being and, above all on his/her sports performance. Therefore, the teacher plays an important role in the training of "physically" educated people, and in promoting a culture of health. This healthy lifestyle must be encouraged from an early age, strengthened and followed-up throughout the individual’s life path. Nutrition education is a strategy of choice.

Growth curves are useful for clinicians in order to monitor children health and growth. They become even more important in disease involving growth disturbances, such as for individuals with Down Syndrome (DS). Their role in DS people practicing physical activity or sport is fundamental for monitoring health benefits and their evolution during time. Several countries developed their own curves, by using different control population, different inclusion/exclusion criteria, different numbers and analysis, thus achieving quite different results. In this context, we conducted a literature search of original articles on growth curves published between 2010 and 2019. We found 11 articles from almost all continents, investigating height, weight, head circumference and BMI in people with DS. For each work we analysed nation, number of participants and observations, considered age range, type of study, considered population, outcomes, control and main results. In the complex, the included studies reported for general DS population shorter heights and head circumferences and higher BMI and weight/height ratio in both male and female with DS when compared to their peers. Although it is known that most of these differences in reference to general population may be due to lower physical activity, none of the selected studies dealt with this aspect. Indeed, no study focused on physically active people with DS, that could result having different growth pattern than inactive or general population with DS. In conclusion, further investigation is needed in order to achieve the complete, updated, methodologically strong, nation and subgroup-specific growth curves, so that they could become a reliable tool for clinical practice.

People with Down Syndrome (DS) often have impaired balance and postural control and result as less active than their peers, that can lead to reduced quality of life and movement skills. Effects of physical activity may be important in preventing falling risk and health consequences in people with DS. In this context, we conducted a literature search of original articles, published between January 2010 and January 2020, on the effects of physical activity on balance and postural control in people with DS. We found 16 articles from almost all continents, investigating the effects of different types of physical activity on static and dynamic balance and postural control. The included studies reported improvements in both static and dynamic balance with exercise programmes lasting at least 6 weeks and containing strength, aerobic and sensorimotor training. However, the most suitable type of physical activity for people with DS is not clear. In conclusion, physical activity is highly recommendable in people with DS, to improve their balance and prevent falling risk.

People with Down Syndrome (DS) are often characterized by overweight or obesity and result to be less active than their peers. Both overweight/obesity and physical inactivity are considered important risk factors for health, thus augmenting mortality risk. World Health Organization recommends different training programmes for health benefits in different age ranges of general population. Effects of physical activity may be even more important in preventing health consequences in people with DS. In this context, we conducted a literature search of original articles, published between May 2010 and May 2020, on the effects of physical activity on body shape, body composition and bone quality in people with DS. We found twelve articles from all the continents, investigating the effects of different types of physical activity on body fat and lean masses, bone composition and anthropometry. In sum, the included studies reported improvements in body composition (with augmented lean mass and reduced fat mass), body size (with lower weight, waist circumference and BMI) and bone quality (in terms of bone mineral content and/or bone mineral density). In particular, body composition improves after conditioning and plyometric jumps training program, 2-wheel bicycle training, whole body vibration and swimming. Body shape is significantly improved by bicycle training, interval training and swimming. Finally, bone quality shows positive results after conditioning and plyometric jumps training program, whole body vibration and weight bearing exercise. Although different types of physical activity are investigated in people with DS, however the best training programme for this population is not clear. So future studies may focus on the comparison or combination of different types of physical activity to assess which one could maximize benefits.

There are several suggestions that assessing quality of life (QoL) in people with Down syndrome (DS) could be desirable for clinical, scientific, economic reasons and beyond. The aim of the present work was to make a systematic literature review investigating useful instruments for the assessment of QoL in people with DS and the main results obtained through their application in comparisons with the ones of normal population; moreover, we asked whether it was possible to obtain the outcome measures directly by patients with DS and their reliability in comparison with the caregiver’s ones. Our search led to seven articles, assessing QoL in different ways (most of them using scales not yet validated in people with DS), sometimes with contrasting qualitative and quantitative results. One only study used patient’s direct point of view, showing good reliability. These findings could be the starting point to build a customized method for assessing QoL in people that could become a reliable tool for clinical practice, not only in experimental protocols.

The many ways in which learning is distinguished and characterized require new forms of teaching, which can satisfy the characteristics and peculiarities of each person. Educational contexts such as schools and universities should respect these different forms of learning by focusing at new way of teaching, which do not merely transmit knowledge as a mere accumulation of information. For subjects with Specific Learning Disabilities, there is a need to search for and prepare adequate didactic tools and strategies that can support the main needs of the subject in a personal, emotional and relational context.

The aim of the paper is to improve the culture of physical and sports activity in the school. This objective is focused on the pro- motion and development of activities that mainly improve the psycho-physical well-being of the individual. The school is a favorable context for implementing programs that promote the development of the knowledge and habits necessary to live in a healthy way. The literacy aim is for students to value and understand the sport, along with being able to differentiate between positive and negative sport practices.

Lo status di “studente-atleta” è riconosciuto dalle Università con la collaborazione dei maggiori Enti Sportivi Nazionali ed Inter- nazionali, al fine di perseguire lo sviluppo della persona nel ri- spetto dei principi espressi dall’ Art.2 della Costituzione e in conformità di quanto disposto dalla Carta Europea dello Sport e dalle Linee Guida Europee sulla Doppia Carriera degli Atleti. Il Progetto deve salvaguardare lo sviluppo dei giovani atleti e de- gli studenti nel campo dell'istruzione e della formazione profes- sionale, nonché degli atleti diversamente abili; la ricerca deve, al- tresì, favorire l'equilibrio tra la formazione sportiva e la forma- zione formale e, in una fase successiva della vita, l'equilibrio tra lo studio e l'occupazione. Le Università riconoscono tale status agli studenti regolarmente iscritti al Corso di Laurea triennale, in corso o fuori corso, che siano Campioni nelle discipline olim- piche/paraolimpiche invernali ed estive e ad atleti convocati dal- la Federazione di appartenenza per rappresentare l’Italia. La combinazione della carriera sportiva con la formazione rappre- senta, per gli atleti, una notevole sfida che richiede alti livelli di motivazione, impegno e responsabilità. Assumono un’impor- tanza notevole le prassi educative finalizzate a promuovere i di- ritti educativi degli atleti, favorendo la conciliazione con il siste- ma educativo ed il mercato del lavoro. Recentemente la riforma della scuola ha individuato tra gli obiettivi formativi prioritari l’attenzione alla tutela del diritto allo studio degli studenti pra- ticanti attività sportiva agonistica. Di rilievo lo sviluppo di ricer- che ed interventi volti a favorire percorsi efficaci di Dual-Career per gli studenti-atleti diversamente abili, al fine di trovare un equilibrio tra la formazione sportiva e la formazione formale; si tratta di un’indagine preliminare volta a valutare l’attitudine de- gli studenti provenienti dai Licei Sportivi e motivati a continua- re gli studi universitari.

Introduction: Microparticles (MPs) are a heterogeneous population of small cell-derived vesicles. The composition is influenced by the cellular origin and the cellular processes starting their formation. The MPs have various biochemical composition, depending on the site in which they originate: from platelets or endothelium, MPs are involved in many disease, in particular in cardiovascular disease but also in cancer and in central nervous system disease. They are involved in many cellular processes and in particular in apoptosis and in cellular rearrangement. MPs could promote the recruitment of more immune cells in vascular inflammatory areas. Material and method: We performed a data literature analysis from PubMed. We analyze data from multiple studies, reporting that in central nervous system (CNS), the MPs have an important biological role, they can be derived from platelets, endothelial cells, neurons or glial cells. RESULT: We found that the CNS cells in the neurovascular unit, including the endothelial lining and neural cells are also subject to stress by a variety of stimuli such as oxygen radicals and inflammation. Indeed, it is induced membrane shedding in vascular cells. For these reasons, it is possible that the shedding in the neurovascular network may be linked not only to the development and progression of various CNS diseases, but also to the physiological development of the nervous system. In fact, the MPs attend, also, to a regeneration and repair of nerve injury. The MPs are involved in neuroimmune response, indeed, during the various negative stimuli, the microglial release a MPs containing pro-inflammatory cytokines. The MPs can be considered as a biomarkers from a specific tissue undergoing activation or damage. The plasma membrane is considerate as a sensor of cell interactions with the microenvironment. Conclusion: Given these evidences, we can conclude that the releasing of MPs is an indicator of a physiological and/ or pathophysiological activation in CNS, and then these vesicles are strongly involved in various CNS disease such as stoke, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease.

The relationship between sport and therapy shows itself as a dynamic process that acts at psychological, cognitive and social-re- lational level, generating an open communication enhanced and supported by the creative, symbolic and metaphorical modalities suggested by sport activities. The use of sport activity as a therapy can explore the subject's feelings by reducing his emotional conflicts, stimulating greater awareness and enhancing a better management his of social behaviors. Dance therapy, for example, represents an alternative channel of expression, in which the subject’s psychological and emotional aspects are involved. This type of therapy supports and strengthens the conscious use of one's own body, which takes on the role of main communication and expression channel of one's own emotions and sensations, managing to reach fragments hidden and preserved in every subject.

The revised dose limit in interventional radiology recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection imposes new studies in the implementation of protocols for the radiological protection of operators. The aim is to assess the eye lens dose for different operators of interventional radiology: vascular and neuro radiologists, cardiologists, anesthetists, nurses. Dose measurements were performed with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) calibrated in Hp(0.07). The correlation between eye lens dose and environmental dose, measured by an ionizing chamber, was also investigated. A cohort of 15 operators from different interventional radiology units were enrolled. Operators of the hemodynamic unit received a much lower dose compared to the dose administered to the vascular and neuro radiology unit. A weak correlation was found between eye lens dose and environmental dose as measured in interventional suite of vascular radiology. Although it would always be better to use dosimeters calibrated in Hp (3), the use of calibrated dosimeters in Hp (0.07) can be a useful tool in the evaluation of the eye lens dose in interventional radiology. Furthermore, the results obtained emphasize that the appropriate use of protective equipment significantly lowers the absorbed eye lens dose. For this reason, this study aims to raise awareness of the importance of radiation protection in interventional radiology.

Introduction: Radiotherapy is increasingly used for the treatment of cancer patients and more and more personalized treatments are being developed to improve the patient’s quality of life. Today, the medical community is moving toward VMAT plans, which allow to deliver the prescription dose to the tumor and to spare surrounding healthy tissues. In this context the development of autoplanning system is desirable. Method and results: In this work we report the implementation, in the TPS RayStation, of the autoplanning algorithm that creates high quality plans, when brain metastases are involved. Conclusion: At the state of the art, the AP codes can be intended to lighten the work of the medical physicist so that he can refine the plan previously elaborated in AP modality or devote himself to more delicate situations.

La dispersione scolastica costituisce un fenomeno estremamente complesso. Alla sua origine vi sono molteplici cause riconducibili ad aspetti culturali, sociali, economici i quali chiamano in causa variabili di contesto, come la qualità dell’esperienza familiare e scolastica, poste in relazione con le dimensioni soggettive dell’esperienza, quali le caratteristiche psico-emozionali e comportamentali degli individui. L’attenzione su tale fenomeno rappresenta certamente una responsabilità centrale dell’educazione, poiché sono le stesse agenzie educative a concorrere in misura prevalente a determinarne gli esiti, tramite la qualità delle interpretazioni e delle azioni che esprimono circa la capacità di coinvolgere, dialogare, mediare, comprendere, sostanzialmente includere. Il binomio esclusione sociale-dispersione scolastica è, difatti, l’espressione di una circolarità che descrive la sostanziale influenza esistente tra i due fenomeni: l’esclusione genera dispersione e, allo stesso modo, la dispersione delinea destini individuali che tendono all’esclusione. In ragione di tale binomio, dunque, una via efficace per il contrasto del fenomeno dell’abbandono scolastico trova fondamento nella configurazione di strategie educative di natura intrinsecamente inclusiva, in grado, cioè, di accogliere, sostenere e guidare l’insieme e la pluralità dei soggetti all’interno di una esperienza di formazione che accolga la diversità e la singolarità di ognuno. Il centro di questo importante scopo dell’educazione coinvolge, quindi, in prima istanza, la professionalità educativa ed è, dunque, sulla formazione degli educatori per l’inclusione che si gioca una sfida centrale dei sistemi educativi contemporanei, inseriti sullo sfondo della complessità e della pluralità che caratterizzano gli scenari socio-culturali contemporanei. Alla luce di queste essenziali linee dichiarative, il contributo intende, dunque, riflettere sul fenomeno della dispersione scolastica, inquadrandolo come causa ed esito di processi di esclusione, allo scopo di generare una chiave di lettura delle dinamiche in oggetto che possa fungere da strumentazione interpretativa per chi opera concretamente nei contesti educativi. In particolare, il contributo si soffermerà sulla categoria della diversità allo scopo di delineare una sintesi di contenuti utili a guidare la maturazione di competenze relazionali adeguate nell’ambito di una formazione degli insegnanti per l’inclusione.

Introduction: For the first time, the Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom focuses on the risk to human health deriving from exposure to radon in homes, promoting the adoption of more stringent actions for the public awareness about indoor radon risk. Although the directive has not been transposed in Italy yet, some regions e.g. Campania, independently have issued a regional decree (n.13 of 2019) to comply with this lack. Method and results: In this study, the results of a survey on the public's knowledge about the risks associated with exposure to radon collected during two scientific dissemination events “Researchers' Night” (September 2019) and “Futuro Remoto” (November 2019) in Naples, South Italy, are reported.

Velocity-Based Training (VBT) is a training method that allows us evaluating the velocity of the concentric phase of a movement, managing to analyze and program training intensity and load. The method concerns the measurement of the speed of the ratio between the barbell/dumbbell and a limb, through the use of an accelerometer or tools suitable for this assessment, which are more and more accurate and marketed today. In consideration of the need in sports training to establish an optimal workload, this innovative methodology measures the speed of execution and proposes a hypothetical ideal training load, through a sensor that can be connected to the wrist or the bar in order to perform the exercises in the best way. The methodology used employs the latest-generation technological elements.

The aim of this research paper is to highlight the importance of a pedagogical and special education approach in the school context. In this regard we analyze the main methodologies of special pedagogy and education which might be adopted at school level to promote the processes of inclusion and integration. Only starting from the school system we can arrive to a concrete social development.

The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the sports industry not only in the classic perspective of improving the state of physical well-being or of celebration of the athlete's performance, but rather in a multidimensional perspective. In this regard, it was shown how through an evolutionary process over time, sport has come to considerably and positively affect other contexts, including certainly education and school, tourism industry and that concerning socio-economic issues. The essay has helped to highlight that sport, intended in its broadest sense, is a valuable resource that can foster a global and sustainable development in the long run.

L’obiettivo del paper è quello di dimostrare l’efficacia della risorsa sport non solo nella classica ottica di miglioramento dello stato di benessere fisi- co o di esaltazione della performance dell’atleta, bensì in un’ottica multi-di- mensionale e multi-valoriale. A tal proposito è stato mostrato come lo sport, attraverso una gestione ed- ucativa basata sui valori dell’integrazione, della legalità e della cittadinanza, può contribuire ad uno sviluppo sociale, culturale ed anche economico sostenibile nel lungo periodo. Tale elaborato ha inoltre evidenziato il ruolo che l’educatore sportivo dovrebbe ricoprire in questa gestione performante al fine di valorizzare al massimo la risorsa sport. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the sport re- source not only in the classic perspective of improving the state of physical well-being or of celebration of the athlete’s performance, but rather in a multi-dimensional and multi-valued perspective. In this regard, it was shown how sport, through an educational manage- ment based on the values of integration, legality and citizenship, can con- tribute to sustainable social, cultural and even economic development in the long term. This paper has also highlighted the role that the sport educator should play in this performant management in order to maximize the sport resource

Objective: To find out hearing ability and speech discrimination of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients, we performed audiological evaluation by means of Pure Tone (PTA) and Speech Audiometry (SA) of patients with PSP as compared with both normative values and sex-age matched Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and healthy controls. Background: Hearing impairment (HI) and altered speech discrimination abilities have been previously demonstrated in patients with PD. Despite its high prevalence in elderly, HI has never been investigated in patients with PSP. Methods: We screened a series of PSP outpatients attending our movement disorders unit. Severity of motor symptoms, disease staging and ongoing therapy were recorded at baseline. Audiometric evaluation consisted of a standardized audiological examination, PTA and SA. PD patients and healthy age- and sexmatched subjects were selected as controls. Results: 15 PSP patients, 45 PD patients and 45 healthy controls were enrolled. PTA showed severe agedependent sensorineural HI in PSP patients as compared with both normative values and controls. PTA also confirmed our previous finding of high-frequency HI in PD patients. The mean values for the Speech Recognition Threshold were higher in PSP patients as compared with both PD patients and controls. Finally PSP patients showed a significant speech-tone dissociation and rollover phenomenon thus suggesting retro-cochlear pathology and pointing to a central rather than a peripheral origin of HI in PSP. Conclusions: Our results showed the presence of severe age-dependent sensorineural hearing impairment in PSP patients as compared with both normative values and controls. Moreover, SA showed impaired speech discrimination abilities in PSP patients as compared with both PD patients and healthy controls thus expanding the non-motor panel of PSP

The neurotransmitter glutamate increases cerebral blood flow by activating postsynaptic neurons and presynaptic glial cells within the neurovascular unit. Glutamate does so by causing an increase in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in the target cells, which activates the Ca 2+ /Calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide (NO) synthase to release NO. It is unclear whether brain endothelial cells also sense glutamate through an elevation in [Ca 2+ ] i and NO production. The current study assessed whether and how glutamate drives Ca 2+ -dependent NO release in bEND5 cells, an established model of brain endothelial cells. We found that glutamate induced a dose-dependent oscillatory increase in [Ca 2+ ] i , which was maximally activated at 200 μM and inhibited by α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine, a selective blocker of Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamate-induced intracellular Ca 2+ oscillations were triggered by rhythmic endogenous Ca 2+ mobilization and maintained over time by extracellular Ca 2+ entry. Pharmacological manipulation revealed that glutamate-induced endogenous Ca 2+ release was mediated by InsP 3 -sensitive receptors and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) gated two-pore channel 1. Constitutive store-operated Ca 2+ entry mediated Ca 2+ entry during ongoing Ca 2+ oscillations. Finally, glutamate evoked a robust, although delayed increase in NO levels, which was blocked by pharmacologically inhibition of the accompanying intracellular Ca 2+ signals. Of note, glutamate induced Ca 2+ -dependent NO release also in hCMEC/D3 cells, an established model of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. This investigation demonstrates for the first time that metabotropic glutamate-induced intracellular Ca 2+ oscillations and NO release have the potential to impact on neurovascular coupling in the brain.