16 results on '"Tag along"'
Search Results
2. Basic aspects of drag along and tag along rights
- Author
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Kajević Amina V.
- Subjects
corporate governance ,second agency problem ,drag along ,tag along ,Law of Europe ,KJ-KKZ ,Comparative law. International uniform law ,K520-5582 - Abstract
The paper analyses the rights of members of closed companies originating from common law - drag along and tag along rights. Since they represent effective instrument of prevention of second agency problem of corporate governance, relating to the conflict of interest between majority and minority shareholder, as well as for resolving conflicts between members that may occur in case of the sale of a company's share, these rights were introduced in civil law countries as well. In recent years, drag along and tag along rights have become more significant in domestic practice, since they are often contracted between members of domestic companies. For this reason, it is important to understand the purpose of these rights and the interests that are protected by them. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explain the concept and purpose of drag along and tag along rights.
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Factors associated with the non-migration to the New Market of companies of the one share, one vote type.
- Author
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Sella, Leonardo Carvalho and Maria Bortolon, Patricia
- Subjects
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PROPENSITY score matching , *SUFFRAGE , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *STOCK ownership , *CORPORATE governance , *STOCKS (Finance) - Abstract
This study aimed to understand which characteristics and listing rules relate with non-migration to the New Market (Novo Mercado) segment in companies that already obey the "one share, one vote" principle. The study sought to understand which governance characteristics, as well as the one share, one vote principle, represent challenges to listing in the New Market. Given the benefits of adhesion to the New Market shown in the literature and the existence of companies in the traditional segment that already meet one of the challenges to migration, namely the use of shares with only voting rights, the relevance of the study lies in showing which other governance characteristics may represent challenges to migration. The study indicates to regulators and markets which governance characteristics may represent challenges to adhesion to higher segments. This understanding may influence strategies for promoting better practices aimed at overcoming resistances to these governance rules. For the literature, the results show characteristics that warrant additional studies as they represent adoption challenges for companies. We chose the companies from the traditional segment that already have only common shares and with propensity score matching we chose comparable companies from the New Market. We observed variables related to the other New Market rules, ownership structure, pyramid structures, shareholder agreements, and the score in a comprehensive corporate governance index. The analyses involved descriptive statistics, differences of means and proportions tests, and logit models. The results show that the free float and minimum tag along rules have a strong relationship with the non-listing in the New Market of companies that already fulfill the one share, one vote rule. In addition, ownership concentration and corporate governance quality are also related to non-listing in the New Market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Factors associated with the non-migration to the New Market of companies of the one share, one vote type
- Author
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Leonardo Carvalho Sella and Patricia Maria Bortolon
- Subjects
tag along ,free float ,corporate governance ,one share - one vote ,PSM ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Finance ,HG1-9999 - Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand which characteristics and listing rules relate with non-migration to the New Market (Novo Mercado) segment in companies that already obey the “one share, one vote” principle. The study sought to understand which governance characteristics, as well as the one share, one vote principle, represent challenges to listing in the New Market. Given the benefits of adhesion to the New Market shown in the literature and the existence of companies in the traditional segment that already meet one of the challenges to migration, namely the use of shares with only voting rights, the relevance of the study lies in showing which other governance characteristics may represent challenges to migration. The study indicates to regulators and markets which governance characteristics may represent challenges to adhesion to higher segments. This understanding may influence strategies for promoting better practices aimed at overcoming resistances to these governance rules. For the literature, the results show characteristics that warrant additional studies as they represent adoption challenges for companies. We chose the companies from the traditional segment that already have only common shares and with propensity score matching we chose comparable companies from the New Market. We observed variables related to the other New Market rules, ownership structure, pyramid structures, shareholder agreements, and the score in a comprehensive corporate governance index. The analyses involved descriptive statistics, differences of means and proportions tests, and logit models. The results show that the free float and minimum tag along rules have a strong relationship with the non-listing in the New Market of companies that already fulfill the one share, one vote rule. In addition, ownership concentration and corporate governance quality are also related to non-listing in the New Market.
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The Effect of Emergency Department Observational Experience on Medical Student Interest in Emergency Medicine
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Gharahbaghian, Laleh, Hindiyeh, Rasha, Langdorf, Mark I, Vaca, Federico, Anderson, Craig L, Kahn, J Akiva, Wiechmann, Warren, and Lotfipour, Shahram
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Health Services ,Emergency Care ,Clinical Research ,Generic health relevance ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adult ,Career Choice ,Data Collection ,Education ,Medical ,Emergency Medicine ,Female ,Humans ,Male ,Observation ,Retrospective Studies ,Students ,Medical ,Young Adult ,education ,job shadowing ,medical student ,career choice ,observational experience ,tag along ,Emergency & Critical Care Medicine ,Clinical sciences - Abstract
BackgroundIn many different health care educational models, shadowing, or observational experience, is accepted as integral to introducing students to the specifics of medical specialties.Study objectivesWe investigated whether emergency department (ED) observational experiences (EDOs) affect medical students' (MSs') interest in emergency medicine (EM). Additionally, we examined how the subjective quality of clinical exposures influences this interest and the decision to recommend EDOs to other students.MethodsThis is a survey of MSs at a Level 1 tertiary care university hospital during a 2-year period. The study focused on assessing perception of ED exposure, post-EDO change in EM interest, and decision to recommend EDOs to others.ResultsThe majority of MSs had a change in EM interest post-EDO and recommended EDOs. Both variables correlated to ED exposure ratings.ConclusionsThe EDO significantly influenced MS interest in EM by providing exposure to various aspects of the ED.
- Published
- 2011
6. Fatores associados à não migração para o Novo Mercado de empresas do tipo uma ação - um voto
- Author
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Patricia Maria Bortolon and Leonardo Carvalho Sella
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tag along ,one share - one vote ,governança corporativa ,uma ação - um voto ,PSM ,Accounting ,corporate governance ,free float ,Finance - Abstract
This study aimed to understand which characteristics and listing rules relate with non-migration to the New Market (Novo Mercado) segment in companies that already obey the “one share, one vote” principle. The study sought to understand which governance characteristics, as well as the one share, one vote principle, represent challenges to listing in the New Market. Given the benefits of adhesion to the New Market shown in the literature and the existence of companies in the traditional segment that already meet one of the challenges to migration, namely the use of shares with only voting rights, the relevance of the study lies in showing which other governance characteristics may represent challenges to migration. The study indicates to regulators and markets which governance characteristics may represent challenges to adhesion to higher segments. This understanding may influence strategies for promoting better practices aimed at overcoming resistances to these governance rules. For the literature, the results show characteristics that warrant additional studies as they represent adoption challenges for companies. We chose the companies from the traditional segment that already have only common shares and with propensity score matching we chose comparable companies from the New Market. We observed variables related to the other New Market rules, ownership structure, pyramid structures, shareholder agreements, and the score in a comprehensive corporate governance index. The analyses involved descriptive statistics, differences of means and proportions tests, and logit models. The results show that the free float and minimum tag along rules have a strong relationship with the non-listing in the New Market of companies that already fulfill the one share, one vote rule. In addition, ownership concentration and corporate governance quality are also related to non-listing in the New Market. RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi entender quais características e regras de listagem se relacionam com a não migração para o segmento do Novo Mercado em empresas que já obedecem ao princípio “uma ação - um voto”. A pesquisa busca entender quais características de governança, além do princípio uma ação - um voto, representam desafios à listagem no Novo Mercado. Dados os benefícios da adesão ao Novo Mercado mostrados na literatura e a existência de empresas no segmento tradicional que já atendem a um dos desafios à migração, qual seja, o uso de ações somente com direito a voto, a relevância do estudo reside em mostrar quais outras características de governança podem representar desafios à migração. O estudo sinaliza para reguladores e mercados quais características de governança podem representar desafios à adesão de segmentos superiores. Esse entendimento pode influenciar estratégias para a promoção de melhores práticas visando à superação de resistências a essas regras de governança. Para a literatura, os resultados mostram características que merecem estudos adicionais na medida em que representam desafios de adoção pelas empresas. Foram selecionadas as empresas do segmento tradicional que já têm apenas ações ordinárias e com o propensity score matching foram selecionadas empresas comparáveis do Novo Mercado. Foram observadas variáveis relacionadas às demais regras do Novo Mercado, estrutura de propriedade, estruturas piramidais, acordos de acionistas e a pontuação em um índice amplo de governança corporativa. As análises envolveram estatísticas descritivas, testes de diferença de médias e proporções e modelos logit. Os resultados mostram que as regras de free float e tag along mínimo têm forte relação com a não listagem no Novo Mercado de empresas que já cumprem a regra uma ação - um voto. Além disso, a concentração de propriedade e a qualidade da governança corporativa também estão relacionadas à não listagem no Novo Mercado.
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- 2022
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7. Diferenciais de preços entre classes de ações no mercado brasileiro no período de 2011-2020
- Author
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Avolio, Rosana Cristina, Escolas::EESP, Giovannetti, Bruno Cara, Bueno, Rodrigo de Losso da Silveira, and Chague, Fernando Daniel
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Private control benefits ,Liquidity ,Liquidez ,Diferencial de preços entre classes de ações ,Voting premium ,Benefícios privados do controle ,Prêmio de voto ,Price differential between share classes ,Ações (Finanças) - Preços ,Sociedades por ações - Brasil - Legislação ,Economia ,Tag along ,Liquidez (Economia) - Abstract
Ao longo do tempo vários autores estudaram as possíveis determinantes do diferencial de preço entre as classes de ações em mercados acionários no mundo e destacaram, principalmente, o benefício privado de controle como uma das principais determinantes para tal diferencial. No caso do mercado brasileiro, há ainda outros fatores que devem ser avaliados dada as características específicas das empresas listadas no mercado brasileiro de ações, como por exemplo, a presença de ações preferenciais no capital das empresas, a presença de segmentos de listagem especiais de governança da B3 e a extensão dos direitos de tag along. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os potenciais determinantes do diferencial de preços entre classes de ações no Brasil no período de 2011 a 2020 com foco nos seguintes fatores: (i) liquidez; (ii) concentração acionária; (iii) diferenciais no pagamento de dividendos; (iv) grau de proteção aos minoritários; e (iv) aspectos de governança corporativa. Over time, several authors have studied the possible determinants that can explain the differential pricing between share classes in public equity market around the world and have highlighted, mainly, the private benefit of control as one of the main determinants for such differential. In the case of the Brazilian public equity market, there are still other factors that need to be evaluated considering the characteristics of the listed companies on the Brazilian public equity market, such as the presence of preferred non-voting of companies, the presence of premium listing governance segments of B3 and the extension of tag along rights. This paper aims to analyze the potential determinants of the price differential between share classes in the Brazilian public equity market in the period from 2011 to 2020, focusing on the following factors: (i) liquidity; (ii) shareholding concentration; (iii) differentials in the payment of dividends; (iv) degree of protection for minority shareholders; and (iv) corporate governance aspects.
- Published
- 2021
8. OPCJE NA PRAWA UDZIAŁOWE W PROCESACH INWESTYCJI W SPÓŁKI NIEPUBLICZNE.
- Author
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Szczurowski, Tomasz M.
- Abstract
Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
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9. The tag along concern for the shareholder and firm’s wealth - an empirical brazilian investigation of tobin’s q ratio and dividends
- Author
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Daniel Henrique de Oliveira Souza, Forti, Cristiano Augusto Borges, Penedo, Antonio Sergio Torres, Pereira, Vinícius Silva, and Castro, Luiz Ricardo Kabbach de
- Subjects
Dividends ,Corporate governance ,Financial economics ,CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ADMINISTRACAO [CNPQ] ,Governança corporativa ,Valor ,Tag along ,Tobin's q ,Dividendos ,Shareholder ,Valor (Economia) ,Economics ,Dividend ,Administração ,Governança corporativa - Brasil ,Value - Abstract
Esse estudo investiga se o fato de empresas concederem tag along para acionistas minoritários se relaciona com a geração de valor da empresa (medida pelo Q de Tobin - Q) e com a riqueza dos acionistas minoritários (medida pelos dividendos pagos e juros sobre capital próprio - PAY). Tag along é a extensão parcial ou total, a todos os demais sócios das empresas, das mesmas condições obtidas pelos controladores quando da venda do controle de uma sociedade. Para tanto foram coletados e analisados dados de companhias brasileiras não-financeiras listadas na BM&F Bovespa, no período de 1995 a 2014, incluindo 613 empresas. Para a análise utilizou-se de regressão com dados em painel. A hipótese levantada para a pesquisa parte da teoria de Governança Corporativa e considera os riscos e o potencial para conflitos que a estrutura de propriedade concentrada das empresas brasileiras evidencia. Os resultados encontrados indicaram uma relação positiva entre concessão de tag along e Q de Tobin e uma relação negativa entre a concessão de tag along e payout - PAY. Assim, a implicação da concessão de tag along como instrumento de governança corporativa se relaciona positivamente com os ativos da empresa em relação ao seu valor de mercado e negativamente com a distribuição de retorno ao acionista minoritário sob a forma de dividendos e juros sobre capital próprio (JCP). Para trabalhos futuros, sugere-se a análise em outros países que têm como prática de governança corporativa a concessão de tag along aos seus acionistas, bem como a análise dessa relação de distribuição de tag along levando em consideração a influência do pertencimento das firmas em cada nível de governança corporativa da BM&F Bovespa. The purpose of this research was to investigate how companies granting tag along rights to minority shareholders, affect the value generation of the company (measured by Tobin’s Q - Q) as well as wealth of minority shareholders (measured by payout - PAY). Tag along is the partial or full extension, to all other shareholders of the companies, the same conditions obtained by the controllers on the sale of control of a company. To study this, we collected and analyzed non-financial data of 613 Brazilian companies listed on the BM&F Bovespa during the years 1995-2014. For the analysis we used regression with panel data. The hypothesis for the research of the theory of corporate governance and considers the risks and the potential for conflicts that the ownership structure of Brazilian companies concentrated. The results showed a positive relationship between granting tag along and Q ratio and a negative relationship between the granting of tag along and payout - PAY. Thus, the implication of granting tag along as a corporate governance instrument is positively related to the firm assets in relation to its market value and negatively with the return to minority shareholders in the form of dividends and interest on net equity (JCP). For further studies, we suggest an analysis of other countries that use the corporate governance practice to grant tag along to its shareholders as well as the analysis of this tag along distribution ratio taking into account the influence of participation of companies in each level of corporate governance of BM&F Bovespa stock exchange. Dissertação (Mestrado)
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- 2020
- Full Text
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10. Las cláusulas drag along y tag along
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Galván Domínguez, Cristian, Melero Bosch, Lourdes Verónica, and Grado En Derecho
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tag along ,derecho de arrastre ,cláusula ,derecho de acompañamiento ,drag along - Abstract
This work analyzes drag along and tag along rights, making special emphasis on the drag along right and the issues surrounding it. Thus, after introducing in a brief way our regime of transmission of stocks and shares, we are going to make a detailed study of these rights, mentioning their regulation, analyzing if they can be admitted on statutes or shareholders agreements, as well as detailing their structure and possible problems around them, so we can obtain a better look of these rights. By the end, we are going to make a study about the relation between the drag along right and the preferential acquisition right, determining which one prevails over the other. Finally, we are going to take a look to the UK and their treat to this specific drag along right. En el trabajo que nos ocupa se realiza un análisis de las cláusulas drag along (o pacto de arrastre) y tag along (o pacto de acompañamiento), haciendo un especial énfasis en la cláusula de drag along y cuestiones que orbitan en torno a esta. Por ello, tras establecer de manera breve el régimen de transmisión de acciones y participaciones, se realiza un estudio incisivo de estas cláusulas, conceptuándolas, mencionando su regulación, analizando su admisión en los estatutos y pactos parasociales, así como determinando su estructura y problemática en torno a ellas, para poder obtener una imagen detallada de las mismas. Finalmente, se hará un examen específico de la relación entre la cláusula de drag along y el derecho de adquisición preferente, estableciendo cuál de estas figuras tiene carácter principal en caso de convivir ambas en una misma sociedad, para acabar realizando una breve mención al Reino Unido y su trato a este pacto de arrastre.
- Published
- 2019
11. Clause d'entrainement et clause de sortie conjointe (drag along / tag along)
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Borga, Nicolas, Equipe de recherche Louis Josserand, Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Frédéric Buy, Marie Lamoureux, Jacques Mestre, and Jean-Christophe Roda
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droit des sociétés ,tag along ,[SHS.DROIT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Law ,drag along ,cession de droits sociaux ,entrainement ,pacte d'actionnaires ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,sortie conjointe - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2018
12. Alienação de controle e benefícios privados no Brasil: uma releitura sob novo ambiente regulatório e de governança corporativa
- Author
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Cotrim, Eduardo Lucas, Escolas::EESP, Sampaio, Joelson Oliveira, Ridolfo Neto, Arthur, and Rochman, Ricardo Ratner
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Corporate governance ,Alienação de controle ,Benefícios privados do controle ,Control premium ,Mercado de capitais ,Control takeover ,Sociedades por ações - Brasil - Legislação ,Economia ,Governança corporativa ,Prêmio de controle ,Tag along ,Private benefits of control ,Sociedades comerciais - Abstract
Nas últimas décadas diversos estudos tiveram por objetivo quantificar e explicar a existência de prêmios pago por blocos de controle em inúmeros países. Muitos fatores estão relacionados a tal variável, como benefícios privados derivados do controle, estrutura acionária, estágio de evolução da governança corporativa em cada economia, aspectos específicos referentes às companhias, etc. Este trabalho aborda o mercado de capitais brasileiro em um ambiente mais desenvolvido em termos de leis e governança corporativa se comparado aos trabalhos acadêmicos do início da década de 2000. Foi verificado que existe um prêmio de controle significante nas transações com alienação de controle no país, além de haver indícios de que os maiores prêmios sejam pagos em transações envolvendo empresas listadas em segmentos de governança corporativa mais baixos. In the last decades several papers have tried to estimate and explain the existence of control block premium in a number of countries. A lot of factors are related to it, like the private benefits of control, shareholder structure, the stage of corporate governance development in each country, idiosyncratic characteristics of the companies, etc. This paper studies the Brazilian stock market taking into account the evolution occurred since the early 2000 in terms of laws and rules of corporate governance. It was found that a high premium is paid to take control of the companies in Brazil and that larger premiums are verified in transaction involving companies with lower corporate governance practices.
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- 2017
13. Prêmio por controle no mercado brasileiro
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Souza, Vitor Frango de, Escolas::EESP, Carvalho, Antonio Gledson de, Nunes, Clemens V. de Azevedo, and Fernandes, Marcelo
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Mercado financeiro - Brasil ,Mercado de capitais - Brasil ,Control premium ,Ações (Finanças) ,Prêmio por controle ,Major shareholder ,Economia ,Acionistas majoritários ,Tag along ,Acionistas - Brasil - Abstract
Este trabalho visa estimar o prêmio por controle no mercado acionário brasileiro, com base no diferencial de preços entre espécies de ações com direitos diferenciados de voto. No Brasil para o período de 01/07/2003 a 28/06/2013 a média do prêmio por controle foi positivo, resultado que difere dos encontrados em estudos anteriores, onde o prêmio por controle é negativo. Este trabalho investiga os determinantes que implicam na valorização da ação ordinária em relação à ação preferencial. Em particular, o trabalho analisa os impactos da liquidez, do diferencial dos dividendos, o impacto negativo da extensão do direito do Tag Along para ações preferenciais, o impacto negativo das empresas que possuem ADR, impacto negativo quando a empresas está classificada com nível superior de governança corporativo da BMF&Bovespa e pro fim, o impacto positivo para quando o acionista majoritário detêm mais de 50% das ações ordinárias e da participação do governo nas empresas que possui 20% das ações ordinárias. This study aims to estimate the control premium in the Brazilian stock market, based on the price differential between classes of stocks with different voting rights. In Brazil for the period from 01/07/2003 to 28/06/2013 the average control premium is positive, a result that differs from those found in previous studies, where the control premium is negative. This paper investigates the determinants that imply this voting shares valuation relative to the non-voting share. Particularly, the paper analyzes the impact of the liquidity, dividends differential, the negative impact of the extension of the right of the Tag Along for non-voting shares, the negative impact of ADR companies, a negative impact when firms are classified with upper level corporate governance in BMF&Bovespa. Finally, the positive impact when the major shareholder holding more than 50% of the voting shares and government holding more than 20% of voting shares.
- Published
- 2014
14. ACCORDI DI CO-VENDITA (Drag e Tag Along): profili civilistici e prassi applicativa
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BATTILORO, Roberto, Battiloro, ., and Gemma, Andrea
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CO-VENDITA ,Tag Along ,Settore IUS/01 - Diritto Privato ,Drag - Published
- 2012
15. Opzioni finanziarie e poteri conformativi dei soci
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Morini, Alessandro
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tag along ,piggy back rights ,sell out ,Opzioni finanziarie ,azioni di società ,soci ,drag along ,acquisto azioni proprie ,offerta pubblica di acquisto ,squeeze out ,Settore IUS/04 - Diritto Commerciale - Published
- 2012
16. Incidencia del derecho en la creación y funcionamiento de las Joint Ventures. Análisis de la organización jurídica de las Joint Ventures en la Unión Europea, con especial referencia a España
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Pauleau, Christine, Fernando Cerdà Albero, Vicent Chuliá, Francisco, and Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Departament de Dret
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representación proporcional ,derecho de grupos ,cartel ,partnership ,company law ,filial conjunta ,buy & sell ,european company ,cooperación entre empresas ,unincorporated joint venture ,interés social ,concentración de empresas ,sociedad conjunta ,restricciones a la libre transmisión de acciones ,shareholders agreement ,sociedad paritaria ,non competition ,pactos extraestatutarios ,bloqueo ,joint control ,incorporated joint venture ,principios configuradores ,confidencialidad ,antitrust law ,sociedades hermanas ,derecho de la competencia ,sociedad cerrada ,joint venture corporation ,chinese wall ,deadlock ,control conjunto ,pactos parasociales ,sociedad irregular ,derecho de contratos ,close corporation ,equity joint venture ,empresa en participación ,convenio de voto ,contractual penalty ,non disclosure ,good faith ,cooperation ,levantamiento del velo ,empresa común ,derecho de sociedades ,buena fe ,acuerdo de accionistas ,joint venture ,doble sociedad ,cláusula penal ,société par actions simplifiée (SAS) ,sociedad común ,arbitration ,merger ,tag along ,sociedad-órgano ,non equity joint venture ,deber de fidelidad ,filial común ,voting trust ,company groups ,grupos de sociedades ,put & call ,contractual joint venture ,pactos estatutarios ,arbitraje ,sociedad europea ,sociedad de hecho ,veto - Abstract
La trascendencia práctica del tema del régimen jurídico de las joint ventures es indudable. En los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, y más especialmente en España, las joint ventures remiten a una idea de mayor eficiencia económica, permitiendo a las empresas formar alianzas entre ellas, y así mejorar su competitividad, adaptando sus estructuras a las dimensiones crecientes de los mercados europeos y mundiales.Las joint ventures no están reguladas como tales en ninguna legislación nacional europea. El derecho comunitario se concentra por su parte en el análisis de los efectos de estas operaciones sobre la competencia. Las joint ventures adquieren en la práctica, únicamente, su contenido jurídico.Este estudio tiene por objetivo presentar un análisis a la vez teórico y práctico del régimen jurídico de las joint ventures, intentando definir el "valor añadido" del trabajo del jurista profesional cuando interviene en la creación y el funcionamiento de las joint ventures. La adopción de esta óptica funcionalista permite integrar el análisis de los diversos aspectos jurídicos de las joint ventures, sus estructuras contractuales y societarias así como su tratamiento en derecho de la competencia, que se abordan tradicionalmente en estudios separados, e insistir en la interelación existente entre las diversas ramas del derecho afectadas. Este estudio se concentra esencialmente en las cuestiones planteadas por las joint ventures en el ámbito del derecho de las obligaciones y del derecho societario.El jurista profesional desempeña, en primer lugar, una función de naturaleza organizativa, creando un conjunto de reglas obligatorias (reglas jurídicas) para todas las empresas participantes en la operación, de acuerdo con sus intereses estratégicos. El resultado puede ser, por ejemplo, la conclusión de un simple contrato, la constitución de una AEIE o la de una sociedad de capital. La complejidad de la organización jurídica de la joint venture impide estudiar de manera separada, como dos piezas aisladas, el llamado acuerdo de base de la joint venture por un lado, y la sociedad eventualmente constituida, la llamada filial común, por otro. El hecho de no entender la filial común como parte de un todo unitario y más complejo no permite describir correctamente las especialidades del régimen aplicable a dicha sociedad frente a sociedades constituidas en otros contextos económicos. La organización compleja de las joint ventures se diferencia de otros negocios jurídicos complejos por razón de su finalidad económica específica, la de establecer una alianza entre empresas. Tal como indica el derecho comunitario de la competencia, la joint venture es una operación en la que: (i) participan dos o más empresas independientemente activas en el mercado; (ii) se agrupan recursos necesarios al desarrollo de una actividad económica común en el seno eventualmente, pero no obligatoriamente, de una entidad separada (la llamada empresa común"); (iii) las empresas participantes ejercen un control conjunto sobre dicha actividad económica común. Estos tres elementos forman el núcleo de la definición de la joint venture en derecho.La cuestión de la validez y eficacia jurídica de los pactos presentes en el contrato complejo de joint venture, cuando implica la existencia de una sociedad de capital, es la que más dificultades plantea. El problema respecto a la joint venture, como respecto a muchos otros contratos complejos, es organizar un discurso sobre el uso de la libertad y sus consecuencias en el ámbito del derecho de sociedades.Mientras el jurista profesional organiza la joint venture, atrae también la atención del legislador sobre las necesidades jurídicas de las empresas que deciden "aliarse" en el seno de una joint venture. Los pactos presentes en los contratos complejos de joint venture no dependen únicamente del contenido del derecho aplicable a la sociedad "filial común" por ejemplo, sino también de la creatividad de los juristas profesionales. Las finalidades a cubrir por el contrato lo serán en regla general mediante combinaciones originales y complejas de mecanismos jurídicos, demostrándose una vez más el papel relevante de la práctica en la formación del derecho. Como consecuencia, puede observarse una tendencia a la flexibilización del derecho aplicable a las sociedades de capital, sobre todo en los países europeos continentales. Esta adaptación del derecho a la realidad práctica se observa también, y de manera significativa, en otras ramas del derecho, como en derecho de la competencia donde el legislador intenta introducir un tratamiento cada vez más pragmático de los efectos producidos por las joint ventures sobre los mercados. El análisis de la organización jurídica de las joint ventures en la práctica demuestra, sin embargo, la falta de utilidad y de oportunidad de una ordenación legal de la joint venture como tal en Europa. Como en el caso de la organización de la empresa, basta con que los operadores "candidatos" a la alianza encuentren en el derecho positivo los legal tools, o instrumentos jurídicos, adaptados a los objetivos económicos legítimos que persiguen ( por ejemplo, diversas formas sociales, la AIE, la UTE, la cuenta en participación etc), y sobre la base de los cuales puedan conservar y reforzar el sentimiento de confianza que necesitan tener en la operación y en su "aliado" para alcanzar con éxito estos objetivos., This study provides a comprehensive analysis of both practical and theoretical legal issues raised by joint ventures in Europe. In the European Union member states and especially in Spain, joint ventures are viewed as a high efficient strategic operation - allowing alliances between firms, which may improve their competitiveness and adapt them to the growing dimensions of European markets and to the new global economy. Joint ventures are not organised as such by any statute law in Europe. European law focuses on the analysis of the effects they may produce on competition. Joint ventures obtain a legal content only in practice.The aim of this study is to define the "added value" of the practical work of lawyers, when they take part in processes of creation of joint ventures. This question allows to integrate the analysis of different legal aspects of joint ventures - their contractual and corporate structure as well as their legal treatment under competition law - which are traditionally treated in separate studies, and to point out the existence of on-going interfaces between them. This study focuses essentially on the contractual and corporate aspects of joint ventures. Practitioners set up, first of all, mechanisms which are compulsory - i.e. legal rules - for the firms involved in the operation according to their strategic interests. The result may be, for instance, the creation of a mere "contractual joint venture", of an European Economic Interest Grouping, or the incorporation of a "joint venture company". The complexity of the joint venture legal organisation prevents from studying separately the so-called "joint venture agreement" on which is based the operation, and the company which may be incorporated within it. The joint venture company is only a part of a more complex ensemble, which needs to be understood as such in order to be correctly analysed.The complex legal organisation of joint ventures differs from any other complex legal organisations because of its specific purpose, ie. establish a strategic alliance between firms. It aims to organise an operation in which: (i) participate two or more firms independently active on the market; (ii) are gathered the resources necessary to carry out a common business activity, possibly but not obligatory within a separate entity; and (iii) the participating firms jointly control the common business activity. Those three features are at the basis of the legal definition of joint ventures.The question of the legal validity and efficiency of the terms and conditions present in incorporated joint venture agreements is the more problematic one for the practitioners. The main difficulty in relation with joint ventures like in relation with many other complex agreements is to determine the limits of use of contractual freedom in company law.While organising the operation, the practitioners are also drawing the attention of the legislator on the legal needs of the firms willing to enter into alliances. The terms and conditions present in joint venture agreements depend not only on the content of the statute law applicable to the joint venture company for example, but also on the creative skills of the practitioners. The joint venture agreement needs to cover different purposes generally through original and complex combinations of legal mechanisms, proving once again the relevant role of practice in the generation of law.As a result, it is possible to observe a certain "flexibilization" of the rules in company law, especially in continental Europe. This new tendency develops in parallel with the movement observed in competition law towards a more realistic and pragmatic analysis of joint venture effects on the markets.The analysis of the legal organisations of joint ventures existing in practice demonstrates however the lack of necessity for a statutory regulation of this (strategic) operation in Europe. Like in the case of the organisation of a firm, the economic players willing to enter into strategic alliances only need to find in statute law different "legal tools" which may adapt their legitimate economic interests - such as different company forms, the Economic Interest Grouping, the partnership - and on the basis of which they can conserve and reinforce the confidence they need to have in their partner and in the operation in order to achieve successfully their purposes.
- Published
- 2000
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