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Our previous study have demonstrated that Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) have an immunosuppressive effect on murine lymphoproliferation and IL-2 production. In the present study we examined the effect of a pool of Gangliosides (Gang) on spleen lymphocyte proliferation from either isogeneic strains of Wistar rats or BALB/c mice. Two hundred-fifty grams adult female isogeneic Wistar rats and 8-week-old BALB/c mice were used. The animals were sacrificed and the spleen harvested aseptically for cellular assays. Spleen cells suspensions were obtained by homogenization in RPMI 1640 with a loose tissue grinder. After washing, the cells were suspended in RPMI 1640 supplemented. Cell viability was measured by Trypan blue exclusion. Cells were cultured in triplicate using increasing concentrations of Gang (1; 2; 5; 10; 15; 20 mug/well) and in the presence of Concanavalin A. The cells were incubated for 48 hours and were pulsed with [³H] thymidine 18 hours prior to harvesting on glass fiber paper for counting in a beta-counter. Data were presented as rate of inhibition, as previously described. At concentrations 1 and 2 mug/well, Gang stimulated lymphoproliferation (30% and 50%, rats and mice respectively), while at concentration from 5 to 20 mug/well an increasing inhibition was observed for spleen cells from both mouse and rat (from 40% up to 80%). In preliminary studies we observed inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reaction on spleen cells from rats treated with Gang for 10 days (data not shown). Our data suggest that Gang may be investigated as a immunosuppressive drug in organ transplantation.

Abstract There are significant discrepancies between the experimental results and numerical analysis outcomes for steel-reinforced concrete-filled steel tubular (SRCFST) columns. This is primarily due to the lack of understanding of the confinement mechanisms of SRCFST and the corresponding models for confined concrete. Therefore, based on the confinement mechanisms of square steel tubes and steel reinforcements on concrete, this paper calculates the effective lateral confining stress to determine the strength enhancement factors for concrete in various confined regions. Drawing from the classical Mander model, the key parameters are modified to establish stress–strain models for concrete in different confined regions. By comparing and analyzing axial compression test data for steel tube-reinforced concrete short columns with different parameters, the study identifies the most suitable axial compression bearing capacity calculation formula for these columns. Additionally, the introduction of stress–strain models into finite element analysis, compared with experimental results, demonstrates that the proposed confinement mechanism and the established stress–strain model for steel-reinforced concrete are reasonable and effective. The theoretical calculation results for the ultimate bearing capacity based on this are well aligned with the simulation and experimental values.

Abstract The Homo sapiens Chromosomal Location Ontology (HSCLO) is designed to facilitate the integration of human genomic features into biomedical knowledge graphs from releases GRCh37 and GRCh38 at multiple resolutions. HSCLO comprises two distinct versions, HSCLO37 and HSCLO38, each tailored to its respective human genome release. This ontology supports the efficient integration and analysis of human genomic data across scales ranging from entire chromosomes to individual base pairs, thereby enhancing data retrieval and interoperability within large-scale biomedical datasets. Unlike existing ontologies that primarily focus on genomic feature identification or annotation, HSCLO is specifically engineered to optimize the interoperability and scalability of genomic data within biomedical knowledge graphs. The utility and performance of HSCLO are demonstrated through a case study involving the integration of high-resolution chromatin interaction data, which reveals significant improvements in query efficiency and data linkage. HSCLO represents a valuable resource for advancing research in disease genetics, personalized medicine, and other domains that require complex genomic data integration.

Abstract Over the past decade, there has been substantial growth in both the quantity and complexity of available biomedical data. In order to more efficiently harness this extensive data and alleviate challenges associated with integration of multi-omics data, we developed Petagraph, a biomedical knowledge graph that encompasses over 32 million nodes and 118 million relationships. Petagraph leverages more than 180 ontologies and standards in the Unified Biomedical Knowledge Graph (UBKG) to embed millions of quantitative genomics data points. Petagraph provides a cohesive data environment that enables users to efficiently analyze, annotate, and discern relationships within and across complex multi-omics datasets supported by UBKG’s annotation scaffold. We demonstrate how queries on Petagraph can generate meaningful results across various research contexts and use cases.

The study aimed to estimate the proportions of lactoferrin and IgG immunoglobulins, and to separate lactoferrin from buffalo colostrum. Buffalo colostrum samples were collected from the first hour to the five days after birth. Then, the percentages of lactoferrin were estimated using HPLC technology. The percentage of IgG using an ELISA device in colostrum, after that the lactoferrin protein was separated from the colostrum by the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method, and the protein was extracted from the Gel (SDS-PAGE). The results showed that the lactoferrin level was higher on the first day, after and decrease within days of milk production. The IgG level was higher in the first hour; afterward it decreased and then increased on the fourth day, reaching 30.46 mg/ml. Lactoferrin was separated by electrophoresis based on the molecular weight of the standard lactoferrin sample. Clear lactoferrin separation areas appeared on the acrylamide Gel. Lactoferrin was then extracted by SDS-PAGE and eluted from the Gel.

In generative syntax, two major types of proposals – syntax-oriented and semantics-oriented proposals – have been used to examine adverbs and adverbials. Despite these proposals explaining the remarkable properties of adverb positioning, this class of words is heterogeneous and problematic in terms of their displacement. This study adopts scopal theories and proposes a partial semantic analysis using phases to describe adverbial positioning in Modern Standard Arabic. We argue that the semantic scope and the modification domain are the main determinants of adverbial position, which can best be analysed in terms of phases. In this regard, adverbials are classified into lower and higher adverbials. Lower adverbials have a narrow semantic scope and modification domain. They include subject-oriented and verb-oriented modifiers and freely adjoin the vP layer. Higher adverbials have a wider scope and modification domain. They include discourse-oriented modifiers and tend to attach to the Complementiser Phrase layer. In terms of their hierarchical order, discourse-oriented adverbials are higher than subject-oriented and verb-oriented modifiers in the articulated clause structure. This conclusion suggests that scopal theories along with language-specific rules may provide a unified generalization and straightforward account of the cross-linguistic distribution of adverbs and adverbials.

Ganoderma lucidum has had great importance in healthcare in the Chinese for many decades. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are one of the most important components of G. lucidum. Biological evidence indicates that this mushroom can be a promising treatment in many cancer cases and reduce the toxic effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy if taken synchronously. This study highlights preparing an extract with therapeutic effects capable of removing free radicals and protecting cell membranes from hyperoxidation effects. The antitumor effect was evaluated on two types of cancer cell lines in vitro, Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HOSCC) and Human Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HSSCC), at different concentrations 0.0-1600 µg/mL. Antioxidant by DPPH assay was assessed at concentrations from 0.0-500 µg/mL, in addition to their effects on cytogenetic indicators such as mitotic index (MI), blastogenic index (BI) and total chromosomal aberration (TCAs) for three types of extracts (ethanol extract, water extract and acidified water extract). The results recorded an increase in the antioxidant activity of the three extracts, and that the acidified water extract had the highest effect, reaching a killing rate of 78.53% for the acidified water extract on the HOSCC cell line. Chromosomal stability indicates that the three extracts enhanced the cytogenetics parameters and supported chromosomal stability by increasing both mitotic index (MI) and blastogenic index (BI), while reducing chromosomal aberrations.

Research has identified certain bio-based products, such as probiotics, as alternatives to antibiotics for use in animal feed. They are capable of controlling, preventing or minimizing the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by pathogenic bacteria. To isolate Pediococcus spp. and assess its technological properties for possible probiotic development, maize and pearl millet were used. The cereals were steeped and wet milled after 48 h of fermentation. The milled cereals were kneaded into dough for 24 h, after which a 10% slurry was prepared for tenfold serial dilution to enumerate the LAB by employing pour plate techniques using MRS Agar. Based on the cell morphology of the isolated bacteria, eight isolates (four from maize and four from millet) that were selected for identification using MALDI-TOF MS showed that five were Pediococcus pentosaceus (P. pentosaceus), one was Pediococcus acidilactici, and two did not match any organism. Subsequently, the six isolates were labeled as MZ1, MZ2, MZ3, MZ4 for the maize isolate and MLT5 and MLT7 for the millet isolate. The six Pediococcus spp. were assessed in vitro for acid and bile salt tolerance, gastric juice and intestinal fluid tolerance and antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed, and the survivability rate of the strains was calculated. With regard to the mean count, there was a reduction in log10 CFU/mL under the lower pH conditions and their duration of exposure with regard to time. Among the isolates, no differences were noted at the various periods of exposure (0 h, 1 h, 2 h and 3 h) at pH 4 (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were noted at pH 3, 2 and 1 among the isolates (p < 0.05). The percentage survival of MZ4 and MLT7 at pH 1 was higher compared to the other isolates at 0 h. Significant differences were observed among the isolated at pH 2, 3 and 4 across the various periods. The mean count of the isolates in gastric juice was similar at 0 and 1 h, but significant differences were noted at 2 and 3 h, where MLT7 was highest (p < 0.05). A similar trend was observed for percentage survival. The mean count and the percentage survival of isolates under different concentrations of bile salt were similar. Significant differences were noted among isolates in both mean count and percentage survival when exposed to intestinal fluid (p < 0.05). All of the isolates were highly tolerant to the antibiotics tested and possessed antibacterial properties against the selected pathogens. The LABs proved to be good probiotic materials, according to the results obtained. However, the Pediococcus strain MLT7 proved to be the LAB of choice; therefore, its molecular identity was verified using the 16S rRNA sequence and was labeled as Pediococcus pentosaceus GT001 after it was discovered to have 100% similarity with some strains of Pediococcus pentosaceus.

Objective(s): In Iran, half of all deaths and 79% of deaths from non-communicable diseases are attributed to cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, more than 76% of the total burden of diseases and the first cause of catastrophic health expenses in Iran are related to these diseases. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the status and trend of providing cardiovascular disease risk assessment services by gender, in order to carry out the necessary interventions in the comprehensive health service centers of Ardabil province, Iran. Methods: The present descriptive study was conducted in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. It used the data available in the registration system of the Health Network. The research population consisted of all men and women aged between 40 and 80 who visited the comprehensive health service centers to perform risk assessment of cardiovascular strokes in the province from 2018 to the end of 2022. The data were entered into Excel software. FORCAST function was used to predict the future through a linear regression analysis. To compare the final results, which is actually a reduction in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, the difference test of two mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases was used in 2018 and march 2023. Results: The results showed a relatively high prevalence of some risk factors for cardiovascular diseases including history of hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, suspected diabetes, lipid disorder, body mass index of 30 and above in women. Also, the results of the study showed that 38.3% of men and 61.72% of women were at the risk level of 10-20%, 34.8% of men and 65.2% of women were at the risk level of 20-30%, and 28.9% of men and 71.1% of women were at the risk level above 30%. conclusion: Women were more at risk of cardiovascular diseases and complications than men. Knowing the common risk factors in the region helps to focus interventions on effective prevention and treatment measures and to adopt evidence-informed policies in order to reduce these risk factors.

Abstract Background The claim that septoplasty in children should not be done was raised in the early last century. Pediatric septoplasty is highly controversial. Some surgeons are concerned that early surgical intervention before age 17 can adversely affect the normal growth of the nose and face. On the contrary, there is evidence of significant dental, palatal, and facial abnormalities following traumatic damage to the septal cartilage. Therefore, surgical correction of the deviated nasal septum may be performed regardless of the patient’s age. The recommendation of early surgery is based on the explanation that the earlier the correction of septal deviation, the better the outcome of developing normal breath and acceptable facial growth. This study evaluates the nasal and facial bony growth after endoscopic septoplasty for patients below the age of 17 years. Methods This retrospective study reviewed 39 patients who underwent endoscopic septoplasty. The involved patients’ age at surgery was below 17 years old. Postoperative evaluation was done for all patients subjectively using the visual analog scale (VAS) and objectively by endoscopic nose examination. The nasal and facial bony growth were evaluated using lateral cephalometry, which was carried out for each patient when they reached the age of 17. Results Thirty-nine patients underwent endoscopic septoplasty. The median visual analog scale for nose block and headache significantly declined after the procedure significant differences were observed between patients and controls regarding the following parameters: palatal length, anterior skull base, mid-face protrusion, and mid-face length. Conclusion Early endoscopic septoplasty below the age of 17 is a safe procedure and does not compromise the nasal or facial growth when indicated for patients with severe persistent nose block and poor quality of life.

Introduction Despite the high level of patient satisfaction with functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and the clinical improvement, polyp recurrence is observed in 23% to 87% of patients and requires reoperation.

Abstract Background Birth defects are functional and structural abnormalities that impact about 1 in 33 births in the United States. They have been attributed to genetic and other factors such as drugs, cosmetics, food, and environmental pollutants during pregnancy, but for most birth defects there are no known causes. Methods To further characterize associations between small molecule compounds and their potential to induce specific birth abnormalities, we gathered knowledge from multiple sources to construct a reproductive toxicity Knowledge Graph (ReproTox-KG) with a focus on associations between birth defects, drugs, and genes. Specifically, we gathered data from drug/birth-defect associations from co-mentions in published abstracts, gene/birth-defect associations from genetic studies, drug- and preclinical-compound-induced gene expression changes in cell lines, known drug targets, genetic burden scores for human genes, and placental crossing scores for small molecules. Results Using ReproTox-KG and semi-supervised learning (SSL), we scored >30,000 preclinical small molecules for their potential to cross the placenta and induce birth defects, and identified >500 birth-defect/gene/drug cliques that can be used to explain molecular mechanisms for drug-induced birth defects. The ReproTox-KG can be accessed via a web-based user interface available at https://maayanlab.cloud/reprotox-kg . This site enables users to explore the associations between birth defects, approved and preclinical drugs, and all human genes. Conclusions ReproTox-KG provides a resource for exploring knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of birth defects with the potential of predicting the likelihood of genes and preclinical small molecules to induce birth defects.

The novel coronavirus outbreak reached pandemic status in March-2020. Since then, many countries have collaborated in the fight against COVID-19. The main objective of these governments is the rapid and effective identification of COVID-19-positive patients. While many molecular tests currently exist, not all hospitals have immediate access to these. However, X-rays, which are easily accessible in the majority of hospitals, provide different ways to detect COVID-19. This article discusses the use of neural networks for the classification of radiographic images of patients with pneumonia and COVID-19. Precision, Recall, and F1-score were used to select the best resizing parameters and adaptive equalization of the brightness histogram of images, as well as the optimal architecture of the neural network and its hyperparameters. The high values of these classification quality metrics obtained accuracy (97%) for patients with COVID-19, and accuracy (99%) for patients with pneumonia. These results strongly indicate a reliable differentiation of radiographic images. This opens up the possibility of creating a model with good predictive ability without involving ready-made complex models and preliminary training on third-party data.

The interest of researchers in the subject of biometrics has increased, which has opened new horizons in people identification systems, and one of these measurements is the contactless palm print. Identification of people through a contactless palm print is very important in the process of identifying terrorists and criminals whose faces are often covered. Therefore, a contactless palm print recognition system has been proposed through two pre-processing methods using a neural network. A Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) filter was used in the first processing of the data stage as well as the normalization method. The system was applied to several databases, including the standard Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) ones, and those collected from the Computer Department, College of Science, University of Diyala, After the process of data division, training and testing, the proposed system reached satisfactory results compared to previous work, and the accuracy was 99.95.

Cancer treatment has become one of the biggest challenges in the world today. Different treatments are used against cancer; drug-based treatments have shown better results. On the other hand, designing new drugs for cancer is costly and time-consuming. Some computational methods, such as machine learning and deep learning, have been suggested to solve these challenges using drug repurposing. Despite the promise of classical machine-learning methods in repurposing cancer drugs and predicting responses, deep-learning methods performed better. This study aims to develop a deep-learning model that predicts cancer drug response based on multi-omics data, drug descriptors, and drug fingerprints and facilitates the repurposing of drugs based on those responses. To reduce multi-omics data's dimensionality, we use autoencoders. As a multi-task learning model, autoencoders are connected to MLPs. We extensively tested our model using three primary datasets: GDSC, CTRP, and CCLE to determine its efficacy. In multiple experiments, our model consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. Compared to state-of-the-art models, our model achieves an impressive AUPRC of 0.99. Furthermore, in a cross-dataset evaluation, where the model is trained on GDSC and tested on CCLE, it surpasses the performance of three previous works, achieving an AUPRC of 0.72. In conclusion, we presented a deep learning model that outperforms the current state-of-the-art regarding generalization. Using this model, we could assess drug responses and explore drug repurposing, leading to the discovery of novel cancer drugs. Our study highlights the potential for advanced deep learning to advance cancer therapeutic precision.

Background and Objective: Considering the significant number of injured people in spas, the main goal of this research is to provide a model for measuring and managing risk in spas. Materials and Methods: To prepare the conceptual model of risk, four steps were taken, which include determining the general outline of the model, identifying the parameters, evaluating and scoring the parameters based on the questionnaire, using the hierarchical analysis method, and evaluating and determining the final risk of the pools. According to the allowed standard range of each parameter, five ranges for each parameter were obtained based on the obtained weights, health, safety and environmental risk classes. Finally, by summing up these parameters, the final score of the risk of using each pool is obtained. In order to evaluate the presented model, the risk value of hot mineral water pools in Ardabil province was obtained with the innovative method of this research. Results: According to the results, according to the risk score, Gutursoi and Gamish-Goli spas have an unacceptable risk level, while Qainarjeh, Shabil, Barjelo and Sablan spas are at a high-risk level. Conclusion: The presented model was validated with the evidence of forensic events. According to the results of the conceptual model of risk and the score obtained for each component and sub-components, appropriate solutions were presented, including the need to modify the current standards in each spa.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) remains a critical roadblock to fully benefitting from the various advantages provided by wide-bandgap devices. Of particular concern is the common-mode (CM) emissions generated during the device operation. This work aims to inform EMI mitigation strategies that can be implemented at the power module design stage and that can result in modules with lower noise emissions in the conducted EMI frequency range. Four 1.2 kV SiC MOSFET power modules are fabricated with different architectures found from literature to better understand their impact on EMI mitigation and to identify trade-offs. Module architectures with integrated CM screens connected to two different DC nodes are experimentally tested and an in-depth analysis on the EMI results is presented. Experimental results show that using a CM screen connected to the DC–link midpoint allows for up to 26 dB of CM current reduction at the baseplate of the module and the input of the converter. Furthermore, this integrated CM screen configuration enables a 0.5% increase in efficiency.

Facial rejuvenation and augmentation with autologous fat injection are common and effective techniques worldwide. This procedure has few complications and is usually used for soft-tissue augmentation. Although this procedure is considered safe, many patients have experienced different complications such as visual loss, stroke, or skin necrosis after these procedures. Herein, a case of embolic stroke along with blindness and facial necrosis due to facial filler injection is described. In this case, a patient developed decreased level of consciousness, left hemiparesis, and blindness that was finally diagnosed based on imaging as embolic stroke following facial autologous fat injection. The symptoms improved partially and gradually by conservative treatment and the patient was discharged with some sequels.

Cost estimation in the early stages of construction projects is one of the crucial problems of project sustainability because costs are an integral component of any construction project contract; the completion of a project can be affected by the accuracy with which construction costs dose projected. Various machine learning algorithms were employed for estimate purposes, but neither of the techniques can be considered the best for all circumstances. This research used actual project data for rural roads in Iraq to predict the target variable actual construction cost of road structures based on machine learning techniques. For more accurate cost value two algorithms were compared: the linear support vector regression (SVR) model and Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP). The highest accuracy has been obtained with linear SVR model. The result R2=0.999 about (100 %), and MAPE=0.00001 shows excellent predictive capabilities of the SVR, regarding that these results are for real problems from the practice. When the outcomes of the models were compared, it was discovered that forecasting with SVR was much more accurate.

Summary: Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It remains unclear how MIS-C phenotypes vary across SARS-CoV-2 variants. We aimed to investigate clinical characteristics and outcomes of MIS-C across SARS-CoV-2 eras. Methods: We performed a multicentre observational retrospective study including seven paediatric hospitals in four countries (France, Spain, U.K., and U.S.). All consecutive confirmed patients with MIS-C hospitalised between February 1st, 2020, and May 31st, 2022, were included. Electronic Health Records (EHR) data were used to calculate pooled risk differences (RD) and effect sizes (ES) at site level, using Alpha as reference. Meta-analysis was used to pool data across sites. Findings: Of 598 patients with MIS-C (61% male, 39% female; mean age 9.7 years [SD 4.5]), 383 (64%) were admitted in the Alpha era, 111 (19%) in the Delta era, and 104 (17%) in the Omicron era. Compared with patients admitted in the Alpha era, those admitted in the Delta era were younger (ES −1.18 years [95% CI −2.05, −0.32]), had fewer respiratory symptoms (RD −0.15 [95% CI −0.33, −0.04]), less frequent non-cardiogenic shock or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (RD −0.35 [95% CI −0.64, −0.07]), lower lymphocyte count (ES −0.16 × 109/uL [95% CI −0.30, −0.01]), lower C-reactive protein (ES −28.5 mg/L [95% CI −46.3, −10.7]), and lower troponin (ES −0.14 ng/mL [95% CI −0.26, −0.03]). Patients admitted in the Omicron versus Alpha eras were younger (ES −1.6 years [95% CI −2.5, −0.8]), had less frequent SIRS (RD −0.18 [95% CI −0.30, −0.05]), lower lymphocyte count (ES −0.39 × 109/uL [95% CI −0.52, −0.25]), lower troponin (ES −0.16 ng/mL [95% CI −0.30, −0.01]) and less frequently received anticoagulation therapy (RD −0.19 [95% CI −0.37, −0.04]). Length of hospitalization was shorter in the Delta versus Alpha eras (−1.3 days [95% CI −2.3, −0.4]). Interpretation: Our study suggested that MIS-C clinical phenotypes varied across SARS-CoV-2 eras, with patients in Delta and Omicron eras being younger and less sick. EHR data can be effectively leveraged to identify rare complications of pandemic diseases and their variation over time. Funding: None.

Summary: Background: Characterizing Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID (SARS-CoV-2 Infection), or PASC has been challenging due to the multitude of sub-phenotypes, temporal attributes, and definitions. Scalable characterization of PASC sub-phenotypes can enhance screening capacities, disease management, and treatment planning. Methods: We conducted a retrospective multi-centre observational cohort study, leveraging longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) data of 30,422 patients from three healthcare systems in the Consortium for the Clinical Characterization of COVID-19 by EHR (4CE). From the total cohort, we applied a deductive approach on 12,424 individuals with follow-up data and developed a distributed representation learning process for providing augmented definitions for PASC sub-phenotypes. Findings: Our framework characterized seven PASC sub-phenotypes. We estimated that on average 15.7% of the hospitalized COVID-19 patients were likely to suffer from at least one PASC symptom and almost 5.98%, on average, had multiple symptoms. Joint pain and dyspnea had the highest prevalence, with an average prevalence of 5.45% and 4.53%, respectively. Interpretation: We provided a scalable framework to every participating healthcare system for estimating PASC sub-phenotypes prevalence and temporal attributes, thus developing a unified model that characterizes augmented sub-phenotypes across the different systems. Funding: Authors are supported by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute on Aging, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Medical Research Council, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, European Union, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.

This study evaluated the effects of Pediococcus pentosaceus GT001 on Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium)-challenged broiler chickens. Two hundred Ross 708 broiler day-old chicks with comparable weight were distributed at random into four treatments with five replicates and ten chicks per replicate. The following were the treatment groups: (B) basal diet (control); (B + S) basal diet and birds were challenged with S. typhimurium at 1.0 × 107 cfu/g; (B + P) basal diet + Pediococcus pentosaceus GT001 at 4.0 × 108 cfu/g; (B + P + S) basal diet + P. pentosaceus GT001 at 4.0 × 108 cfu/g and birds were challenged with S. typhimurium at 1.0 × 107 cfu/g. There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the body weight of the Salmonella-infected birds compared to the other treatment groups. However, the FCRs of the broilers were comparable among the different treatment groups (p > 0.05). The lipid profile and liver function indices measured were significantly enhanced in the P. pentosaceus GT001-supplemented groups (B + P and B + P + S) compared to the group that was Salmonella-challenged (p < 0.05) but were similar to those in the control group. The serum antioxidant activities, such as the T-AOC, SOD, CAT, GHS-Px and MDA, were significantly improved in the P. pentosaceus GT001-supplemented groups (B + P and B + P + S) (p < 0.05). The MDA was similar in the B + P and B + P + S groups, but both were significantly lower than the control and the Salmonella groups. The administration of P. pentosaceus GT001 enhanced the lipase and amylase levels in both the serum and intestine of the broilers (p < 0.05). The immunoglobin (IgA, IgG, IgM) and cytokine (IL-10 and IL-6) levels in the serum were significantly higher in the B, B + P and B + P + S treatment groups (p < 0.05). The immune-related organs (bursa and spleen) were significantly influenced in the birds fed with P. pentosaceus GT001. No significant variation was noted among all the dietary treatments in terms of the measured meat quality indices. The small intestinal digesta content of the Salmonella load was below a detectable range after 14 days of infection (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the different treatment groups in terms of the breast pH, drip loss and meat color (p > 0.05). The inclusion of P. pentosaceus GT001 also modified the community structure in the cecum. This indicates that it has health benefits and could be incorporated in the broiler diet.

Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophile Gram-negative bacillus, resistant to the activity of gastric juice. The bacteria may take the vegetative form (spiral shape) or sporulation form .Liver cirrhosis and H.Pylori infection are two common diseases in our population and reducing the incidence of complications in cirrhotic subjects is an important step in current gastroenterology practice. The aim of the present study is to determine incidence of H. Pylori infection among patients with liver cirrhosis secondary to HCV infection and study the correlation between esophageal varices degree and H. Pylori infection. This study involved 50 patients with liver cirrhosis secondary to Hepatitis C Virus infection were selected from gastroenterology and internal medicine clinics at Beni-Suef general hospital and Beni-Suef university hospital. Our results illustrate that the percent of H. pylori infection among studied patients was 68%, our results illustrate that there is statistically significant association between the grade of varices and the detection of H. pylori; p value is less than 0.001.

Cloud computing is a model that enables users to store their data remotely and enjoy the applications and services provided by this model on demand through a common set of configurable computing resources, without the burden of local data storage as well as maintenance. However, users no longer have physical possession of external data, and this makes the task of protecting data integrity in cloud computing extremely important so that users can use the cloud storage as if it were local, without worrying about the need to verify its integrity. Hence, public cloud storage auditing is critical, so users can use a Third-party auditor (TPA) to verify data integrity. In order to provide effective TPA security, the audit should not achieves any security vulnerabilities to the privacy of user data and does not provide any additional online burden to the user. In this paper, we propose an effective public auditing system for cloud data based on the signature of Boneh-Lynn-Shacham (BLS), in order to ensure public auditing and maintain data privacy. The proposed system also realizes batch auditing and data dynamic process. In addition, the proposed system enhances the level of security authentication through an Automatic Blocker Protocol (ABP) to protect the system from unauthorized TPA. An extensive security and performance analysis shows that the proposed system is very secure and effective

Background and aims: Lichen planus (LP) and discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) are two relatively common mucocutaneous lesions whose clinical and histopathological features overlap in some cases. The present study aimed to distinguish between these two lesions histopathologically in order to treat them more accurately. Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 29 and 48 microscopic slides of skin samples of DLE and LP, respectively, were examined in the pathology archive of Al-Zahra hospital of Isfahan from 2008 to 2018. The slides prepared by hematoxylin-eosin staining were examined simultaneously and blindly by three pathologists with a light microscope and compared according to certain histopathological criteria. Then obtained data were analyzed by SPSS version 24 using chi-square, Fisher’s exact, Mann-Whitney, and t tests (P

The present work successfully incorporated the composite surface matrices of tantalum carbide (TaC) and niobium carbide (NbC) hybrids and mono-nanoparticles into wrought AA2024 using friction stir processing (FSP). The mechanical, electrical, and microstructural properties were analyzed and evaluated. The microstructure of the refined grains created during the FSP process was observed using polarized optical microscopy. Elongated grains were refined and equiaxed 33 times. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses showed good dispersion of the reinforcement nanoparticles in the base matrix. The mechanical properties of the hybrid AA2024/TaC_NbC nanocomposites, thus, the ultimate compressive stress showed an improvement of about 15.2, 16.7, and 20.6%, respectively, compared to the base alloy. Aging time significantly affected the hardness behavior of the hybrid nanocomposites; hence, a maximum value of 73% was reached compared to the base alloy. At the same time, the thermal expansion coefficient and electrical conductivity were reduced by 38.5 and 19.5%, respectively.

Abstract Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that typically affects multiple organs and can lead to potentially fatal complications. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in SLE is common, especially in children, and can present nonspecifically with various neuropsychiatric manifestations, described as neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). Chronic headache is a common feature of NPSLE, secondary to increased intracranial pressure (also called pseudotumor cerebri (PTC)) due to inflammation or medication. Here, we highlight the importance of evaluating refractory headache (HA) in SLE patients to rule out PTC as a cause of severe morbidity. Methods Single tertiary care pediatric center case series of 8 children who developed NPSLE in the form of intracranial hypertension at or after SLE diagnosis. Conclusion Neurologic and ophthalmologic evaluation of refractory HA in patients with SLE, especially children, is warranted to decrease the burden of the disease and rule out treatable causes like PTC.

Abstract Background Most of the surgeons tend to avoid exposing and identification the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) during thyroidectomy. In this study, our aim is to assess sequential steps to ligate superior thyroid vessels safely away from the External branch of superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN). Methods This prospective case series study was conducted on 60 patients going for either total or hemi thyroidectomy in a tertiary teaching hospital between January 2016 and June 2019. During thyroidectomy, firstly we skeletonized the upper pole of the thyroid gland by its capsular dissection followed by anterolateral down retraction of the superior pole. Then, entry and opening of the cricothyroid space and lastly clamping and ligating superior thyroid pedicle close to the upper pole away from EBSLN. Results This study included 60 cases; 19 total thyroidectomy and 41 hemi thyroidectomy with 79 superior thyroid vessels ligation and EBSLN at risk. In all patients, no evidence of superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) palsy or bleeding was detected. Postoperative video laryngoendoscopy showed apparently normal mobility, length, level, and position of the vocal folds with symmetry of the larynx. The patients’ voice showed no changes from preoperative evaluation in all studied patients at 3 months postoperative evaluation. No patients complained of any changes in their voice or voice activities. Conclusion The described stepwise approach for preservation of the EBSLN serves to completely remove the superior pole of the thyroid gland and ligate superior thyroid vascular pedicle without risk of SLN injury.

Summary: Background: While acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in COVID-19, data on post-AKI kidney function recovery and the clinical factors associated with poor kidney function recovery is lacking. Methods: A retrospective multi-centre observational cohort study comprising 12,891 hospitalized patients aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction from 1 January 2020 to 10 September 2020, and with at least one serum creatinine value 1–365 days prior to admission. Mortality and serum creatinine values were obtained up to 10 September 2021. Findings: Advanced age (HR 2.77, 95%CI 2.53–3.04, p

Exploring alternatives to antibiotics is imperative in reducing antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residues in poultry products. The beneficial effects of antibiotic products derived from natural sources in comparison with the synthetic ones has been reported. Pediococcus pentosaceus has been applied as an animal growth bio-promoter and probiotic. To elucidate the protective mechanisms of P. pentosaceus, this study investigated the effects of different doses of P. pentosaceus supplementation on broiler growth performance, immune function, intestinal development and histomorphology. Five hundred (500) one-day-old Ross 708 broiler chicks were randomly enrolled into five experimental groups with 20 chicks per replicate. The treatments were imposed as follows: (T1) basal diet (control); (T2) basal diet with 1 g/kg antibact 3X; (T3) basal diet with P. pentosaceus GT001 at 4.0 × 108 cfu/g; (T4) basal diet with P. pentosaceus GT001 at 8.0 × 108 cfu/g; and (T5) basal diet with P. pentosaceus GT001 at 1.2 × 109 cfu/g. Dietary inclusion of P. pentosaceus GT001 at 4.0 × 108 cfu/g significantly improved body weight gain, feed intake and lipid profile of the broilers compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The addition of P. pentosaceus GT001 significantly improved the intestinal pH of the broilers. The digestive enzymes of the broilers were impacted with the supplementation of P. pentosaceus GT001 at 4.0 × 108 cfu/g. The highest serum antioxidant production was observed in the P. pentosaceus-treated group compared to the control. P. pentosaceus GT001 at 4.0 × 108 cfu/g increased the levels of serum cytokines and immunoglobin and improved the small intestinal morphology of the broilers in comparison with the control. The load of Pedococcus spp was similar among T3, T4 and T5 but significantly higher than that of the control (T1) and the antibiotics (T2)-fed birds. The load of E. coli in the gut was significantly reduced in T3, T4 and T5 compared to T1 and T2. There was no Salmonella growth among the treatments. This study highlights the importance of probiotics in broiler diets and suggests that Pediococcus pentosaceus GT001 could be used as a feasible substitute to antimicrobials in broiler production.

Cholecystostomy tubes are an established treatment option for patients with acute cholecystitis who are considered high risk for cholecystectomy. This is typically done as an interventional radiology procedure through a pigtail catheter inserted percutaneously. A 63-year-old diabetic male presented to our remote Emergency Department in rural North-Western Victoria (Modified Monash Model 4), with severe, stabbing epigastric pain. Despite normal bloods and imaging, the patient became progressively unwell necessitating a diagnostic laparoscopy and open conversion, which revealed acute acalculous gangrenous cholecystitis. A cholecystectomy was attempted and subsequently abandoned as safe dissection within Calot's triangle, without damaging biliary structures, was not possible. Based on the limited available resources at our rural center, a urinary (Foley) catheter was placed in the gallbladder and Hartmann's pouch sutured around it to act as a temporizng cholecystostomy tube while awaiting transfer to a tertiary center. The Foley catheter was removed after 6 weeks with no further intervention required with the patient making a full recovery. Compared to patients in urban areas, rural residents are more likely to experience health-care disadvantages, including increased likelihood to undergo procedures by specialists operating outside of their scope of practice and higher rates of emergency-related intensive care unit admissions. Despite this, and regardless of acuity, specialist availability, or resource distribution, patients will continue to present to rural services with serious medical issues. In such situations and in resource-poor settings, creative solutions are required to temporize ill patients, as we have reported, and represent an important facet of care in a rural setting.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and is associated with a high level of mortality and morbidity. In this study we evaluate expression of p-p38 and p-MSK1 in CRC and determine whether there is an association between expression of these markers and any clinicopathologic parameters that could be of prognostic value. Expression of p-p38, p-MSK1 and ki-67 were examined by immunohistochemistry in 135 archival CRC cases and the findings were correlated with the patient clinicopathological data. P-p38 and p-MSK1 were expressed at high level in 58.5 % and 60.7% of CRC cases respectively. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between expression of p-p38 and Ki-67 (p < 0.001, r = –0.63) and between p-MSK1 and Ki-67 expression (p < 0.001, r = –0.61). The majority of CRC cases expressing high levels of p-p38 also expressed high levels of p-MSK1 and this correlation was highly significant (p < 0.001, r = 0.863). The high expression of p-p38 and p-MSK1 was also significantly associated with low Dukes and TNM stage. The elevated expression of p-38 and p-MSK1 in CRC was associated with a good prognosis and prolonged overall survival (p < 0.001, each). Our finding showed that activation of the p38-MSK1 axis determines a good outcome in CRC.

Abstract Despite increasing numbers of aged individuals living with HIV, the mechanisms underlying HIV-associated neurological disorders (HANDs) remain elusive. As HIV-1 pathogenesis and aging are characterized by oxidative stress as well as altered protein quality control (PQC), reactive oxygen species (ROS) themselves might constitute a molecular mediator of neuronal PQC by modulating BCL-2 associated athanogene (BAG) family members. Present results reveal H2O2 replicated and exacerbated a reduction in neuronal BAG3 induced by the expression of HIV-1 viral proteins (i.e., Tat and Nef), while also causing an upregulation of BAG1. Such a reciprocal regulation of BAG3 and BAG1 levels was also indicated in two animal models of HIV, the doxycycline-inducible Tat (iTat) and the Tg26 mouse. Inhibiting oxidative stress via antioxidants in primary culture was capable of partially preserving neuronal BAG3 levels as well as electrophysiological functioning otherwise altered by HIV-1 viral proteins. Current findings indicate HIV-1 viral proteins and H2O2 may mediate neuronal PQC by exerting synergistic effects on complementary BAG family members, and suggest novel therapeutic targets for the aging HIV-1 population.

Novel series of isoxazoline derivatives containing 1,4-benzothiazin-3-one ring (6a-h) were synthesized via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of arylnitrile oxides 5a-d on 4-allyl-2-(substituted)-1,4-benzothiazin-3-ones 3 and 4 led to polyheterocyclic. Systems. During our work, we mainly focused on the reactivity of nitrile oxides with carbon-carbon extracyclic double bond of the allyl group. The reaction leads exclusively to cycloadducts 6a-h with a good yield. The compounds were characterized using s spectral data (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR) and for some structures were also confirmed via single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Density functional theory (DFT) optimized structures at the B3LYP/ 6–311G(d,p) level are compared with the experimentally determined molecular structure in the solid-state. The HOMO—LUMO behavior was elucidated. The results are in agreement with the experimental data. The newly synthesized compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 6a-g using cycloaddition reactions were evaluated in vitro for their antibacterial activities against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbial strains. Several compounds tested showed significant activity.

Abstract The fungus–substrate interaction on the antioxidant activity of a solid state fermentation system (SSFS) was investigated employing two basidiomycete fungi: Pleurotus columbinus and P. floridanus and two ascomycetes: Aspergillus fumigatus and Paecilomyces variotii on powdered peels of banana, pomegranate and orange, empty pea pods and rice straw. The oven-dried substrates were moistened at 90% water holding capacity, inoculated with the test fungi and incubated at 25 °C for appropriate time. Culture extracts were tested for the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity. The effect of substrate on the antioxidant activity of the SSFS was stronger than that of the fungal species. Peroxidase (POX) activity was higher in the basidiomycetes than ascomycetes and achieved its maximum in P. floridanus versus complete absence in A. fumigatus. By contrast, catalase (CAT) activity was higher in the ascomycetes, particularly P. variotii on banana peel, than in the basidiomycetes. Phenolics and flavonoids were highest in pomegranate peels but lowest in banana peels and rice straw, and they were subjected to severe consumption by the basidiomycetes versus mild production by the ascomycetes. The reducing power (RP) and DPPH scavenging activity were higher in the peels of pomegranate, orange and banana relative to rice straw and empty pea pods, and the fungal effect was limited and independent of the fungal taxonomic group. Orange peel is the appropriate substrate for production of fungal CAT and POX, which activities were mutually exclusive; but pomegranate peel is more suitable for production of phenolics and flavonoids.

It was assumed that dietary inclusion of Lactobacillus reuteri SL001 isolated from the gastric contents of rabbits could act as an alternative to feed antibiotics to improve the growth performance of broiler chickens. We randomly assigned 360 one-day-old AA white-feathered chicks in three treatments: basal diet (control), basal diet plus zinc bacitracin (antibiotic), and basal diet plus L. reuteri SL001 (SL001) treatment. The results showed the total BW gain and average daily gain (ADG) of broilers in SL001 treatment increased significantly (p < 0.05, respectively) compared with the control group from day 0 to 42. Moreover, we observed higher levels of immune globulins in both the SL001 group and the antibiotic group. Total antioxidant capacity and levels of antioxidant factors were also significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05, respectively) in the SL001 treatment group, while the interleukin 6, interleukin 4, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL and malondialdehyde were remarkably decreased (p < 0.05, respectively). In the ileum of SL001 treatment broilers, the height of villi and the ratio of villi height to crypt depth were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the crypt depth reduced (p < 0.01) and the ratio of villi height to crypt depth increased (p < 0.05) in the jejunum compared to the control. The abundance of microbiota increased in the gut of broilers supplemented with SL001. Dietary SL001 significantly increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the cecal contents of broilers (p < 0.01) at the phylum level. In conclusion, L. reuteri SL001 supplementation promotes the growth performance of broiler chickens and exhibits the potential application value in the industry of broiler feeding.

Regarding significant number of the people affecting by factors, such as gas poisoning, microbial, and heat exhaustion in mineral hot spas, the present study was conducted aimed at providing a model for measuring and managing the risk of using hot mineral spas. In this research, a conceptual model of risk was prepared in four stages. Firstly, 16 qualitative parameters were extracted, their effect weight of which was obtained based on the amount of risk for users was determined by fuzzy analysis method. According to the amount and standard range allowed for each parameter, quantitative and qualitative risk categories were obtained in five ranges for each parameter based on the obtained weights and opinions of the health experts. Then, the final result regarding risk of using each spa was obtained by combining these parameters. For assessing risk of using hot mineral spas in Ardabil province by the method invented in this research, at first, water samples were collected from six spas in different parts of Ardabil province. Then, risk management of six spas was evaluated. According to the results, the Qotursuyi spa had a high level of risk, the spas of Shabil, Gavmishgoli, and Qinarjeh had a moderate level of risk. Under responsible risk management, natural hot springs present a renewable resource for sustainable tourism development on a long-term basis.

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common hematological malignancy in aging populations. This study aims to inspect the trends from 2005 to 2016 and future projections of MM in Lebanon and to compare its incidence-rates to other MENA and non-MENA countries. Methods: The data concerning MM cases over the studied period was extracted from the National Cancer Registry (NCR) of Lebanon. The online database “Cancer Incidence in Five Continents” was screened and data of other countries were collected. The age-specific and age-standardized incidence rates (ASR(w)) were computed and analyzed using Joinpoint regression. 10 year projections were predicted by employing a logarithmic model. Results: During the time period 2005–2016, MM was significantly more common in males. Both genders had a cancer peak in patients older than 75 years. MM demonstrated a significantly increasing trend in both genders over the 12 years of study. Compared to other countries in the MENA region, Lebanon ranked first in females and second in males, while it came among the lowest when compared to randomly selected developed countries from non-MENA regions. Projecting to 2026, incidence rates of MM in Lebanon are expected to rise in both males and females. Conclusion: Incidence of MM in Lebanon is continually rising. The elderly population, especially males, is much more affected than the younger one. Different risk factors, specifically obesity and toxic exposures, can explain the escalating burden of MM among the population. A collaboration of efforts between the government and health organization is expected for an effective disease control.

Cet article a été rétracté le 12/04/2022. La fièvre aphteuse (FA) est une maladie infectieuse d’origine virale qui affecte les ruminants et les porcins. Une enquête séroépidémiologique a été menée chez les ruminants de la région ouest de l’Algérie afin d’estimer la séroprévalence de la FA et de déterminer les facteurs de risque susceptibles de favoriser l’atteinte des animaux par cette pathologie. Au total 420 sérums ont été collectés (210 de bovins et 210 de petits ruminants) et soumis au test Elisa NSP permettant la détection des anticorps dirigés contre le virus de la FA induits par les protéines non structurales, puis à des tests Elisa détectant les protéines structurales spécifiques des sérotypes A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 et Asia 1. Les résultats ont montré une différence non significative (p > 0,05) de la séroprévalence entre les espèces avec 23,8 % chez les bovins et 27,1 % chez les petits ruminants. Le sérotype O était présent dans 95,3 % des sérums positifs. Il était présent seul chez 64,9 % des petits ruminants alors que les bovins étaient généralement infectés par plusieurs sérotypes simultanément, avec l’association prédominante des quatre sérotypes A, O, SAT 1 et Asia 1, qui représentait 36 % des infections. Le taux de couverture vaccinale a atteint 48,7 % du cheptel (bovins et petits ruminants) âgé de plus de six mois. Aucun lien statistique n’a été mis en évidence entre le mode d’élevage (extensif, semi-intensif ou intensif) et l’atteinte par la FA (p > 0,05). En revanche, une association significative (p < 0,05) a été établie entre la vaccination des animaux et l’infection, les animaux vaccinés ayant été moins infectés par la FA.

Background and objectives: Giardiasis and amoebiasis are two common diseases in human societies which make increasing problems for the health managing systems. In the present study, the antiparasitic activity of Allium sativum, Artemisia sieberi, Zatraria multiflora, Chenopodium botrys and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils on Giardia lamblia cysts and Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites were investigated in vitro. Methods: Giardia lamblia cysts and E. histolytica trophozoites were isolated from infected sample stools. The parasites were treated by four concentrations (0.2, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 µg/mL) of essential oils, separately for 30 min at 37 °C. Results: Theessential oils at the concentration of 0.1 and 0.2 µg/mL indicated appreciate parasiticidal effect (pEucalyptus globulus had maximum efficacy on both G. lamblia and E. histolytica with mortality rates of 79.7% and 87.6% within 30 min. Conclusion: All essential oils showed potent anti-giardiasis and anti-amoebiasis activity. Also, E. globulus with the highest efficiency could be considered as anti-protozoa medication to use an adjunct or primary therapy.

The hazardous effect of abiotic stress and the beneficial effect of organic amendments on rice have been extensively studied during the vegetative stage, but little information is available regarding rice yield. Therefore, the response of rice yield to abiotic stress × organic amendment interaction needs thorough investigation. The differential potency of aqueous extract and biomass of the seaweed Dictyota dichotoma in alleviation of NaCl salinity and PEG-6000 water stress, at Ψw of -0.492 MPa in medium-textured soil, on yield of cv. Sakha 101 of Oryza sativa was investigated. Grain yield, number of spikes/plant, number of grains/spike, and seed index were lowered by 59%, 47%, 40%, and 35%, respectively under salt-stress with relatively severe reductions of 63%, 50%, 50%, and 40%, respectively under water stress. Also, the improvement in grain yield, number of spikes/plant, number of grains/spike and seed index by algal amendment was greater with algal extract (106%, 72%, 79%, and 81%, respectively) than algal powder (71%, 52%, 46%, and 65%, respectively). The improved grain yield of algal-amended plants was paralleled with the production of wider, heavier and drier grains. Both salinity stress and water stress significantly reduced grain protein but increased soluble sugars and starch contents. The grain content of protein, K+, Ca2+, P and N was improved while that of Na+ was reduced in response to algal amendment with marginal effects on soluble sugars and starch. Rice grain vigor was positively correlated to protein and mineral nutrient contents versus negative correlation with soluble sugar and starch contents. Both algal amendment and abiotic stress agreed in reducing grain As content. The benefit afforded by Dictyota dichotoma to rice yield justifies manipulation of the algal extract for alleviation of abiotic stress on rice yield and improvement of grain quality.

Objectives: To compare the characteristics and outcomes of patients presenting to hospital with alcohol-induced and gallstone-induced acute pancreatitis. Methods: Retrospective study of all patients with alcohol-induced or gallstone-induced pancreatitis during the period 1 June 2012 to 31 May 2016. The primary outcome measure was hospital mortality. Secondary outcome measures included hospital length of stay, requirements for intensive care unit admission, intensive care unit mortality, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, requirement of inotropes and total parenteral nutrition. Results: A total of 642 consecutive patients (49% alcohol; 51% gallstone) were included. No statistically significant differences were found between alcohol-induced and gallstone-induced acute pancreatitis with respect to hospital mortality, requirement for intensive care unit admission, intensive care unit mortality and requirement for mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, inotropes or total parenteral nutrition. There was significant difference in hospital length of stay (3.07 versus 4.84; p < 0.0001). On multivariable regression analysis, Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis score (estimate: 0.393; standard error: 0.058; p

The aim of this article was to present a model for measuring and managing the risk of using hot mineral spas, based on structural safety with environmental approach. A conceptual model of risk was prepared in four stages: 1) determining the general outline of the model, 2) identifying spa structure safety indicators, 3) evaluating and scoring the indicators and 4) determining the quantitative and qualitative categories of the model and providing solutions. In this study, 30 spa structure safety indicators were extracted, and the weight of each indicator was obtained based on the amount of risk for users. Moreover, a questionnaire was prepared by analytic hierarchy process analysis method. According to the standard level allowed for each indicator, spa structure safety risk categories were prepared in five ranges for each indicator based on the obtained weights and the opinions of health experts. The results of the risk associated with each spa were obtained by combining 30 spa structure safety indicators. To assess the risk of using hot mineral spas by the method invented in this study, first, the extracted model indicators were scored in six spas of Iran. Then, risk level of the six spas was evaluated. According to the risk scores, hot spas named Gavmishgoli and Qotoursoo had an unacceptable level of risk. Qinarjeh, Shabil, and Sabalan had a high level of risk. Borjloo had a moderate level of risk. The proposed risk model provides a framework for a standard and safe mineral spa.

Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the capacity of Listeria monocytogenes (L.m), Listeria innocua (L.i), and Escherichia coli to form biofilms on polystyrene support under different parameters by performing crystal violet (CV) staining technique. Materials and Methods: Different suspensions were prepared with single strains and with multiple combinations of strains including two serogroups of L.m (IIa and IIb), L.i, and E. coli strains at different microbial load. Selected strains and combinations were grown in biofilms for 6 days attached to polystyrene microplates under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. The evaluation of the power of adhesion and biofilm formation was determined by CV staining followed by the measurement of optical density at 24 h, 72 h, and 6 days incubation time with and without renewal of the culture medium. Results: All the strains tested, presented more or less adhesion power depending on the variation of the studied parameters as well as the ability to form multispecies biofilms. Their development is more important by renewing the culture medium and increasing the initial load of bacteria. The ability to adhere and form biofilms differs from one serogroup to another within the same species. In bacterial combination, strains and species of bacteria adopt different behaviors. Conclusion: The ability to form biofilms is a key factor in the persistence of tested strains in the environment. Our study showed that L.m, L.i, and E. coli could adhere to polystyrene and form biofilms under different conditions. More researches are necessary to understand the mechanisms of biofilm formation and the influence of different parameters in their development.