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Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) is a chronic dermatosis that presents as multiple, small, hyperkeratotic or pustular lesions predominantly affecting the palms and soles. It is characterized by eruptions of sterile pustules on an erythematous squamous background. A 57 year old man presenting with recurrent pruritic palmar sterile pustules of 5 years duration following prolonged exposure and handling of stationaries and paper materials at place of work using his bare hands. Patient does not smoke cigarette, he is not a known diabetic, no history suggestive of autoimmune disorders and no family history of psoriasis. Histopathologic findings revealed multiple spongiotic vesicles containing mononuclear cells and neutrophils within the malphigian layer. He is currently being managed with corticosteroids and advised on personal protective wears.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) and mental disorders are often comorbid, with increased morbidity and mortality. The causes underlying this relationship are poorly understood. Although these conditions are highly heritable, their shared genetic vulnerabilities remain unaccounted for. We applied the conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate (cond/conjFDR) approach to analyse summary statistics from independent genome wide association studies of OUD, schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD) and major depression (MD) of European ancestry. Next, we characterized the identified shared loci using biological annotation resources. OUD data were obtained from the Million Veteran Program, Yale‐Penn and Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE) (15 756 cases, 99 039 controls). SCZ (53 386 cases, 77 258 controls), BD (41 917 cases, 371 549 controls) and MD (170 756 cases, 329 443 controls) data were provided by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. We discovered genetic enrichment for OUD conditional on associations with SCZ, BD, MD and vice versa, indicating polygenic overlap with identification of 14 novel OUD loci at condFDR < 0.05 and 7 unique loci shared between OUD and SCZ (n = 2), BD (n = 2) and MD (n = 7) at conjFDR < 0.05 with concordant effect directions, in line with estimated positive genetic correlations. Two loci were novel for OUD, one for BD and one for MD. Three OUD risk loci were shared with more than one psychiatric disorder, at DRD2 on chromosome 11 (BD and MD), at FURIN on chromosome 15 (SCZ, BD and MD) and at the major histocompatibility complex region (SCZ and MD). Our findings provide new insights into the shared genetic architecture between OUD and SCZ, BD and MD, indicating a complex genetic relationship, suggesting overlapping neurobiological pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulawesi Island is one of the largest Ni ore producers in Indonesia. It is also expected to be a significant potential source of some critical metals (e.g., Co, Sc, rare-earth elements, and platinum-group elements). However, few studies show the post-mining impact on some heavy metal elements concentrated in this area. Therefore, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of soil organization and its effect on soil reclamation after mining is helpful. This study aimed to determine the accuracy in estimating the thickness of the overburden covering the nickel ore body profile from lateritic nickel post-mining areas by magnetic susceptibility measurements to discrepancy the overall laterite horizon, whereas χLF and χFD are used to distinguish the overburden zona and limonite and saprolite zone. The lateritic profile studied consists of soil formation of Fe-rich material in the Morowali, and Pomalaa block. We also evaluated the chemical element content of the soil and understood the relationship between the magnetic and geochemical properties of the soil. This study reveals the superparamagnetic (SP)-enriched soils indicated with the increase of the FD% values into the upward horizon, where the maximum values of FD are generally found at ranges 1 to 4m, indicating the overburden layers. Meanwhile, in the depth of 4m to 6m, the values of FD vary only slightly in the lower part initiated by the limonite layers, and then > 6m decreases sharply to the bottom, indicating the saprolite layers. The chemical element mobility trends indicate that Fe, Co, Cr, Mn, and Ti increase toward the layers, which is the same pattern as in FD. Due to this, parameters magnetics may also be a new geophysical approach for estimating the distribution of economically valued minerals on lateritic soils. The strong correlation of Co with Fe, Mn, and Cr in all layers indicates the influence of weathering o n these ultramafic rocks. This suggests an increasing trend toward prolonged pedogenesis.

Monkeypox/Mpox is an Orthopoxvirus infection of the skin and mucous membranes in the same family as smallpox virus. Infection mainly affects the skin, but the eyes, lungs, brain, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs may also be involved to varying degrees. This narrative review on the systematic and dermatologic impact of Mpox is meant for healthcare workers, providers of social services, community leaders, religious leaders, staff of schools, influencers, and institutions. This is in a bid to bring them up to date with the clinical protocol involved in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of the spread of Mpox. Data and other pieces of information used in this review were accessed from PubMed, Google Scholar, and situation reports from the website of the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The search date was from 1980 to May 2022. Prompt recognition and diagnosis were found to be predicated on a high index of clinical suspicion while diagnosis can be confirmed through viral DNA polymerase chain reaction tests. The management of Mpox involves a multidisciplinary approach with Dermatologists playing a central role alongside other specialists and experts as it affects diagnosis, management, and follow-up. The Government should provide an enabling environment for surveillance, notification, and research of this global infection. Since the clinical presentation of Mpox is regularly changing, a regular review of the available guidelines is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the relative development of the population of the District of Polatlı during the Republic Period. It also considers how change occurred in the neighborhood according to the spatial distribution of the population. This population is assessed in the study in terms of numbers, rate of increase, rural and urban conditions, age and gender structure, and the change of population density, according to neighborhood, due to twenty-five years of migration. The socioeconomic status of the population is also evaluated. Population figures in Polatlı between 1935 and 1960 were obtained from printed documents published by the State Institute of Statistics (SIS), and from data gathered from general censuses taken by TurkStat between 1965 and 2000. Data between 2010 and 2022 was obtained from the TurkStat (TurkStat, 2023) Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS). The quantitative data obtained was converted into charts using the Excel program and supported with graphics. Population density according to neighborhood was analyzed using the 'Kernel Density Method', and maps were produced made using the program: ArcGIS 10.9. Due to consistent yearly population increase in Polatlı, as well as the district playing an increasingly important role in terms of the military, education, transportation, agriculture, industry, and trade, Polatlı has achieved provincial standards in socioeconomic terms. It is believed that the district will attract more immigrants in the future.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the concordance between patient and physician predictions of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results in suspected infectious diseases and evaluate the predictive capacity of presenting complaints to enhance diagnostic decision-making. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed to recruit 1,369 participants with symptoms associated with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection. Data on demographics, medical history, presenting complaints, and PCR results were collected. Concordance between patient and physician predictions was assessed using kappa statistics, providing insights into the alignment of patient beliefs and physician expectations. Results: The study revealed a lack of concordance between patient and physician predictions of PCR results. Loss of taste and smell emerged as the most sensitive symptoms associated with positive PCR results, whereas cough demonstrated higher specificity. However, relying solely on these symptoms may lead to missed cases, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive clinical evaluation. The suboptimal predictive accuracy of both patients and physicians highlights the importance of incorporating objective diagnostic tools such as PCR testing to enhance diagnostic decision-making. Conclusion: Improved communication and shared decision making between patients and physicians are crucial for optimizing diagnostic strategies. Integrating objective diagnostic tools with clinical judgment is essential for improving accuracy. By identifying specific symptoms strongly associated with positive PCR results, this study contributes to enhancing the efficiency of diagnostic decision-making and the development of evidence-based guidelines in the realm of infectious diseases, ultimately improving patient care and healthcare delivery.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by excessive growth of myocardial tissue, most commonly due to genetic mutations in sarcomere proteins. This can lead to complications such as heart failure, mitral regurgitation, syncope, arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and myocardial ischemia. While we have come a long way in our understanding of the pathophysiology, genetics, and epidemiology of HCM, the past 10 years have seen significant advancements in diagnosis and treatment. As the body of evidence on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy continues to grow, a comprehensive review of the current literature is an invaluable resource in organizing this knowledge. By doing so, the vast progress that has been made thus far will be widely available to all experts in the field. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature, exploring both well-established and cutting-edge diagnostic and therapeutic options. It also presents a unique perspective by incorporating topics such as exercise testing, genetic testing, radiofrequency ablation, risk stratification, and symptomatic management in non-obstructive HCM. Lastly, this review highlights areas where current and future research is at the forefront of innovation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Objective:This study examines the relationship between seminal plasma anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and sperm morphology and sperm DNA fragmentation.Materials and Methods:Semen and blood samples were obtained from volunteers. There were four patient groups that are normozoospermia (n=46), oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (n=18), azoospermia (n=19) and teratozoospermia (n=68), based on semen analysis results. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, serum and seminal plasma AMH levels were measured. DNA fragmentation of sperm was assessed by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) test.Results:Azoospermic group showed the highest blood AMH levels. The seminal AMH level of normozoospermic patients was found to be significantly lower compared to the oligoasthenoteratozoospermia group. No significant associations between seminal AMH, sperm morphology, and sperm DNA damage were observed. No significant difference was observed among the groups regarding sperm DNA fragmentation.Conclusion:A large number of TUNEL-positive cells in normozoospermic patients demonstrates that DNA damage of sperm may also occur in normal sperm parameters individuals. The measurement of serum and seminal AMH levels does not provide any additional benefit during the evaluation of male infertility.

This study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage; 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl-2-aminobenzoate (OPA) compound, which was an aniline derivative, was synthesized by starting the appropriate components. Then, poly(OPA) was obtained via chemical polymerization of the OPA in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as the initiator and DMF as the solvent. Poly(OPA)/Bentonite (BNT) nanocomposite was synthesized by effectively dispersing the inorganic nanolayers of BNT in poly(OPA) matrix by means of intercalation method. In the second stage; the characterization of the synthesized OPA, poly(OPA) and poly(OPA)/BNT nanocomposite was investigated. The OPA was characterized by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS). The structures of the poly(OPA) and nanocomposite(OPA) were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the conductivity of poly(OPA)/BNT nanocomposite was investigated and change in electrical conductivity was examined.

Background: Pulmonary embolism is a clinical condition caused by the obstruction of the pulmonary artery and its branches with endogenous, exogenous embolism, or local thrombus formation. It is a rare but potentially life-threatening event in the pediatric population. Pediatric pulmonary embolism has many unknown characteristics. Aims: To evaluate clinical features, genetic and acquired risk factors, diagnostic imaging, and treatment strategies with long-term results in children with pulmonary embolism. Study Design: A retrospective multicenter clinical trial Methods: Patients aged 0-18 years who were diagnosed with pulmonary embolism with computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) findings (intraluminal filling defect in the lobar or main pulmonary artery) in 3 university hospitals between 2006 and 2021 were included in the study. A form was created for data standardization, and variables were collected retrospectively through medical record review. In addition to the features given above, we also evaluated in situ pulmonary artery thrombosis (ISPAT) and patients’ Wells scores. Follow-up CTPA results were evaluated for patient response to treatment. Complete recovery means that there were no lesions, incomplete recovery if there was still embolism, and no response if there was no change. Results: Twenty-four patients (female:13, male:11) were included in the study. The mean age was 13.5 years. All patients but one had at least one or more genetic or acquired risk factors. Factor V Leiden mutation (16.6%) was the most common genetic risk factor. Six of 16 patients with Doppler ultrasonography were diagnosed with ISPAT because there was no sign of thromboembolic thrombosis. Nine (41.6%) patients had a Wells score of >4 (pulmonary embolism clinically strong), and 15 (58.4%) patients scored

Objective:Foreign body aspiration remains a serious health problem with a potential for severe consequences, and acute and chronic problems in children. It therefore demands immediate intervention. Rigid bronchoscopy has long been the method of choice for foreign body removal but is now being replaced by flexible bronchoscopy which offers reduced trauma and the ability to access distal bronchial regions. In the presented study we assessed the patients who underwent flexible bronchoscopy for foreign body removal in our clinic.Methods:We reviewed the records of 20 patients who underwent flexible bronchoscopy due to suspected foreign body aspiration and had a foreign body removed in our clinic. Patients were analyzed in terms of sociodemographic data, foreign bodies removed, method of foreign body removal, foreign body location and time to diagnosis.Results:Our study group included nine females and 11 males. The removed foreign body was organic in 19 of the 20 patients and inorganic in one patient. Hard organic food, such as hazelnuts, peanuts, seeds, almonds, and raw corn kernel were identified in 12 patients, a piece of fishbone in one patient and a piece of gelatin in another. The pieces of soft organic food identified were apple in one patient, egg in one patient, and boiled corn kernel in one patient and removed by suction. The foreign body was removed using forceps in nine patients, and a basket was used successfully in seven patients.Conclusion:Foreign bodies can be removed with minimal complication using flexible bronchoscopy, basket, and forceps in children.

IntroductionVulnerability to malnutrition is very high with low-income women and their children in rural Balochistan with contributing factors including lack of awareness about proper nutrition, low literacy, scarcity of vegetables and fruit, and low purchasing power of households. The Food and Agriculture Organization's kitchen garden program provides resources to improve nutrition and health knowledge and promote healthy eating practices. The objective of this study was to assess nutrition and health awareness, knowledge, attitudes, behavioural intentions/behaviours (AKAB) of women who attended the kitchen garden program and trainings.Materials and methodsA community based cross-sectional survey (N = 209) using a two-stage cluster sampling method was used to select households with survey participants being mothers with children under five years of age. A pretested questionnaire was administered via face-to-face surveys by trained enumerators in two districts of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Nutrition and health AKAB were constructed indices. Chi-square tests compared statistical differences in AKAB by women attending against a control group who did not-attend kitchen garden interventions. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to assess kitchen garden program outcomes against key AKAB indicators, while adjusting for covariates.ResultsSignificant differences (pConclusionsSubstantial opportunities exist for achieving improved nutrition and health outcomes with vulnerable groups in Balochistan, through greater participation in kitchen gardens behavioural change programs and interventions. As part of scaling-up efforts, academically rigorous project evaluations should be institutionalized for continuous improvement of nutrition programs to address micronutrient deficiencies in rural communities.

This research is a descriptive study, which aims to see the ability of students' conceptual understanding and errors made in solving story problems on fractional material using the Newman procedure. The subjects of this research were the fifth grade students in SD Negeri in Lalolae totaling 54 students. The instrument used in this study was an essay test which was developed and tested for feasibility. From the results of the research, from 54 students of the research subjects, the average value of students' conceptual understanding ability was 41.48 or in the low category. From the results of the categorization of students' conceptual understanding abilities, the majority of the students have concept understanding abilities in the low and very low categories with 74% in total. Furthermore, from the results of student error analysis using the Newman procedure, the students made 215 errors and the most errors made by students were Comprehension errors

This research is motivated by the low mathematical communication skills of students, where there are many factors that influence this, one of which is the student's learning style. This study aims to determine the effect of learning styles on students' mathematical communication skills. This type of research is ex-post-facto research and was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Mawasangka using a sample of 52 students. From the results of the analysis carried out, it was found that there was a relationship between student learning styles and students' mathematical communication abilities. This was because rhit > rtab (0.38> 0.27), the relationship formed was a positive one-way relationship because of the positive rhit value. In addition, from the one-way ANOVA, it was found that Fcount> Ftable, it was concluded that there were differences in students' mathematical communication skills when viewed from their learning styles and this difference was significant. So it can be concluded that the learning style has an effect on students' mathematical communication skills, and this influence is a positive influence. Keywords: learning styles, mathematical communication skills, influence.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether low-to-moderate exposure to welding fumes is associated with adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. METHODS: To test this, we performed a longitudinal analysis of 78 mild steel welders and 96 controls; these subjects were examined twice, six years apart (ie, timepoints 1 and 2). All subjects (male and non-smoking at recruitment) completed questionnaires describing their health, work history, and lifestyle. We measured their blood pressure, endothelial function (by EndoPAT), and risk markers for cardiovascular disease [low-density lioprotein (LDL), homocysteine, C-reactive protein]. Exposure to welding fumes was assessed from the responses to questionnaires and measurements of respirable dust in their breathing zones adjusted for use of respiratory protection equipment. Linear mixed-effect regression models were used for the longitudinal analysis. RESULTS: Median respirable dust concentrations, adjusted for respirable protection, of the welders were 0.7 (5–95 percentile range 0.2–4.2) and 0.5 (0.1–1.9) mg/m^3 at timepoints 1 and 2, respectively. Over the six-year period, welders showed a statistically significant increase in systolic [5.11 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92–8.31] and diastolic (3.12 mm Hg, 95% CI 0.74–5.5) blood pressure compared with controls (multi-variable adjusted mixed effect models). Diastolic blood pressure increased non-significantly by 0.22 mm Hg (95% CI -0.02–0.45) with every additional year of welding work. No consistent significant associations were found between exposure and endothelial function, LDL, homocysteine, or C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: Exposure to welding fumes at low-to-moderate levels is associated with increased blood pressure, suggesting that reducing the occupational exposure limit (2.5 mg/m^3 for inorganic respirable dust in Sweden) is needed to protect cardiovascular health of workers.

Background: Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin and mucous membranes which manifests as white macules and patches due to selective loss of melanocytes. This condition can affect the patients' psychology, leading to an impairment of quality of life (QOL). Recently, much attention is been given to the emotional and psychological issues in the affected subjects. Aim of the Study: This was to assess the QOL impairment among Nigerian patients with vitiligo using a disease-specific quality of life index questionnaire (VitiQoL). Materials and Methods: Seventy seven adults aged 18 years and above with vitiligo attending the Dermatology Clinic of a tertiary health center were included in this cross-sectional study. The QOL was assessed using the vitiligo quality of life questionnaire (VitiQoL). Disease severity was assessed using Vitiligo Area Severity Index (VASI). Results: The mean age of the study participants was 38.97 ± 13.2 years, comprising of 32 (41.6%) and 45 (58.4%) females. Almost half of the vitiligo patients belong to the lower socioeconomic class, 37 (48.1%). The mean age of first onset of vitiligo was 33.5 ± 14.84 years, with 32 (41.6%) of the participants having age of first onset between 24 and 42 years. The mean VitiQoL score was 30.51 ± 15.74 (range 3–64). There was a significant relationship between VASI score and VitiQoL (P = 0.036, r = 0.517). Other factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, disease activity, family history of vitiligo, duration of the disease and educational attainment were significantly associated with VitiQoL score (P < 0.05). Conclusion: QOL is impaired significantly in Nigerian patients with vitiligo. Focusing on patient's QOL is an essential aspect in the management of patients with vitiligo.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana hasil penerapan model pembelajaran penemuan terbimbing terhadap peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis mahasiswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperiment dengan desain non equivalent control grup. Dari hasil analisis deskriptif diperoleh dari 22 subjek kelas kontrol, rata-rata peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah 0,25 dengan nilai terendah -0,66 dan tertinggi 0,69 serta standar deviasi 0,31. Sedangkan dari 24 subjek pada kelas eksperimen, rata-rata peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalahnya 0,6 dengan peningkatan tertinggi 0,86 dan terendah 0,08 serta standar deviasi 0,24. Selanjutnya berdasarkan analisis inferensial yang dilakukan disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis antara mahasiswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran penemuan terbimbing dan mahasiswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional. Dengan demikian penerapan model pembelajaran penemuan terbimbing lebih baik digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemapuan pemecahan masalah matematis mahasiswa khususnya pada matakuliah statistik matematika I. This research aims to see the results of the application of the guided discovery learning model in increasing students' mathematical problem solving abilities. The research method used in this research is Quasi experiment with non equivalent control group design. The descriptive analysis of 22 control class subjects shows the average increase in problem solving ability was 0.25 with the lowest value of -0.66 and the highest was 0.69 and a standard deviation of 0.31. Meanwhile, of the 24 subjects in the experimental class, the average increase in problem solving ability was 0.6 with the highest increase of 0.86 and the lowest 0.08 and a standard deviation of 0.24. Furthermore, based on the inferential analysis conducted, it is concluded that there is a significant difference in the improvement of mathematical problem solving abilities between students who are taught using the guided discovery learning model and students who are taught using conventional learning models. Thus the application of the guided discovery learning model is better used to improve students' mathematical problem solving abilities, especially in the mathematics statistics I course.

Today, it is of great importance to synthesize new azo compounds as well as to conduct research in different areas of use. More than one usage area is increasing day by day in high-tech products (laser printing materials, printer toners, liquid crystals, etc.) as well as in many sectors such as paper, food, cosmetics, textile and leather. In this study, considering these advantages, the compounds of 3-amino-1H-pyrazol-5-ol, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine, 3-amino-1H-phenyl-5-ol were used as starting materials. As a result of azo coupling of diazonium salts with resorcinol and 3,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid, new azo compounds were synthesized, their structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR and 1H-NMR, and different solvent effects on visible absorption spectra were investigated. Molecular geometry and vibration frequency calculations of synthesized compounds were made with Density Functional Theory (DFT) using 6-311G (d,p) basis set and B3LYP level. Additional, electronic properties and HOMO-LUMO orbital calculations were carried out with time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) approach. As a result of this study, it has been observed that azo compounds containing heterocyclic amine groups have batchromic effects and bright colors. It is anticipated that this study will make important contributions to the literature and the dyestuff industry and will form a basis for potential applications.

Bu çalışmada, çeşitli aromatik aminler ile hazırlanan diazonyum tuzlarının, 2-(4-metilfenil)-1H-indol ve 2-(4-klorfenil)-1H-indol bileşikleri ile azo kenetlenmesi sonucu, bir dizi yeni hetarilazo indol boyası sentezlendi. Hazırlanan boyarmaddelerin, Mitsunobu reaksiyonu ile N-pozisyonundan izopropil alkol ile alkillenmesi sonucu N-sübstitue indol türevlerinin sentezi gerçekleştirildi. Sentezlenen bileşiklerin kimyasal yapıları, NMR, FT-IR, UV-vis, kütle spektrometresi ve elementel analiz ile aydınlatıldı. Elde edilen boyarmaddelerin fotofiziksel özelliklerini belirlemek için, farklı polariteye sahip çözücüler içerisinde görünür bölge absorpsiyon spektrumları incelendi. Ek olarak, asit ve baz ilavesinin absorpsiyon maksimumları üzerine etkileri ayrıntılı olarak incelendi.

Bu çalışmada, iki tane kiral 2-(2-hidroksiaril) alkol (HAROL, 1,4-diol) ve bir 1,4-aminoalkilfenol (AAP), aldehitlerin Rawal dieni ile asimetrik hetero Diels-Alder (HDA) reaksiyonunda hidrojen-bağı donörü (HBD) organokatalizörleri olarak incelenmiştir. Her iki yapının (HAROL ve AAP) katalitik miktarının (%10) HDA reaksiyonunu oldukça verimli bir şekilde gerçekleştirdiği bulunmuştur. Bunlar arasında, indan iskeleti bazlı bir HAROL molekülünün, katalitik aktivite ve enantioseçicilik bakımından en iyisi olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Öte yandan, test edilen AAP bifonksiyonlu bir organokatalizör olarak, diğer bir deyişle bir Lewis bazı ve HBD organokatalizörü gibi davranıyor görünmektedir. Deneysel sonuçlar HAROL yapısının dikkatli bir şekilde ayarlanmasının, daha genel HBD organokatalizörlerinin geliştirilmesine yol açabileceğini desteklemektedir.

Background and Objective: Light microscopy of thick and thin films is a cost effective gold standard for diagnosis of malaria yet it is time consuming and requires expertise. Immunochromatographic Technique (ICT) has been claimed an alternative to light microscopy in detecting Plasmodium species. This study was conducted to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of rapid malaria test in reference to light microscopy of the smears. Methods: This study was conducted out in Mansoorah Hospital Lahore between July and November 2015. Seventy patients with history suggestive of malaria were subjected to both tests i.e. light microscopy and Immunochromatographic Technique (ICT) malaria P.f./Pan Rapid Test Device for comparison of two methods. Results: The blood film results indicated that 32 (45.71%) patients were infected with malaria and the rest 38 (54.28%) were malaria negative. Among the positive patients P.falciparum was detected in 10 cases (31.2%) and non-falciparum plasmodium species were found in rest of the 22 cases (68.75%). The ICT malaria P.f./Pan Test results showed that 30 (42.85%) of the patient samples were positive for malaria parasites and rest 40 (57.14%) were negative for malarial parasite. Infection with P. falciparum accounted for 10 cases (33.34%) and non-falciparum plasmodium species cases accounted for rest of the 20 (66.67%) cases. Thus, ICT malaria showed 93.75% sensitivity and 95.00% specificity for detection of malarial parasites. Conclusions: Immunochromatographic technique provides sensitive, specific, user - friendly and practical alternative to slide microscopy for diagnosis of malaria without adding cost and effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]