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The current study is aimed at examining the overall effects of steroids on the tissues of organisms and pharmacotherapeutics and pharmaco-histokinetics of several steroids, including Bromocriptine as mesylate and estradiol valerate in common quails (Coturnix coturnix). A total of 100 birds were used for pharmaco-histokinetics. The research was carried out in two separate trials, one during the fall season and the other during the spring season. Each experiment lasted for five, ten, fifteen, and twenty days. Each study group used 20 birds while basing their experiments on a control group of 5. At the stretch of five, ten, fifteen, and twenty days in each season, therapeutic dosages were administered to a sum of two groups representing two separate steroid trial groups. Each steroid was administered to each bird in a therapeutic dose, which was three drops administered twice daily. Clinical symptoms include despondency, sluggishness, and variations in weight and temperature that almost all treated birds display. However, only in trials conducted in the fall was a sizable degree of body enlargement in one treated bird noticed. The winter testing showed a mortality rate. Four birds have died in the twenty-day group. One bird died when treated with estradiol valerate, and three birds died treated with Bromocriptine as mesylate. Both the male and female birds showed signs of having lost some of their body weight. The treated birds’ kidney, stomach, hearts, and livers exhibited some edema. In comparison, almost all birds show enteritis, which indicates that steroids mainly affect the intestine. There were apparent differences in the histological analysis of heart and skeletal muscle and some treated birds with the control group. The kidney, liver, and intestine show the major histopathological change in all treated birds.

There is an urgent need to develop natural antimicrobials for the control of rapidly mutating drug-resistant bacteria and poultry viruses. Five extracts were prepared using diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, 1-butanol and n-hexane from abdominal fats of Varanus griseus locally known as Indian desert monitor. Antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral activities from oil extracts were done through disc diffusion method, stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and in ovo antiviral assay, respectively. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to determine principal active compounds and chemical profile of each oil extract. n-Hexane extract showed clear zones of inhibition (ZOI) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 ± 0.5 mm, 9 ± 0.5 mm, and 9 ± 0.5 mm) while diethyl ether extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity (11 ± 0.5 mm) against Proteus vulgaris only. In case of drug-resistant strains, methanol extract was active (6 ± 0.5 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas n-hexane extract has shown ZOI 11 ± 0.5 mm against P. aeruginosa. Range of percentage scavenging activity of V. griseus oil extracts from DPPH free radical assay was 34.9-70.7%. For antiviral potential, growth of new castle disease virus (NDV) was effectively inhibited by all five extracts (HA titer = 0-4). The highest antiviral activity against avian influenza virus (H9N2) was observed from methanol, diethyl ether and 1-Butanol oil extracts with HA titers of 2, 2 and 0, respectively. Methanol, diethyl ether, 1-butanol and n-hexane oil extracts produced best hemagglutination assay (HA) titer values (0, 0, 4 and 0) against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Ethyl acetate and 1-Butanol extract exhibited good antiviral potential against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) with indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) titers of 8 and 4, respectively. Main classes of identified compounds through gas chromatography were aldehydes, fatty acids, phenols and esters. GC-MS identified 11 bioactive compounds in V. griseus oil extracts. It is summarized that V. griseus oil has strong antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial potential because of its bioactive compounds.

There is an urgent need to develop natural antimicrobials for the control of rapidly mutating drug-resistant bacteria and poultry viruses. Five extracts were prepared by using diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, 1-Butanol and n-Hexane from abdominal fats of Varanus griseus locally known as Indian desert monitor. Antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral activities from oil extracts were done through disc-diffusion method, stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and In Ovo antiviral assay respectively. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analyses were used to determine principal active compounds and chemical profile of each oil extract. n-Hexane extract showed clear zones of inhibition (ZOI) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 ± 0.5 mm, 9 ± 0.5 mm, 9 ± 0.5 mm) while diethyl ether extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity (11 ± 0.5 mm) against Proteus vulgaris only. In case of drug resistant strains, methanol extract was active (6 ± 0.5 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus whereas n-Hexane extract has shown ZOI 11 ± 0.5 mm against P. aeruginosa. Range of percentage scavenging activity of V. griseus oil extracts from DPPH free radical assay was 34.9–70.7%. For antiviral potential, growth of new castle disease virus (NDV) was effectively inhibited by all five extracts (HA titer = 0–4). The highest antiviral activity against avian influenza virus (H9N2) was observed from methanol, diethyl ether and 1-Butanol oil extracts with HA titers of 2, 2 and 0, respectively. Methanol, diethyl ether, 1-Butanol and n-Hexane oil extracts produced best hemagglutination assay (HA) titer values (0, 0, 4 and 0) against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Ethyl acetate and 1-Butanol extract exhibited good antiviral potential against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) with indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) titers of 8 and 4, respectively. Main classes of identified compounds through gas chromatography were aldehydes, fatty acids, phenols and esters. GC-MS identified 11 bioactive compounds in V. griseus oil extracts. It is summarized that V. griseus oil has strong antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial potential because of its bioactive compounds.

Muhammad Qamar Saeed,1 Mubashar Aziz,1 Raja Kamran Afzal,2 Aamir Hussain,3 Hamid Manzoor,4 Sumaira Rasul,4 Tahira Ruby,5 Ahmed Akrem,5 Samrah Masud,5 Adnan Arshad,1 Ayesha Latif,1 Muhammad Yousif,1 Hamdan Aali,1 Menahil Fatima,1 Muhammad Mujahid Bhutta,1 Aleem Ahmed Khan5 1Dr. Ghulam Nabi Chaudhary Laboratory of Microbial Technologies, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 2Department of Microbiology, CMH Institute of Medical Sciences, Multan, Pakistan; 3Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; 4Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan; 5Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, PakistanCorrespondence: Muhammad Qamar Saeed, Dr. Ghulam Nabi Chaudhary Laboratory of Microbial Technologies, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan, Tel +92-333-0231222, Email mqamarsaeed@bzu.edu.pkIntroduction: Antibiotics are being used in humans and animals for treatment and control of bacterial infections. Excessive use of antibiotics in the production of poultry is a popular practice, but it poses serious health issues by transferring resistance from farm to humans via food or direct exposure.Study Objective: The objective of this study was to carry out a comparison of the resistance and sensitivity profile of isolated isolates from sewage of toilets that were in use of workers inside the farm and from sewage of household toilets.Methodology: In this study, a total of 320 sewage samples were collected. The antibiotic susceptibility profile was checked by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and the statistical analysis was carried out by MS excel. Chi-square test was performed to determine whether the antibiograms from two sample types were statistically different from each other or not.Results: From 320 sewage samples, a total of 296 bacterial isolates were isolated among which the leading bacterium was E. coli. The proportion of resistance, ESBL production and MDR was significantly higher in bacteria isolated from sewage of toilets under use of poultry farm workers as compared to the sewage from domestic use toilets.Conclusion: Resistance significantly increased in the bacteria isolated from toilets under use of poultry farm workers as compared to the ones isolated from control sewage samples.Keywords: E. coli, antibiotic resistance, MDR, sewage, human microbiota

The study evaluated therapeutic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trianthema portulacastrum against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity in rabbits. The entire sample plant was identified using key, dried, ground, and bioactive compounds were extracted using Soxhlet extractor. Adult rabbits (N = 60, 1 kg body weight) were divided into 5 groups: group I as controls, group II received CCl4 only, groups III to V received CCl4 in normal saline but were later orally administered different doses (75, 150 and 225 mg kg−1) of silymarin , aqueous or ethanolic extracts of T. portulacastrum. Hematological parameters were investigated 6 days after administration of the ameliorants. The effects of T. portulacastrum ethanolic and aqueous extracts were then compared to effects of standard silymarin drug. It was discovered that ethanolic extracts conferred hepato-protection on rabbits as silymarin did, suggesting that these extracts may be used instead of silymarin to improve animals health exposed to toxicity.

This study aimed at finding out the toxicological effects of ethanol on chicken embryo during early stages of development. The nature and extent of toxicological effects were investigated to identify the concentration which causes the death of the embryo. The total (n=32) eggs were divided into four groups viz. control group, group A, group B and group C. Eight eggs were placed in each group for incubation. Different concentrations of ethanol were given to those groups viz. 5%, 10%, and 15% respectively. Gross anatomical defects particularly embryo’s body weight, body length, wings length and hind limbs length throughout seven days incubation were measured after the exposure of mentioned ethanol concentrations. The results of mean values of seven-day-old chick embryos exposed to 5% ethanol showed non-significant effect (P>0.05) on body weight, wings length and the hind limbs length of all groups concerning control group chick embryo. But ethanol with a concentration of 10% and 15% showed a significant effect (P

Dengue infection is rapidly spreading in most of the countries of south Asia. It is of utmost importance to explore the plants with "anti-thrombocytopenic activity" the dreadful response of dengue fever. The present study was conducted to investigate the potential of aqueous extract of Nigella sativa (black cumin) seeds in alleviating the severity of dengue disease by raising the platelet count (PLT). Serum samples of thirty patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) were analysed for different biochemical parameters. When compared with control groups, the patients were found with very low PLT count (7.62 fold), reduced antioxidant levels; catalase (1.4 fold), ascorbic acid (1.1 fold), bilirubin (1.06 fold), and severe deficiency of micronutrient concentrations; cobalt (2.27 fold), iron (2.35 fold) and nickel (71.46 fold). Similar parameters were studied in albino rats to observe the changes in serum levels of biochemical markers, after administration of single dose of choloroquine phosphate (IM, 1.5 mL saline). The drug successfully induced thrombocytopenia along with significant decrease in levels of antioxidants and trace metals. Administration of N. sativa aqueous seed extract (15.25 mg/kg/bw) for 12 days resulted in an increase in PLT count (1.59 fold) as compared to control group. N. sativa post-treatment was found effective in elevating the serum levels of catalase, ascorbic acid, and bilirubin (1.06, 1.58 and 0.4 folds respectively). However, the N. sativa pre-treatment was useful in increasing the levels of micronutrients; iron, nickel and cobalt when compared to quinine-induced group. From the above findings it was suggested that N. sativa seed aqueous extract supplementation would be a promising solution for declined PLT count and associated consequences.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of different mating ratios (male-female) on egg production, egg fertilization %, egg hatching % and courtship behavior in Silver Pheasant Lophura nycthemera at three stations for a period of 16 weeks. The birds were kept in four groups with following malefemale ratios: Group-A (1:2), Group-B (1:3), Group-C (1:4) and Group-D (1:5). The results showed that Group-B (1:3) ratio has significant effect on mean number of eggs (1.75 ± 0.15), Group-C (1:4) on weight of eggs (93.22 ± 5.02), Group-C (1:4) and Group-D (1:5) on egg fertilization and hatching % while Group-B (1:3), Group-C (1:4) and Group-D (1:5) on time spent in mating. The feed consumed and feed conversion ratio was significant in Group-D (1:5).

Rapid growth of the world population, started in 1950, resulted in an estimated recent population of more than seven billion. Indian sub-continent is the most densely populated and fastest growing region. The desert ecosystem encompasses some 313,851 km2 area including Thar, Kharan, Cholistan, Thal and Indus valley plains in this region. The biodiversity includes some estimated 764 species of desert flora and 769 species of fauna, which includes 123 mammals, 540 birds, 96 reptiles and 10 amphibians. The desert dwellers lead a nomadic to semi-nomadic life, moving from one place to another in search of water and fodder for their animals and trade. Deserts are already the most fragile ecosystems and facing an unprecedented vulnerability mainly due global warming phenomena by pushing its biological resources to their limits. There is a dire need to wisely use desert resources on sustainable basis, so that a symbiotic relationship between man and ecosystem may be guaranteed.