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99mTc-pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) uptake in the skeletal muscles is minimal in patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) when assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. We previously demonstrated moderate- to high-grade 99mTc-PYP uptake in the subcutaneous abdominal fat of some patients with ATTR-CA and showed that this abnormal finding could reflect the regional amyloid burden of this tissue. We aimed to investigate the frequency of 99mTc-PYP uptake in skeletal trunk muscles of patients with ATTR-CA.Chest- and abdomen-centered 99mTc-PYP scintigraphy images were obtained 2 hours after IV injections of the tracer (20 mCi) in 36 patients with ATTR-CA. The frequency of 99mTc-PYP uptake in the following 11 skeletal trunk muscles was investigated: pectoralis major, deltoid, subscapularis, infraspinatus, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, psoas major, abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis, and the gluteus muscles.Ten of the 11 muscles were involved in patients with the highest number of 99mTc-PYP uptake in the skeletal trunk muscles examined, whereas no muscle was involved in a patient with the least uptake. The muscle with the highest rate of 99mTc-PYP uptake, observed in 34 of 36 patients (94.4%), was the abdominal oblique. No tracer uptake was observed in the psoas major. The frequency of radiotracer uptake in the remaining examined muscles was between those of abdominal oblique and psoas major muscles.Radiotracer uptake was often detectable in some skeletal trunk muscles of ATTR-CA, although the muscles of patients examined and the skeletal trunk muscles of 1 patient showed heterogeneity in the uptake of 99mTc-PYP.

Radionuclide imaging using bone-avid tracers plays a critical role in diagnosing transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA), but technetium-99m-pyrophosphate (PYP) rarely allows the detection of extracardiac amyloid infiltration. We retrospectively investigated the frequency of PYP uptake in the subcutaneous abdominal fat of patients with ATTR-CA and its relevance to the results of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of this tissue.Chest-centered images of PYP scintigraphy were obtained 2 h after the intravenous injection of the tracer (20 mCi), and the frequency of PYP uptake in the subcutaneous abdominal fat was evaluated. Amyloid deposits of fat smears taken by subcutaneous abdominal fat FNAB were assessed by Congo red staining.Twenty-four patients with ATTR-CA were included. Ten (41.7%) patients showed some PYP uptake in the subcutaneous abdominal fat (positive PYP group), and 14 patients did not (negative PYP group). Amyloid deposits were detected by subcutaneous abdominal fat FNAB in 7/10 patients (70.0%) of the positive PYP group versus 0/14 patients (0%) of the negative PYP group, and the difference was significant.In patients with ATTR-CA, abnormal PYP uptake in the subcutaneous abdominal fat could reflect the regional amyloid deposition confirmed by FNAB of this tissue.

In a patient with variant angina of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery, myocardial ischemia changed the QRS-ST-T configurations without J-waves into those resembling “lambda” waves at maximal ST-segment elevation, and couplets or triplets of supraventricular extrasystole (SVE) changed the ischemia-induced “lambda” waves into QRS-ST-T configurations resembling a “tombstone” morphology or “monophasic QRS-ST complex.” At the resolution phase of coronary spasm, the QRS-ST-T configurations returned to those without J-waves and were changed by SVE into “lambda” waves. Interestingly, neither ischemia- nor SVE-induced “lambda” waves or SVE-induced “tombstone” morphology or “monophasic QRS-ST complex” were complicated by ventricular tachyarrhythmia.

Objective The decision to perform medical or mechanical therapy in patients with aborted sudden cardiac death (ASCD) due to coronary spasm is controversial. The Japanese Circulation Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with coronary spastic angina mentioned that implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is one option in patients with ASCD due to coronary spasm. We investigated the usefulness of spasm provocation tests under medications in five patients with ASCD due to coronary spasm. Methods We performed the spasm provocation tests under medications in five ASCD patients due to coronary spasm. Pharmacological spasm provocation tests, including five acetylcholine (ACh) tests, two ergonovine (ER) tests, and two ACh added after ER tests, were performed to estimate the effect of medications to suppressing the next fatal spasms. Results ACh tests under medications did not provoke spasm in one patient but did provoke in two patients. In the remaining two patients, neither the ACh test nor the ER test provoked spasm, but the ACh added after ER test induced a focal spasm in one coronary artery. We increased the medication dosage in four patients. An ICD was implanted in two patients, including one with refractory spasm and one with left main trunk spasm. One patient died due to pulseless electrical activity without ventricular fibrillation, while the remaining four patients survived. Conclusion Spasm provocation tests under medication in patients with ASCD due to coronary spasm may be an option when deciding on medical or mechanical therapy.

Rationale: Recent studies have shown that QT interval prolongation is associated with disease severity and predicts mortality in systemic inflammatory diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines released from synovial tissues in rheumatoid arthritis, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, could have direct effects on cardiac electrophysiology, particularly changes in the expression and function of potassium and calcium channels, resulting in QT interval prolongation on surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and an increased predisposition to develop lethal ventricular arrhythmias. However, reports on torsade de pointes (TdP) due to acquired long QT syndrome in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) are limited. Patient concerns: An 85-year-old Japanese woman with active PMR developed first syncope. Diagnosis: Frequent premature atrial contractions (PACs) with multiple patterns of aberrant conduction, QT interval prolongation, and morphological T-U wave variability followed by TdP were documented. PACs were the first beat of TdP. Interventions: Amiodarone, together with magnesium and potassium, was intravenously administered. However, TdP resulted in a ventricular arrhythmic storm, for which sedation with mechanical ventilatory support, temporary overdrive cardiac pacing, and intravenous landiolol administration in addition to multiple direct current shocks were effective. Outcomes: Approximately 2 years later, the patient was treated with amiodarone, propranolol, and prednisolone. She did not undergo implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation and was quite well, with no recurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Lessons: IL-6 hyperproduction in inflamed tissues has been widely confirmed in PMR. Frequent PACs with various patterns of aberrant conduction, QT interval prolongation, and morphological T-U wave variability followed by TdP, for which IL-6-mediated enhancement of L-type Ca2+ current and inhibition of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier K+ current are the most likely mechanisms, were documented in an elderly Japanese woman with PMR. ECG may be recorded once in patients with active PMR even when these patients do not complain of palpitation or syncope. If QT interval prolongation or arrhythmia, including even PACs, is observed, follow-up ECG may be warranted, particularly for patients with some risk factors for QT prolongation that could lead to TdP, such as advanced age, female sex, hypopotassemia, and polypharmacy.

Left atrial (LA) work can be measured through speckle tracking echocardiography by calculating LA pressure–strain loop area, which includes two distinct phases of active contraction/relaxation (A-work) and passive dilation/emptying (V-work). Echocardiographic and hemodynamic data were acquired at baseline and during occlusions of left anterior descending (LAD: n = 7) and left circumflex (LCx: n = 9) coronary arteries in dogs. Left ventricular (LV) circumferential strain was decreased and mean LA pressure was increased in both occlusions. Doppler-derived stroke volume was maintained during LAD occlusion, but it decreased during LCx occlusion. A-work increased during LAD occlusion, but it did not change during LCx occlusion. V-work decreased during LCx occlusion more than during LAD occlusion. The compensatory mechanism of LA function was limited during LCx occlusion, but this occurred during LAD occlusion. This study provided insight into a role of LA function in variable hemodynamic consequences in acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND SYMPLICITY HTN-Japan is a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing renal denervation (RDN) with standard pharmacologic therapy for treatment of uncontrolled hypertension (HTN). Methods and Results: Patients enrolled had uncontrolled HTN, defined as office systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥160 mmHg and 24-h ambulatory SBP ≥135 mmHg, on ≥3 antihypertensive drugs of maximally tolerated dose for at least 6 weeks prior to enrollment. Randomization was 1:1 to RDN or maintenance of current medical therapy (control). Patients were followed every 6 months post-randomization for up to 36 months. There were 22 patients randomized to RDN and 19 to control, and 11 patients were crossed over and received RDN at 6 months post-randomization. For the RDN group (n=22), office SBP reduction was -32.8±20.1 mmHg and office DBP reduction was -15.8±12.6 mmHg at 36 months post-procedure, both P

Vascular calcification is a common finding in atherosclerosis and in patients with chronic kidney disease. The renin-angiotensin system plays a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular remodeling. Here, we examined the hypothesis that angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) stimulation has inhibitory effects on phosphate-induced vascular calcification. In vivo, calcification of the thoracic aorta induced by an adenine and high-phosphate diet was markedly attenuated in smooth muscle cell-specific AT2-overexpressing mice (smAT2-Tg) compared with wild-type and AT2-knockout mice (AT2KO). Similarly, mRNA levels of relevant osteogenic and vascular smooth muscle cell marker genes were unchanged in smAT2-Tg mice, while their expression was significantly altered in wild-type mice in response to high dietary phosphate. Ex vivo, sections of thoracic aorta were cultured in media supplemented with inorganic phosphate. Aortic rings from smAT2-Tg mice showed less vascular calcification compared with those from wild-type mice. In vitro, calcium deposition induced by high-phosphate media was markedly attenuated in primary vascular smooth muscle cells derived from smAT2-Tg mice compared with the two other mouse groups. To assess the underlying mechanism, we investigated the effect of PPAR-γ, which we previously reported as one of the possible downstream effectors of AT2 stimulation. Treatment with a PPAR-γ antagonist attenuated the inhibitory effects on vascular calcification observed in smAT2-Tg mice fed an adenine and high-phosphate diet. Our results suggest that AT2 activation represents an endogenous protective pathway against vascular calcification. Its stimulation may efficiently reduce adverse cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Our aim was to evaluate the ability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-stress myocardial computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging to detect myocardial ischemia in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) territory, and to compare this method with coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE).ATP-stress CTP and CFVR were performed in 50 patients with stable angina pectoris. Myocardial ischemia assessed from CTP imaging was defined as qualitative visual perfusion defects and reduced myocardial blood flow (MBF) based on quantitative assessment. A cut-off value of CFVR of 2.0 was used.The mean CFVR was 1.9 ± 0.6 in ischemic regions by CTP, whereas it was 2.9 ± 0.8 in non-ischemic regions (p 0.001). CTP imaging could accurately predict CFVR2.0 with 84.0% diagnostic accuracy (94.7% sensitivity, 77.4% specificity, 72.0% positive predictive value, and 96.0% negative predictive value). When receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the MBF data was performed to detect CFVR2.0, the area under the curve was 0.89, and the optimal MBF cut-off value was 1.43 mL/g/min.This study suggests that qualitative and quantitative assessment of ATP-stress CTP exhibits a good correlation with CFVR for evaluation of myocardial ischemia.

The cardiac phenotype of laminopathies is characterized by cardiac conduction disorders (CCDs) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Although laminopathies have been considered monogenic, they exhibit a remarkable degree of clinical variability. This case series aimed to detect the causal mutation and to investigate the causes of clinical variability in a Japanese family with inherited CCD and DCM.Of the five family members investigated, four had either CCD/DCM or CCD alone, while one subject had no cardiovascular disease and acted as a normal control. We performed targeted resequencing of 174 inherited cardiovascular disease-associated genes in this family and pathological mutations were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. The degree of clinical severity and variability were also evaluated using long-term medical records. We discovered a novel heterozygous truncating lamin A/C (LMNA) mutation (c.774delG) in all four subjects with CCD. Because this mutation was predicted to cause a frameshift mutation and premature termination (p.Gln258HisfsTer222) in LMNA, we believe that this LMNA mutation was the causal mutation in this family with CCD and laminopathies. In addition, gender-specific intra-familiar clinical variability was observed in this Japanese family where affected males exhibited an earlier onset of CCD and more severe DCM compared to affected females. Using targeted resequencing, we discovered a novel truncating LMNA mutation associated with CCD and DCM in this family characterized by gender differences in clinical severity in LMNA carriers. Our results suggest that in patients with laminopathy, clinical severity may be the result of multiple factors.

PURPOSE Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) impairs left ventricular (LV) diastolic function leading to left atrial (LA) dilatation. Because Doppler echocardiography cannot accurately assess LV diastolic function in hearts with heterogeneous hypertrophy, assessment of LA function might be useful for risk stratification of patients with HCM. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of LA function on outcome in patients with patients. METHODS Seventy-six patients with HCM who underwent echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were retrospectively enrolled. Twenty-six control subjects were also included. Using speckle tracking echocardiography, LA function was divided into active and passive strain indices based on the timing of the second positive peak of LA strain rate that occurred during LV systole. RESULTS Left atrial strain indices of active and passive function were significantly impaired concomitantly with increased LA volume index in HCM patients compared with controls. During follow-up (2.6 ± 1.7 years), 14 patients with HCM developed cardiac events (heart failure hospitalization or atrial fibrillation). The association of LA active strain with cardiac events was independent of and incremental to clinical and echocardiographic parameters (age, gender, E/e', LV global longitudinal strain, and LA volume index) in sequential models. Cardiac events were more frequent in HCM patients with LA active strain

Shoichiro Yamamoto,1 Seigo Miyoshi,1 Hitoshi Katayama,1 Mikio Okazaki,2 Hisayuki Shigematsu,2 Yoshifumi Sano,2 Minoru Matsubara,3 Naohiko Hamaguchi,1 Takafumi Okura,1 Jitsuo Higaki1 1Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, 2Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, 3Department of Internal Medicine, Sumitomo Besshi Hospital, Niihama, Japan Purpose: Spirometry is sometimes difficult to perform in elderly patients and in those with severe respiratory distress. The forced-oscillation technique (FOT) is a simple and noninvasive method of measuring respiratory impedance. The aim of this study was to determine if FOT data reflect spirometric indices.Patients and methods: Patients underwent both FOT and spirometry procedures prior to inclusion in development (n=1,089) and validation (n=552) studies. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify FOT parameters predictive of vital capacity (VC), forced VC (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). A regression equation was used to calculate estimated VC, FVC, and FEV1. We then determined whether the estimated data reflected spirometric indices. Agreement between actual and estimated spirometry data was assessed by Bland–Altman analysis.Results: Significant correlations were observed between actual and estimated VC, FVC, and FEV1 values (all r>0.8 and P0.8 and P

Introduction and Aims: Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a member of TGF-beta family, has been implicated in several pathological conditions, which include inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal diseases. Recently it is reported that serum GDF-15 may be a marker for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CKD progression. In present study, we evaluated whether serum GDF-15 is associated with renal vascular resistance evaluated by resistive index (RI) measured in Ultrasound, which is the marker of renal injury. Methods: Eighty patients with essential hypertension were enrolled in this study. They were evaluated on serum GDF-15 and renal RI as well as for conventional atherosclerotic risk factors. Results: Mean age of all patients was 66 ± 12 years (35 males and 45 females). Mean eGFR and renal RI was 68.9 ± 23.0ml / min / 1.73m2 and 0.71 ± 0.07 respectively. Mean serum GDF-15 was 1492 ± 1319 pg/ml. RI correlated with GDF-15 (r=0.47, P Conclusions: GDF-15 is associated with renal vascular resistance and may become a nephropathic marker in patients with hypertension.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a relatively rare cause of acute coronary syndrome compared with atherosclerotic plaque rupture and predominantly occurs in young women. SCAD is associated with various conditions, such as emotional stress, pregnancy, hormonal therapy, collagen diseases, fibromuscular dysplasia, or vasospasm. Long-term cardiovascular events are common including the recurrence of SCAD. We report a case of SCAD with de novo recurrence at only 4 days after the first attack.

Interleukin (IL)-18 is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines and was described originally as an interferon γ-inducing factor. Aldosterone plays a central role in the regulation of sodium and potassium homoeostasis by binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor and contributes to kidney and cardiovascular damage. Aldosterone has been reported to induce IL-18, resulting in cardiac fibrosis with induced IL-18-mediated osteopontin (OPN). We therefore hypothesized that aldosterone-induced renal fibrosis via OPN may be mediated by IL-18. To verify this hypothesis, we compared mice deficient in IL-18 and wild-type (WT) mice in a model of aldosterone/salt-induced hypertension. IL-18−/− and C57BL/6 WT mice were used for the uninephrectomized aldosterone/salt hypertensive model, whereas NRK-52E cells (rat kidney epithelial cells) were used in an in vitro model. In the present in vivo study, IL-18 protein expression was localized in medullary tubules in the WT mice, whereas in aldosterone-infused WT mice this expression was up-regulated markedly in the proximal tubules, especially in injured and dilated tubules. This renal damage caused by aldosterone was attenuated significantly by IL-18 knockout with down-regulation of OPN expression. In the present in vitro study, aldosterone directly induced IL-18 gene expression in renal tubular epithelial cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These effects were inhibited completely by spironolactone. IL-18 may be a key mediator of aldosterone-induced renal fibrosis by inducing OPN, thereby exacerbating renal interstitial fibrosis. Inhibition of IL-18 may therefore provide a potential target for therapeutic intervention aimed at preventing the progression of renal injury.

This case report describes sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) caused by a large epicardial scar, related to dilated-phase hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mimicking VT originating from the apical septum. VT resolved with epicardial catheter ablation. The exit of the VT circuit suggested that a 12-lead electrocardiogram can be remote with respect to the critical isthmus in this case. In patients with structural heart disease, it is difficult to identify the VT reentrant circuit by surface electrocardiography, which shows only the exit site. VT originating in the epicardium should be considered, even if the suspected origin is another ventricular site.

Background and aims Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common disease; however, its exact pathogenesis remains unknown, and no specific medical therapies are available. Interleukin (IL)-18 plays a crucial role in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular death. Here, we investigated the role of IL-18 in AAA pathogenesis using an experimental mouse model. Methods and results After infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II) for 4 weeks and β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) for 2 weeks, 58% of C57/6J wild-type (WT) mice developed AAA associated with enhanced expression of IL-18; however, disease incidence was significantly lower in IL-18−/− mice than in WT mice (p Conclusions These findings indicate that IL-18 plays an important role in the development of AAA by enhancing OPN expression, macrophage recruitment, and MMP activation. Moreover, IL-18 represents a previously unrecognized therapeutic target for the prevention of AAA formation.

The cardiac phenotype of laminopathies is characterized by cardiac conduction disorders (CCDs) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Although laminopathies have been considered monogenic, they exhibit a remarkable degree of clinical variability. This case series aimed to detect the causal mutation and to investigate the causes of clinical variability in a Japanese family with inherited CCD and DCM.Of the five family members investigated, four had either CCD/DCM or CCD alone, while one subject had no cardiovascular disease and acted as a normal control. We performed targeted resequencing of 174 inherited cardiovascular disease-associated genes in this family and pathological mutations were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. The degree of clinical severity and variability were also evaluated using long-term medical records. We discovered a novel heterozygous truncating lamin A/C (LMNA) mutation (c.774delG) in all four subjects with CCD. Because this mutation was predicted to cause a frameshift mutation and premature termination (p.Gln258HisfsTer222) in LMNA, we believe that this LMNA mutation was the causal mutation in this family with CCD and laminopathies. In addition, gender-specific intra-familiar clinical variability was observed in this Japanese family where affected males exhibited an earlier onset of CCD and more severe DCM compared to affected females. Using targeted resequencing, we discovered a novel truncating LMNA mutation associated with CCD and DCM in this family characterized by gender differences in clinical severity in LMNA carriers. Our results suggest that in patients with laminopathy, clinical severity may be the result of multiple factors.

BACKGROUND Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is widely used for the assessment of myocardial ischemia. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is an intracoronary imaging method that provides information about lumen and vessel morphology. Previous studies on the expanded use of IVUS to identify functional ischemia have noted an association between anatomy and physiology, but IVUS-derived minimum lumen area (MLA) has a weak-moderate correlation with myocardial ischemia compared with FFR. We developed a method to calculate FFR using IVUS-derived anatomical information for the assessment of myocardial ischemia. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between wire-based FFR and IVUS-derived FFR (IVUS-FFR) and to compare the usefulness of IVUS-FFR and IVUS-derived MLA for functional assessment.Methods and Results:We retrospectively analyzed 50 lesions in 48 patients with coronary stenosis who underwent IVUS and FFR simultaneously. IVUS-FFR was calculated using our original algorithm and fluid dynamics. Mean percent diameter stenosis determined on quantitative coronary angiography and on FFR was 56.4±10.7 and 0.69±0.08, respectively. IVUS-FFR had a stronger linear correlation with FFR (R=0.78, P

Background The pathological process of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is associated with left atrial (LA) remodeling. This study was aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of LA strain parameters in patients with pathological LV hypertrophy. Methods This study included 95 patients with hypertensive heart disease (HHD: n = 24), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM: n = 56), cardiac amyloidosis (CA: n = 15), and control subjects (n = 20). We used two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) to analyze LA global strain. LA electromechanical conduction time (EMT) at the septal (EMT-septal) and lateral wall (EMT-lateral), and their time difference (EMT-diff) were calculated. The incidence of cardiac death and heart failure hospitalization was defined as major cardiac events and that of atrial fibrillation as secondary outcome. Results Left atrial volume index was increased and LA booster strain was decreased in the HCM and CA groups compared with the HHD group. EMT-lateral was increased in the diseased groups compared with the control. EMT-diff was prolonged in the CA group compared with the HCM group. During the follow-up period (mean 3.4 years), major cardiac events and atrial fibrillation occurred in 17 and 13 patients, respectively. The occurrence of atrial fibrillation was associated with CA etiology, E/e′, LA volume index, LAa, and EMT-lateral. The incidence of major cardiac events was independently correlated with LA volume index and EMT-diff in multivariate analysis. Conclusion This study suggested that the EMT-diff could discriminate patients with a high risk of cardiac events among patients with pathological LV hypertrophy.

Aortic prosthetic graft infection detected by F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography Tamami Kono ⁎, Akiyoshi Ogimoto , Chiharuko Iio , Kaori Fujimoto , Akira Fujii , Teruyoshi Uetani , Takayuki Nagai , Kazuhisa Nishimura , Katsuji Inoue , Jun Suzuki , Go Hiasa , Hideki Okayama , Takafumi Okura , Masao Miyagawa , Teruhito Mochizuki , Hironori Izutani , Jitsuo Higaki a

Osteopontin (OPN), a secreted glycosylated phosphoprotein and pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in the pathology of several renal conditions, especially renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. OPN is slightly expressed in renal tubular cells in normal condition, but after acute tubular injury, OPN is highly induced in these cells. However, the role of induced OPN is still unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the roles of OPN in acute kidney injury (AKI). AKI was induced in wild type (WT) and OPN knockout (KO) mice by using folic acid (FA) injection (0.35mg/kg). After 2days of injection, 34% of WT mice died, whereas 54% of KO died from renal failure. Kidneys from survived mice were removed and the renal histological changes, protein expression were examined. BUN and Creatinine levels were markedly elevated in WT-AKI and KO-AKI mice (BUN: WT-sham; 25.7±4.7mg/dl, WT-AKI; 315.0±173.2mg/dl, KO-AKI; 337.7±163.7mg/dl, Creatinine: WT-sham; 0.08±0.03 mg/dl, WT-AKI; 1.60±0.87 mg/dl, KO-AKI; 1.80±0.94 mg/dl). Renal OPN mRNA expression was increased in WT-AKI mice compared to WT-sham mice (p increased in KO-AKI mice compared to WT-AKI mice. In contrast, LC3B (autophagy related protein) positive tubular cells were decreased in KO-AKI mice compared to WT-AKI mice. These results indicate that OPN deficiency exacerbates tubular injury via through the inhibiting autophagy in folic acid induced AKI mice.

Objective: Angiotensin (Ang) converting enzyme (ACE) 2/ Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis has been considered as protective arm in the renin-angiotensin system and Ang-(1-7) is thought to interact with Ang II type 2 (AT 2 ) receptor according. Mas receptor is expressed highly in hippocampus and blood vessels in brain, but its actual function is still unclear. Thus, we examined the possible roles of Mas receptor in relation to the vascular cognitive impairment focusing on the interaction with AT 2 receptor. Design and Methods: Male 10-week-old C57BL6 mice (wild-type, WT), Mas1 receptor knockout mice (MasKO) and AT 2 /Mas1 receptor double knockout mice (DKO) were subjected to bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) surgery. After six weeks from the treatment, we evaluated their cognitive function with Y-maze test and the Morris water maze test. Results: The cerebral blood flow (CBF) in each BCAS group was significantly reduced compared to its sham-operated counterparts (WT; 31.5±0.6 vs 28.0±0.8, MasKO; 31.7±0.8 vs 27.7±0.8, DKO; 33.0±0.5 vs 29.1±0.7). The alternation behavior (%) was significantly reduced in WT mice with BCAS compared to sham mice (69.6±3.5 vs 57.9±2.1), but there was no significant difference in MasKO and DKO mice (MasKO; 64.1±2.5 vs 63.1±2.5, DKO; 67.6±2.1 vs 61.1±4.0) in Y maze test. In the Morris water maze test, the mean arrival time at platform at day 5 (sec) was significantly higher in WT-BCAS mice than WT-sham mice (Sham; 20.9±4.6 vs BCAS; 47.3±6.5). In contrast to the results in WT, there was no significant difference in MasKO mice (Sham; 32.8±8.5 vs BCAS; 34.5±7.3). DKO-sham mice showed significantly lower spatial learning ability compared with WT-sham mice (DKO; 77.4±11.9 vs WT; 20.9±4.6). The total cell count in dentate gyrus area was significantly lower in WT-BCAS compared to WT-sham (sham; 255.7±7.0 vs BCAS; 209.4±5.4), but there was no significant change in MasKO mice(sham; 256.5±2.5 vs BCAS; 233.2±16.4). We could not see significant difference in the number of DCX-positive cells and the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1in all mouse groups. Conclusion: Mas receptor deficiency seems to be beneficial in vascular dementia on condition that AT 2 receptor exists.

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is widely used for the assessment of myocardial ischemia. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides accurate visualization of coronary artery morphology. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between FFR and OCT-derived FFR. We retrospectively analyzed 31 lesions (25 left anterior descending arteries, 2 left circumflex arteries, and 4 right coronary arteries) in 31 patients with moderate-to-severe coronary stenosis, who underwent OCT and FFR measurements simultaneously. OCT-derived FFR was calculated by the original algorithm, which was calculated using the following equation based on fluid dynamics: ΔP = FV + SV 2 , where V is the flow velocity, F is the coefficient of pressure loss because of viscous friction (Poiseuille resistance), and S is the coefficient of local pressure loss because of abrupt enhancement (flow separation). Mean values of % diameter stenosis by quantitative coronary angiography and FFR were 55.2 ± 14.0% and 0.70 ± 0.14, respectively. OCT-derived FFR showed a stronger linear correlation with FFR measurements (r = 0.89, p