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Abstract The development of a continuous digestive tract, or through-gut, represents a key milestone in bilaterian evolution. However, the regulatory mechanisms in ancient bilaterians (urbilaterians) are not well understood. Our study, using larval sea urchins as a model, reveals a sophisticated system that prevents the simultaneous opening of the pylorus and anus, entry and exit points of the gut. This regulation is influenced by external light, with blue light affecting the pylorus via serotonergic neurons and both blue and longer wavelengths controlling the anus through cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. These findings provide new insights into the neural orchestration of sphincter control in a simplified through-gut, which includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. Here, we propose that the emergence of the earliest urbilaterian through-gut was accompanied by the evolution of neural systems regulating sphincters in response to light, shedding light on the functional regulation of primordial digestive systems.

We have previously shown that Golgi stacks and recycling endosomes (REs) exist as Golgi/RE units in sea urchin embryos. In this study, we showed that Golgi/RE units were scattered throughout the cytoplasm at early developmental stages but gathered to form a “Golgi ring” surrounding the centric REs at the blastula stage. This change in the cell-wide arrangement of Golgi/RE units coincided with a dramatic change in microtubule organization from a randomly oriented cortical pattern to radial arrays under the apical plasma membrane. A single gigantic Golgi apparatus surrounding centric RE is clearly associated with the center of the radial microtubule arrays. Furthermore, we found that in some animal species belonging to different clades, Golgi stacks lack lateral connections but are likely centralized by microtubule motors. These results suggest that Golgi centralization depends on the organization of the microtubule array in addition to the lateral linking between Golgi stacks. Key words: Golgi stack, recycling endosome, Golgi-ribbon, microtubule, cilium, sea urchin, ascidian

Abstract Intracellular delivery of biomolecules is a prerequisite for genetic techniques such as recombinant engineering and genome editing. Realizing the full potential of this technology requires the development of safe and effective methods for delivering protein tools into cells. In this study, we demonstrated the spontaneous internalization of exogenous proteins into intact cells and root tissue of whole plants of Arabidopsis thaliana. We termed this internalization phenomenon as protein Delivery Independent of Vehicles or Equipment (DIVE), which efficiently delivered genome engineering proteins including Cre recombinase and zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN) into plant cells. Using protein DIVE, we achieved less toxic protein delivery than electroporation with up to 94% efficiency in Arabidopsis cell culture and 19% genome modification in Arabidopsis plants that was maintained in regenerated tissue. This work illustrates the potential of protein DIVE for a wide range of applications, including genome engineering in plants.

How the fate (folding versus degradation) of glycoproteins is determined in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intriguing question. Monoglucosylated glycoproteins are recognized by lectin chaperones to facilitate their folding, whereas glycoproteins exposing well-trimmed mannoses are subjected to glycoprotein ER-associated degradation (gpERAD); we have elucidated how mannoses are sequentially trimmed by EDEM family members (George et al., 2020; 2021 eLife). Although reglucosylation by UGGT was previously reported to have no effect on substrate degradation, here we directly tested this notion using cells with genetically disrupted UGGT1/2. Strikingly, the results showed that UGGT1 delayed the degradation of misfolded substrates and unstable glycoproteins including ATF6α. An experiment with a point mutant of UGGT1 indicated that the glucosylation activity of UGGT1 was required for the inhibition of early glycoprotein degradation. These and overexpression-based competition experiments suggested that the fate of glycoproteins is determined by a tug-of-war between structure formation by UGGT1 and degradation by EDEMs. We further demonstrated the physiological importance of UGGT1, since ATF6α cannot function properly without UGGT1. Thus, our work strongly suggests that UGGT1 is a central factor in ER protein quality control via the regulation of both glycoprotein folding and degradation.

Introduction: Terminal sterilization is important for the clinical applicability of decellularized xenografts. High hydrostatic pressurization (HHP) process is a potential strategy for decellularization and decontamination of xenografts; however, its disinfection efficiency remains poorly elucidated. This study investigated the disinfection efficacy of the HHP process at physiologically relevant 36 °C against difficult-to-kill spore-forming bacteria. Methods: Bacillus atrophaeus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus were suspended in a pressurization medium with or without antibiotic agents and pressurized under two different HHP procedures: repeated and sustained pressurization. Results: The sustained pressurizing conditions, exploited for the conventional tissue decellularization, did not effectively eliminate the bacteria; however, repeated pressurization greatly increased the disinfection effect. Moreover, the antibiotic-containing pressurization medium further increased the disinfection efficiency to the level required for sterilization. Conclusions: The optimized high hydrostatic pressurization can be used to sterilize biological tissues during the decellularization process and is a promising strategy for manufacturing tissue-derived healthcare products.

The synthesis of protected precursors of cyclic β-1,6-oligoglucosamines from thioglycosides as monomers is performed by electrochemical polyglycosylation. The monomer with a 2,3-oxazolidinone protecting group afforded the cyclic disaccharide exclusively. Cyclic oligosaccharides up to the trisaccharide were obtained using the monomer with a 2-azido-2-deoxy group.

Abstract Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) is an important precursor for intracellular choline supply in phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism. GDE5/Gpcpd1 hydrolyzes GPC into choline and glycerol 3-phosphate; this study aimed to elucidate its physiological function in vivo. Heterozygous whole-body GDE5-deficient mice reveal a significant GPC accumulation across tissues, while homozygous whole-body knockout results in embryonic lethality. Skeletal muscle-specific GDE5 deletion (Gde5 skKO) exhibits reduced passive force and improved fatigue resistance in electrically stimulated gastrocnemius muscles in vivo. GDE5 deficiency also results in higher glycolytic metabolites and glycogen levels, and glycerophospholipids alteration, including reduced levels of phospholipids that bind polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as DHA. Interestingly, this PC fatty acid compositional change is similar to that observed in skeletal muscles of denervated and Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse models. These are accompanied by decrease of GDE5 expression, suggesting a regulatory role of GDE5 activity for glycerophospholipid profiles. Furthermore, a DHA-rich diet enhances contractile force and lowers fatigue resistance, suggesting a functional relationship between PC fatty acid composition and muscle function. Finally, skinned fiber experiments show that GDE5 loss increases the probability of the ryanodine receptor opening and lowers the maximum Ca2+-activated force. Collectively, GDE5 activity plays roles in PC and glucose/glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle.

Fibrocartilaginous entheses consist of tendons, unmineralized and mineralized fibrocartilage, and subchondral bone, each exhibiting varying stiffness. Here we examined the functional role of sclerostin, expressed in mature mineralized fibrochondrocytes. Following rapid mineralization of unmineralized fibrocartilage and concurrent replacement of epiphyseal hyaline cartilage by bone, unmineralized fibrocartilage reexpanded after a decline in alkaline phosphatase activity at the mineralization front. Sclerostin was co-expressed with osteocalcin at the base of mineralized fibrocartilage adjacent to subchondral bone. In Scx-deficient mice with less mechanical loading due to defects of the Achilles tendon, sclerostin+ fibrochondrocyte count significantly decreased in the defective enthesis where chondrocyte maturation was markedly impaired in both fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. Loss of the Sost gene, encoding sclerostin, elevated mineral density in mineralized zones of fibrocartilaginous entheses. Atomic force microscopy analysis revealed increased fibrocartilage stiffness. These lines of evidence suggest that sclerostin in mature mineralized fibrochondrocytes acts as a modulator for mechanical tissue integrity of fibrocartilaginous entheses.

Finding reliable photocatalysts capable of driving reactions using only sunlight is more needed than ever. A variety of strategies to harvest sunlight and convert it into chemical energy have been successfully utilized such as synthesizing nanostructures, using metal nanoparticles, doping, and others. In this work, we discover a facile way to anchor CuS nanoplatelets on 2D MoS2 by the solvothermal method using ethylene glycol (EG) as both a reduction agent and an exfoliating agent of bulk MoS2. Using CuS as a co-catalysis on MoS2 with their huge surface areas, led to improved photocatalytic activity for three different applications including H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, and endosulfan degradation. Specifically, Cu–S@MoS2 3% nanocomposite produced 9.86 μmol g−1 h−1 of H2, 0.48 μmol g−1 h−1 of CO and full decomposition of endosulfan within 6 h. The Cu-loaded MoS2 nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized by spectroscopic (including synchrotron-based spectroscopy) and microscopic methods to understand the formation of Cu–S during the solvothermal process. Moreover, the role of the EG during the synthetic procedure was revealed experimentally and studied theoretically via DFT simulations.

Abstract Genome Editing is widely used in biomedical research and medicine. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) are smaller in size than transcription activator‐like effector (TALE) nucleases (TALENs) and CRISPR‐Cas9. Therefore, ZFN‐encoding DNAs can be easily packaged into a viral vector with limited cargo space, such as adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vectors, for in vivo and clinical applications. ZFNs have great potential for translational research and clinical use. However, constructing functional ZFNs and improving their genome editing efficiency is extremely difficult. Here, the efficient construction of functional ZFNs and the improvement of their genome editing efficiency using AlphaFold, Coot, and Rosetta are described. Plasmids encoding ZFNs consisting of six fingers using publicly available zinc‐finger resources are assembled. Two functional ZFNs from the ten ZFNs tested are successfully obtained. Furthermore, the engineering of ZFNs using AlphaFold, Coot, or Rosetta increases the efficiency of genome editing by 5%, demonstrating the effectiveness of engineering ZFNs based on structural modeling.

Abstract Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species.

The automotive industry is rapidly advancing toward the electrification of vehicles. Battery electric vehicles present unique challenges in heat and noise control due to the absence of an internal combustion engine. These challenges arise from the stringent operating temperature requirements of batteries and the distinct characteristics of their power sources, such as differences in rpm and mounting positions compared to traditional engines. To address these issues, porous sound-absorbing materials and porous insulation materials are commonly employed. Conversely, there is an increasing demand for materials that are both lightweight and compact yet capable of providing excellent sound absorption and thermal insulation. Although porous sound absorbers and insulators are similar, they differ in the microstructure required to achieve high performance, specifically in the size and connectivity of their fluid phases. This increases the challenge of integrating superior sound absorption and insulation properties within the same material. In this study, computational microstructure modeling was employed to develop a non-woven fabric composed of flattened ellipsoidal particles with nanoporosity. This innovative material demonstrates exceptional thermal insulation and sound absorption characteristics attributable to its nanoporosity and high tortuosity.

Amplification of MYCN is observed in high-risk neuroblastomas (NBs) and is associated with a poor prognosis. MYCN expression is directly regulated by multiple transcription factors, including OCT4, MYCN, CTCF, and p53 in NB. Our previous study showed that inhibition of p53 binding at the MYCN locus induces NB cell death. However, it remains unclear whether inhibition of alternative transcription factor induces NB cell death. In this study, we revealed that the inhibition of OCT4 binding at the MYCN locus, a critical site for the human-specific OCT4–MYCN positive feedback loop, induces caspase-2-mediated cell death in MYCN-amplified NB. We used the CRISPR/deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) technology to specifically inhibit transcription factors from binding to the MYCN locus in the MYCN-amplified NB cell lines CHP134 and IMR32. In both cell lines, the inhibition of OCT4 binding at the MYCN locus reduced MYCN expression, thereby suppressing MYCN-target genes. After inhibition of OCT4 binding, differentially downregulated transcripts were associated with high-open reading frame (ORF) dominance score, which is associated with the translation efficiency of transcripts. These transcripts were enriched in splicing factors, including MYCN-target genes such as HNRNPA1 and PTBP1. Furthermore, transcripts with a high-ORF dominance score were significantly associated with genes whose high expression is associated with a poor prognosis in NB. Because the ORF dominance score correlates with the translation efficiency of transcripts, our findings suggest that MYCN maintains the expression of transcripts with high translation efficiency, contributing to a poor prognosis in NB. In conclusion, the inhibition of OCT4 binding at the MYCN locus resulted in reduced MYCN activity, which in turn led to the downregulation of high-ORF dominance transcripts and subsequently induced caspase-2-mediated cell death in MYCN-amplified NB cells. Therefore, disruption of the OCT4 binding at the MYCN locus may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy for MYCN-amplified NB.

Summary: Cell invasion is a multi-step process, initiated by the acquisition of a migratory phenotype and the ability to move through complex 3D extracellular environments. We determine the composition of cell-matrix adhesion complexes of invasive breast cancer cells in 3D matrices and identify an interaction complex required for invasive migration. βPix and myosin18A (Myo18A) drive polarized recruitment of non-muscle myosin 2A (NM2A) to adhesion complexes at the tips of protrusions. Actomyosin force engagement then displaces the Git1-βPix complex from paxillin, establishing a feedback loop for adhesion maturation. We observe active force transmission to the nucleus during invasive migration that is needed to pull the nucleus forward. The recruitment of NM2A to adhesions creates a non-muscle myosin isoform gradient, which extends from the protrusion to the nucleus. We postulate that this gradient facilitates coupling of cell-matrix interactions at the protrusive cell front with nuclear movement, enabling effective invasive migration and front-rear cell polarity.

Abstract Genome editing is a technology that can remarkably accelerate crop and animal breeding via artificial induction of desired traits with high accuracy. This study aimed to develop a chub mackerel variety with reduced aggression using an experimental system that enables efficient egg collection and genome editing. Sexual maturation and control of spawning season and time were technologically facilitated by controlling the photoperiod and water temperature of the rearing tank. In addition, appropriate low-temperature treatment conditions for delaying cleavage, shape of the glass capillary, and injection site were examined in detail in order to develop an efficient and robust microinjection system for the study. An arginine vasotocin receptor V1a2 (V1a2) knockout (KO) strain of chub mackerel was developed in order to reduce the frequency of cannibalistic behavior at the fry stage. Video data analysis using bioimage informatics quantified the frequency of aggressive behavior, indicating a significant 46% reduction (P = 0.0229) in the frequency of cannibalistic behavior than in wild type. Furthermore, in the V1a2 KO strain, the frequency of collisions with the wall and oxygen consumption also decreased. Overall, the manageable and calm phenotype reported here can potentially contribute to the development of a stable and sustainable marine product.

Abstract The sodium salt of glutamic acid, or monosodium glutamate (MSG), has two effects in foods: one is to induce a unique taste called umami, which is one of the five basic tastes, and the other is to make food palatable (i.e., flavor-enhancing or seasoning effects). However, the mechanism behind how MSG makes food more palatable remains poorly understood, although many food scientists seem to believe that the umami taste itself plays an important role. Here, we propose an alternative notion regarding this topic based on previous and recent studies. When added to complex food compositions, MSG facilitates the binding of existing kokumi substances to kokumi receptors. In turn, these bound kokumi substances enhance the intensity of umami, sweet, salty, and fatty tastes, resulting in increased palatability accompanied by kokumi flavor, such as thickness, mouthfulness, and continuity. The requisite for sufficient palatability and kokumi flavor is a good balance of umami and kokumi substances. This framework gives a scientifically useful background for providing newly developed foods, including cultured meat and plant-based meat substitutes, with good taste characteristics.

Using the newly developed STREAMING-tag system, the authors find that clusters of RNA polymerase II and BRD4 are formed specifically in the transcriptionally active state near the Nanog gene in mouse embryonic stem cells.

The automotive industry needs to improve energy efficiency rapidly to achieve carbon neutrality while creating a safe, secure, and comfortable driving environment for customers. Porous sound-absorbing materials and porous thermal insulators are typically used to satisfy these requirements despite limitations in mass and space. While these porous materials are similar, the microstructures they offer for high performance differ in the size and connectivity of their fluid phases, which enhances the difficulty of achieving excellent sound absorption and thermal insulation in the same material. In this study, a hydrophobic cellulose nanofiber–poly(methylsiloxane) xerogel composite was developed using computational microstructure modeling. This porous material has high porosity and excellent thermal insulation and sound absorption properties.

A straightforward electro-conversion of cumene into acetophenone has been reported using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. This particular conversion is driven by the addition reaction of a cathodically generated hydroperoxide anion to an anodically generated cumyl cation, where the BDD’s wide potential window enables the direct anodic oxidation of cumene into the cumyl cation. Since electricity is directly employed as the oxidizing and reducing reagents, the present protocol is easy to use, suitable for scale-up, and inherently safe.

Abstract Although lung involvement in aspiration pneumonia typically has a gravity-dependent distribution on chest images, which patient’s conditions contribute to its radiological pattern has not been fully elucidated. This study was designed to determine the factors associated with the gravity-dependent distribution of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) on chest computed tomography (CT). This retrospective study included elderly patients aged ≥ 65 years with CAP who underwent chest CT within 1 week before or after admission. The factors associated with lower lobe- and posterior-predominant distributions of ground glass opacity or airspace consolidation were determined. Of the 369 patients with CAP, 348 (94%) underwent chest CT. Multivariate analyses showed that impaired consciousness, a low Barthel index of activities of daily living, and high hemoglobin levels were associated with lower lobe-predominant distribution, while male sex and impaired consciousness were associated with posterior-predominant distribution. Cerebrovascular diseases were unrelated to these distributions. While male sex, impaired consciousness, high hemoglobin levels, low albumin levels, and the number of involved lobes were associated with in-hospital mortality, gravity-dependent distributions were not. Impaired consciousness might be the most significant predictor of aspiration pneumonia; however, the gravity-dependent distribution of this disease is unlikely to affect disease prognosis.

Abstract A frequency-multiplexed entangled photon pair and a high-dimensional hyperentangled photon pair are useful to realize a high-capacity quantum communication. A biphoton frequency comb (BFC) with entanglement can be used to prepare both states. We demonstrate polarization entangled BFCs with over 1400 frequency modes, which is approximately two orders of magnitude larger than those of earlier entangled BFCs, by placing a singly resonant periodically poled LiNbO3 waveguide resonator within a Sagnac loop. The BFCs are demonstrated by measuring the joint spectral intensity, cross-correlation, and autocorrelation. Moreover, the polarization entanglement at representative groups of frequency modes is verified by quantum state tomography, where each fidelity is over 0.7. The efficient generation of a massive-mode entangled BFC is expected to accelerate the increase of capacity in quantum communication.

Abstract Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are retroviral sequences present in the host genomes. Although most ERVs are inactivated, some are produced as replication-competent viruses from host cells. We previously reported that several live-attenuated vaccines for companion animals prepared using the Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cell line were contaminated with a replication-competent feline ERV termed RD-114 virus. We also found that the infectious RD-114 virus can be generated by recombination between multiple RD-114 virus-related proviruses (RDRSs) in CRFK cells. In this study, we knocked out RDRS env genes using the genome-editing tool TAL Effector Nuclease (TALEN) to reduce the risk of contamination by infectious ERVs in vaccine products. As a result, we succeeded in establishing RDRS knockout CRFK cells (RDKO_CRFK cells) that do not produce infectious RD-114 virus. The growth kinetics of feline herpesvirus type 1, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus in RDKO_CRFK cells differed from those in parental cells, but all of them showed high titers exceeding 107 TCID50/mL. Infectious RD-114 virus was undetectable in the viral stocks propagated in RDKO_CRFK cells. This study suggested that RDRS env gene-knockout CRFK cells will be useful as a cell line for the manufacture of live-attenuated vaccines or biological substances with no risk of contamination with infectious ERV.

Abstract Objectives Distally located small common bile duct stones are often difficult to treat or grasp endoscopically. Therefore, multiple devices, such as baskets or balloon catheters, are frequently used in such cases. However, it is desirable to use a single device for stone extraction from the perspective of cost‐effectiveness. In this multicenter study, we evaluated the efficacy of a new eight‐wire basket catheter for extracting small (≤10 mm) common bile duct stones. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the records of 144 patients who underwent stone extraction using the eight‐wire basket catheter for common bile duct stones ≤10 mm. The success rate of complete stone extraction and the risk factors for the difficulty in stone extraction with the eight‐wire catheter alone were mainly evaluated. Results The success rate of stone extraction with the eight‐wire catheter alone was 86.1%. The final rate of complete stone extraction was 98.0%. The mean of the maximum diameter of the common bile duct and the largest stone dimension were 10.5 ± 3.5, and 5.1 ± 2.1 mm, respectively. Common bile duct diameter ≥12 mm and stone diameter ≥6 mm were identified as independent risk factors for the difficulty in stone extraction with the eight‐wire catheter alone. Conclusions The success rate of the new eight‐wire basket for small common bile duct stone extraction was acceptable. The device is beneficial and could be used from the start for the extraction of small stones

Background:. Cells of interest can be prepared from somatic cells by forced expression of lineage-specific transcription factors, but it is required to establish a vector-free system for their clinical use. Here, we report a protein-based artificial transcription system for engineering hepatocyte-like cells from human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods:. MSCs were treated for 5 days with 4 artificial transcription factors (4F), which targeted hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1α, HNF3γ, HNF4α, and GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4). Then, engineered MSCs (4F-Heps) were subjected to epigenetic analysis, biochemical analysis and flow cytometry analysis with antibodies to marker proteins of mature hepatocytes and hepatic progenitors such as delta-like homolog 1 (DLK1) and trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP2). Functional properties of the cells were also examined by injecting them to mice with lethal hepatic failure. Results:. Epigenetic analysis revealed that a 5-day treatment of 4F upregulated the expression of genes involved in hepatic differentiation, and repressed genes related to pluripotency of MSCs. Flow cytometry analysis detected that 4F-Heps were composed of small numbers of mature hepatocytes (at most 1%), bile duct cells (~19%) and hepatic progenitors (~50%). Interestingly, ~20% of 4F-Heps were positive for cytochrome P450 3A4, 80% of which were DLK1-positive. Injection of 4F-Heps significantly increased survival of mice with lethal hepatic failure, and transplanted 4F-Heps expanded to more than 50-fold of human albumin-positive cells in the mouse livers, well consistent with the observation that 4F-Heps contained DLK1-positive and/or TROP2-positive cells. Conclusion:. Taken together with observations that 4F-Heps were not tumorigenic in immunocompromised mice for at least 2 years, we propose that this artificial transcription system is a versatile tool for cell therapy for hepatic failures.

IntroductionDravet syndrome (DS) is an infantile-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy characterized by an age-dependent evolution of drug-resistant seizures and poor developmental outcomes. Functional impairment of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons due to loss-of-function mutation of SCN1A is currently considered the main pathogenesis. In this study, to better understand the age-dependent changes in the pathogenesis of DS, we characterized the activity of different brain regions in Scn1a knockout rats at each developmental stage.MethodsWe established an Scn1a knockout rat model and examined brain activity from postnatal day (P) 15 to 38 using a manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging technique (MEMRI).ResultsScn1a heterozygous knockout (Scn1a+/−) rats showed a reduced expression of voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit 1 protein in the brain and heat-induced seizures. Neural activity was significantly higher in widespread brain regions of Scn1a+/− rats than in wild-type rats from P19 to P22, but this difference did not persist thereafter. Bumetanide, a Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter 1 inhibitor, mitigated hyperactivity to the wild-type level, although no change was observed in the fourth postnatal week. Bumetanide also increased heat-induced seizure thresholds of Scn1a+/− rats at P21.ConclusionsIn Scn1a+/− rats, neural activity in widespread brain regions increased during the third postnatal week, corresponding to approximately 6 months of age in humans, when seizures most commonly develop in DS. In addition to impairment of GABAergic interneurons, the effects of bumetanide suggest a possible contribution of immature type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor signaling to transient hyperactivity and seizure susceptibility during the early stage of DS. This hypothesis should be addressed in the future. MEMRI is a potential technique for visualizing changes in basal brain activity in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.

Primary cilium is a non-motile, antenna-like structure that develops in the quiescent G0 phase-cell surface. It is composed of an array of axonemal microtubules polymerized from the centrosome/basal body. The plasma membrane surrounding the primary cilium, which is called the ciliary membrane, contains a variety of receptors and ion channels, through which the cell receives extracellular chemical and physical stimuli to initiate signal transduction. In general, primary cilia disappear when cells receive the proliferative signals to re-enter the cell cycle. Primary cilia thus cannot be identified in many malignant and proliferative tumors. In contrast, some cancers, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and other malignancies, retain their primary cilia. Importantly, it has been reported that the primary cilia-mediated oncogenic signals of Hedgehog, Wnt, and Aurora kinase A are involved in the tumorigenesis and tumor progression of basal cell carcinoma and some types of medulloblastoma. It has also been demonstrated that cholesterol is significantly more enriched in the ciliary membrane than in the rest of the plasma membrane to ensure Sonic hedgehog signaling. A series of epidemiological studies on statin drugs (cholesterol-lowering medication) demonstrated that they prevent recurrence in a wide range of cancers. Taken together, ciliary cholesterol could be a potential therapeutic target in primary cilia-dependent progressive cancers.

Abstract Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) and mouse artificial chromosomes (MACs) are non-integrating chromosomal gene delivery vectors for molecular biology research. Recently, microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) of HACs/MACs has been achieved in various human cells that include human immortalised mesenchymal stem cells (hiMSCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, the conventional strategy of gene introduction with HACs/MACs requires laborious and time-consuming stepwise isolation of clones for gene loading into HACs/MACs in donor cell lines (CHO and A9) and then transferring the HAC/MAC into cells via MMCT. To overcome these limitations and accelerate chromosome vector-based functional assays in human cells, we established various human cell lines (HEK293, HT1080, hiMSCs, and hiPSCs) with HACs/MACs that harbour a gene-loading site via MMCT. Model genes, such as tdTomato, TagBFP2, and ELuc, were introduced into these preprepared HAC/MAC-introduced cell lines via the Cre-loxP system or simultaneous insertion of multiple gene-loading vectors. The model genes on the HACs/MACs were stably expressed and the HACs/MACs were stably maintained in the cell lines. Thus, our strategy using this HAC/MAC-containing cell line panel has dramatically simplified and accelerated gene introduction via HACs/MACs.

Abstract Algal lipids are expected to become a basis for sustainable fuels because of the highly efficient lipid production by photosynthesis accompanied by carbon dioxide assimilation. Molecular breeding of microalgae has been studied to improve algal lipid production, but the resultant gene-modified algae containing transgenes are rarely used for outdoor culture because the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is strictly restricted under biocontainment regulations. Recently, it was reported that plasmids containing yeast centromere and autonomous replication sequence (CEN/ARS) behaved as episomes in Nannochloropsis species. We previously reported that the Platinum TALEN (PtTALEN) system exhibited high activity in Nannochloropsis oceanica. Therefore, we attempted to develop a genome editing system in which the expression vectors for PtTALEN can be removed from host cells after introduction of mutations. Using all-in-one PtTALEN plasmids containing CEN/ARS, targeted mutations and removal of all-in-one vectors were observed in N. oceanica, suggesting that our all-in-one PtTALEN vectors enable the construction of mutated N. oceanica without any transgenes. This system will be a feasible method for constructing non-GMO high-performance algae.

Just one amino acid at the carboxy-terminus of the B chain distinguishes human insulin from porcine insulin. By introducing a precise point mutation into the porcine insulin (INS) gene, we were able to generate genetically modified pigs that secreted human insulin; these pigs may be suitable donors for islet xenotransplantation. The electroporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system into zygotes is frequently used to establish genetically modified rodents, as it requires less time and no micromanipulation. However, electroporation has not been used to generate point-mutated pigs yet. In the present study, we introduced a point mutation into porcine zygotes via electroporation using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate INS point-mutated pigs as suitable islet donors. We first optimized the efficiency of introducing point mutations by evaluating the effect of Scr7 and the homology arm length of ssODN on improving homology-directed repair-mediated gene modification. Subsequently, we prepared electroporated zygotes under optimized conditions and transferred them to recipient gilts. Two recipients became pregnant and delivered five piglets. Three of the five piglets carried only the biallelic frame-shift mutation in the INS gene, whereas the other two successfully carried the desired point mutation. One of the two pigs mated with a WT boar, and this desired point mutation was successfully inherited in the next F1 generation. In conclusion, we successfully established genetically engineered pigs with the desired point mutation via electroporation-mediated introduction of the CRISPR/Cas9 system into zygotes, thereby avoiding the time-consuming and complicated micromanipulation method.

Although oxidation of benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds is an important process for synthesizing biologically active compounds, the reactions generically require hazardous reagents, catalysts, and harsh conditions. Since electro-organic synthesis utilizes electricity itself as a reagent, reactions can proceed well even under ambient conditions. Herein, we report a selective oxidation of cumene in an electrochemical flow reactor. Cumyl alcohol was selectively obtained under optimum amount of charge and current density. The selective oxidation of cumene to cumyl alcohol was achieved because overoxidation of cumyl alcohol into acetophenone was suppressed by the electrochemical flow reactor.

Previous studies have established the utility of facial expressions as an objective assessment approach for determining the hedonics (overall pleasure) of food and beverages. This study endeavors to validate the conclusions drawn from preceding research, illustrating that facial expressions prompted by tastants possess the capacity to forecast the perceived hedonic ratings of these tastants. Facial expressions of 29 female participants, aged 18–55 years, were captured using a digital camera during their consumption of diverse concentrations of solutions representative of five basic tastes. Employing the widely employed facial expression analysis application FaceReader, the facial expressions were meticulously assessed, identifying seven emotions (surprise, happiness, scare, neutral, disgust, sadness, and anger) characterized by scores ranging from 0 to 1—a numerical manifestation of emotional intensity. Simultaneously, participants rated the hedonics of each solution, utilizing a scale spanning from −5 (extremely unpleasant) to +5 (extremely pleasant). Employing a multiple linear regression analysis, a predictive model for perceived hedonic ratings was devised. The model’s efficacy was scrutinized by assessing emotion scores from 11 additional taste solutions, sampled from 20 other participants. The anticipated hedonic ratings demonstrated robust alignment and agreement with the observed ratings, underpinning the validity of earlier findings even when incorporating diverse software and taste stimuli across a varied participant base. We discuss some limitations and practical implications of our technique in predicting food and beverage hedonics using facial expressions.

Abstract Background Understanding what animals do in time and space is important for a range of ecological questions, however accurate estimates of how animals use space is challenging. Within the use of animal-attached tags, radio telemetry (including the Global Positioning System, ‘GPS’) is typically used to verify an animal’s location periodically. Straight lines are typically drawn between these ‘Verified Positions’ (‘VPs’) so the interpolation of space-use is limited by the temporal and spatial resolution of the system’s measurement. As such, parameters such as route-taken and distance travelled can be poorly represented when using VP systems alone. Dead-reckoning has been suggested as a technique to improve the accuracy and resolution of reconstructed movement paths, whilst maximising battery life of VP systems. This typically involves deriving travel vectors from motion sensor systems and periodically correcting path dimensions for drift with simultaneously deployed VP systems. How often paths should be corrected for drift, however, has remained unclear. Methods and results Here, we review the utility of dead-reckoning across four contrasting model species using different forms of locomotion (the African lion Panthera leo, the red-tailed tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda, the Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus, and the imperial cormorant Leucocarbo atriceps). Simulations were performed to examine the extent of dead-reckoning error, relative to VPs, as a function of Verified Position correction (VP correction) rate and the effect of this on estimates of distance moved. Dead-reckoning error was greatest for animals travelling within air and water. We demonstrate how sources of measurement error can arise within VP-corrected dead-reckoned tracks and propose advancements to this procedure to maximise dead-reckoning accuracy. Conclusions We review the utility of VP-corrected dead-reckoning according to movement type and consider a range of ecological questions that would benefit from dead-reckoning, primarily concerning animal–barrier interactions and foraging strategies.

Abstract Genetic information is protected against a variety of genotoxins including ionizing radiation (IR) through the DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair machinery. Genome-wide association studies and clinical sequencing of cancer patients have suggested that a number of variants in the DNA DSB repair genes might underlie individual differences in chromosomal radiosensitivity within human populations. However, the number of established variants that directly affect radiosensitivity is still limited. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing of 29 Japanese ovarian cancer patients and detected the NBS1 I171V variant, which is estimated to exist at a rate of approximately 0.15% in healthy human populations, in one patient. To clarify whether this variant indeed contributes to chromosomal radiosensitivity, we generated NBS1 I171V variant homozygous knock-in HCT116 cells and mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Radiation-induced micronucleus formation and chromosomal aberration frequency were significantly increased in both HCT116 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with knock-in of the NBS1 I171V variant compared with the levels in wild-type cells. These results suggested that the NBS1 I171V variant might be a genetic factor underlying individual differences in chromosomal radiosensitivity.

This study describes a method for probabilistically predicting the acoustic properties of porous sound-absorbing materials. Porous materials consist of complex microstructures, and homogenization methods can predict their dynamic properties. However, it is difficult to consider the randomness of the microstructure as in actual porous materials. This randomness affects the acoustic characteristics of the sound-absorbing material. Therefore, we propose a method to consider randomness in the homogenization unit cell and calculate the probability distribution of the sound absorption characteristics. The balance of computational cost with prediction accuracy is essential in predicting stochastic behavior in the multiscale simulation. Thus, we propose a Bayesian approach to achieve both computational cost and prediction accuracy. Random variables are assumed to be the microstructure shape parameters. The product of these probability density functions and the sound absorption coefficient is integrated to calculate the probability distribution of the sound absorption coefficient. The function of the sound absorption coefficient is approximated to calculate this integral by Gaussian process regression. This integral value follows a gauss distribution, and its variance is evaluated as the correctness of the approximation of the integral value. We define this variance as an acquisition function and adaptively obtain additional sampling points where it is minimized. Then, the sound absorption coefficient is recalculated with multiscale simulation at additional points to update the approximate model. Repeating these processes allows the probability distribution to be approximated with reasonable accuracy.

Abstract Background Fine-scale data on animal position are increasingly enabling us to understand the details of animal movement ecology and dead-reckoning, a technique integrating motion sensor-derived information on heading and speed, can be used to reconstruct fine-scale movement paths at sub-second resolution, irrespective of the environment. On its own however, the dead-reckoning process is prone to cumulative errors, so that position estimates quickly become uncoupled from true location. Periodic ground-truthing with aligned location data (e.g., from global positioning technology) can correct for this drift between Verified Positions (VPs). We present step-by-step instructions for implementing Verified Position Correction (VPC) dead-reckoning in R using the tilt-compensated compass method, accompanied by the mathematical protocols underlying the code and improvements and extensions of this technique to reduce the trade-off between VPC rate and dead-reckoning accuracy. These protocols are all built into a user-friendly, fully annotated VPC dead-reckoning R function; Gundog.Tracks, with multi-functionality to reconstruct animal movement paths across terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial systems, provided within the Additional file 4 as well as online (GitHub). Results The Gundog.Tracks function is demonstrated on three contrasting model species (the African lion Panthera leo, the Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus, and the Imperial cormorant Leucocarbo atriceps) moving on land, in water and in air. We show the effect of uncorrected errors in speed estimations, heading inaccuracies and infrequent VPC rate and demonstrate how these issues can be addressed. Conclusions The function provided will allow anyone familiar with R to dead-reckon animal tracks readily and accurately, as the key complex issues are dealt with by Gundog.Tracks. This will help the community to consider and implement a valuable, but often overlooked method of reconstructing high-resolution animal movement paths across diverse species and systems without requiring a bespoke application.

A left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis due to extrinsic compression by mediastinal tumor is a rare finding. In this case reports, we present a 63-year-old woman, who was transferred to the emergency department with chief complains of persistent chest and back pain. An electrocardiogram revealed diffuse ST-segment depression (elevation in lead aVR). Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a huge cystic mass above the left atrium. After the CT examination, she was temporarily in shock. Compression of the LMCA was evident on the CT angiography and a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction due to compression of the LMCA by a tumor was made. An emergent resection of the tumor was performed. Histopathological assessment of the resected cyst revealed that it was a schwannoma. She made an uneventful postoperative recovery. A follow-up 3-dimensional CT scan performed after the operation confirmed no evidence of LMCA compression.

Abstract Sarcopenia is an adverse prognostic factor for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. A case of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma whose diagnosis, severity, and therapeutic effect of sarcopenia were difficult to determine owing to lymphoma cell infiltration into the psoas major and femoral bone marrow is reported. At presentation, the cross‐sectional area of left psoas major at L3 was enlarged owing to lymphoma cell infiltration; thus, sarcopenia evaluation was impossible by L3 skeletal muscle index. The patient was bedridden; thus, sarcopenia evaluation was impossible by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus diagnostic criteria at presentation. At the terminal stage, she could not walk due to bilateral anterior thigh pain caused by lymphoma infiltration into femoral marrow; thus, sarcopenia evaluation was impossible by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus diagnostic criteria. Although the L3 skeletal muscle index and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus diagnostic criteria are representative sarcopenia evaluation systems, they cannot be used to evaluate sarcopenia in some diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients.

Abstract Erector spinae muscle (ESM) size has been reported as a predictor of prognosis in patients with some respiratory diseases. This study aimed to assess the association of ESM size on all-cause in-hospital mortality among elderly patients with pneumonia. We retrospectively included patients (age: ≥ 65 years) admitted to hospital from January 2015 to December 2017 for community-acquired pneumonia who underwent chest computed tomography (CT) on admission. The cross-sectional area of the ESM (ESMcsa) was measured on a single-slice CT image at the end of the 12th thoracic vertebra and adjusted by body surface area (BSA). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the influence of ESMcsa/BSA on in-hospital mortality. Among 736 patients who were admitted for pneumonia, 702 patients (95%) underwent chest CT. Of those, 689 patients (98%) for whom height and weight were measured to calculate BSA were included in this study. Patients in the non-survivor group were significantly older, had a greater frequency of respiratory failure, loss of consciousness, lower body mass index, hemoglobin, albumin, and ESMcsa/BSA. Multivariate analysis showed that a lower ESMcsa/BSA independently predicted in-hospital mortality after adjusting for these variables. In elderly patients with pneumonia, quantification of ESMcsa/BSA may be associated with in-hospital mortality.

Diesel or gasoline particulate filters are included in almost all vehicles to clean emission gas from internal combustion engines. On the other hand, a new regulation for vehicle noise emission has been into operation, and noise from exhaust system must be reduced. Although mufflers with expansion chambers and sound-absorbing material are mainly applied to reduce noise emission, diesel or gasoline particulate filter can reduce noise transmitted through the filter. In this study, sound transmission loss of diesel or gasoline particulate filter is measured and some amount of sound transmission loss is found to be obtained. Then, we propose a method to predict sound transmission loss of diesel and gasoline particulate filters from a microstructure model of ceramic porous material that is applied for filters. Homogenization method for sound-absorbing poroelastic material based on the asymptotic expansion approach is applied in this study. This method was proposed by one of the authors of this study. Microscopic structure images are obtained by scanning electron microscope, and the size of pores are identified by image analysis. Homogenized properties, such as equivalent density and bulk modulus are calculated by performing microscopic analysis with unit cell finite element model. Finally, sound transmission loss is obtained by macroscopic calculation with homogenized properties. Numerical sound transmission loss agrees well with sound transmission loss measured by acoustic tube and simplified exhaust system.

AimsThere is a scarcity of studies comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using new-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease.Methods and resultsThe CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG registry Cohort-3 enrolled 14927 consecutive patients who underwent first coronary revascularization with PCI or isolated CABG between January 2011 and December 2013. The current study population consisted of 2464 patients who underwent multi-vessel coronary revascularization including revascularization of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) either with PCI using new-generation DES (N = 1565), or with CABG (N = 899). Patients in the PCI group were older and more often had severe frailty, but had less complex coronary anatomy, and less complete revascularization than those in the CABG group. Cumulative 5-year incidence of a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction or stroke was not significantly different between the 2 groups (25.0% versus 21.5%, P = 0.15). However, after adjusting confounders, the excess risk of PCI relative to CABG turned to be significant for the composite endpoint (HR 1.27, 95%CI 1.04-1.55, P = 0.02). PCI as compared with CABG was associated with comparable adjusted risk for all-cause death (HR 1.22, 95%CI 0.96-1.55, P = 0.11), and stroke (HR 1.17, 95%CI 0.79-1.73, P = 0.44), but with excess adjusted risk for myocardial infarction (HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.05-2.39, P = 0.03), and any coronary revascularization (HR 2.66, 95%CI 2.06-3.43, PConclusionsIn this observational study, PCI with new-generation DES as compared with CABG was associated with excess long-term risk for major cardiovascular events in patients who underwent multi-vessel coronary revascularization including LAD.

ABSTRACT: Background: Sublingual allergy immunotherapy tablets (SLIT-tablets) provide a well-tolerated and clinically efficacious treatment for allergic disease such as allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. In SLIT, uptake of allergen by immune-competent cells in the oral mucosa activates the immune system and leads to tolerance toward the sensitizing allergen. The ability to deliver the full allergen content into solution within the recommended sublingual holding time is therefore an essential quality of SLIT-tablets that must be supported by the tablet formulation for all relevant allergen sources. SLIT-tablets based on a fast-dissolving orodispersible freeze-dried formulation (Zydis) are currently available for 5 of the most prevalent allergens: tree (birch and related species from the birch-homologous group), grass, ragweed, Japanese cedar, and house dust mite. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the allergen release properties of three freeze-dried SLIT-tablets containing tree, ragweed, and Japanese cedar extracts, respectively. The correlation between SLIT-tablet allergen release and the level of allergen-specific T-cell activation was examined for the tree SLIT-tablet. Methods: Allergen release kinetics and tablet disintegration times for the 3 freeze-dried SLIT-tablets were examined. For all 3 tablets, the magnitude of solubilized major allergen relative to time in solution was compared to external controls to achieve a measure of the total allergen release. Additional assessments of allergen release occurring after the initial timepoint (15 or 30 seconds in solution) were done independently of external controls by linear regression analyses. For the tree SLIT-tablet, the immunological potency of the released major allergen was assessed at each experimental timepoint by a Bet v-specific T-cell activation assay. Results: All 3 SLIT-tablets disintegrated within 1 second after contact with assay buffer without any detectible residue. Complete release of major allergens (Bet v 1, Amb a 1, and Cry j 1, respectively) was seen at the earliest experimental time points (15 or 30 seconds). For the tree SLIT-tablet, full T-cell activation was achieved at 30 seconds (earliest experimental time point). Conclusions: The freeze-dried SLIT-tablet formulation consistently provides rapid and complete release of allergen from a wide range of species in a standardized in vitro assay. Full release of the SLIT-tablet allergen content within the sublingual holding time is a prerequisite for maximal exposure of allergens to the sublingual mucosa immune system. The freeze-dried SLIT-tablet formulation examined here supports short sublingual holding times and furthermore offers a convenient administration form of allergy immunotherapy.

The relationship between the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in blood and a variety of diseases has been investigated. MiRNA-based liquid biopsy has attracted much attention, and cancer-specific miRNAs have been reported. However, the results of analyses of the expression of these miRNAs vary among studies. The reproduction of results regarding miRNA expression levels could be difficult if there are differences in the data acquisition process. Previous studies have shown that the anticoagulant type used during plasma preparation and sample storage conditions could contribute to differences in measured miRNA levels. Thus, the impact of these preanalytical conditions on comprehensive miRNA expression profiles was examined. First, the miRNA expression profiles of samples obtained from healthy volunteers were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Based on an analysis of the library concentration, human genome identification rate, ratio of unique sequences and expression profiles, the optimal preanalytical conditions for obtaining highly reproducible miRNA expression profiles were established. The optimal preanalytical conditions were as follows: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as the anticoagulant, whole-blood storage at room temperature within 6 hours, and plasma storage at 4°C or -20°C within 30 days. Next, plasma samples were collected from 60 cancer patients (3 facilities × 20 patients/facility), and miRNA expression profiles were analyzed. There were no significant differences in measurements except in the expression of erythrocyte-derived hsa-miR-451a. However, the variation in hsa-miR-451a levels was smaller among facilities than among individuals. This finding suggests that samples obtained from the same facility could show significantly different degrees of hemolysis across individuals. We found that the standardization of anticoagulant use and storage conditions contributed to reducing the variation in sample quality across facilities. The findings from this study could be useful in developing protocols for collecting samples from multiple facilities for cancer screening tests.

Small ball rebound hardness eNM3A10 is a next-generation rebound hardness test with features not existing in conventional rebound hardness tests: reduced mass effect of hardness and satisfying the similarity rule of hardness (Minimum thickness of steel specimen is around 5 mm). Regarding features other than these two, because this new test method will be used mainly to evaluate the hardness of metallic specimens, it would be necessary to clarify the relationship between the eNM3A10 hardness value (coefficient of restitution e) and the hardness values of the conventional hardness tests, such as Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell and Shore, by the type of tested material. To achieve that, we tested the hardness of standardized hardness blocks made of steel and copper alloy as well as aluminum alloy specimens by the eNM and conventional hardness test methods to compare their hardness values. The relationship of hardness values between eNM3A10 and the conventional scales was found to be fairly correlative.

Instrumented Indentation Testing (IIT) is widely used to test mechanical properties of various kind of materials. However, lack of a common data format of experimental data (curves) makes it difficult to exchange curves between testers and to analyse curves imported from other testers. The author has been developing and testing an independent analysis program named tangentGo for IIT users and faces difficulties in support of many testers, since columns, units and other information are quite different from testers to testers. With a common data format, IIT users can discuss calibration process that can significantly affect the output results.

Every year, billions of birds undertake extensive migrations between breeding and non-breeding areas, facing challenges that require behavioural adjustments, particularly to flight timing and duration. Such adjustments in daily activity patterns and the influence of extrinsic factors (e.g., environmental conditions, moonlight) have received much more research attention in terrestrial than marine migrants. Taking advantage of the widespread deployment in recent decades of combined light-level geolocator-immersion loggers, we investigated diel organisation and influence of the moon on flight activities during the non-breeding season of 21 migrant seabird species from a wide taxonomic range (6 families, 3 orders). Migrant seabirds regularly stopped (to either feed or rest) during migration, unlike some terrestrial and wetland birds which fly non-stop. We found an overall increase for most seabird species in time in flight and, for several species, also in flight bout duration, during migration compared to when resident at the non-breeding grounds. Additionally, several nocturnal species spent more of the day in flight during migration than at non-breeding areas, and vice versa for diurnal species. Nocturnal time in flight tended to increase during full moon, both during migration and at the non-breeding grounds, depending on species. Our study provides an extensive overview of activity patterns of migrant seabirds, paving the way for further research on the underlying mechanisms and drivers.

Quantitative evaluation of uncertainty in acoustic properties is an essential issue to improve product quality. The acoustic properties of porous materials, such as sound absorption coefficient, are affected by variations in microstructure and material properties during manufacturing. In particular, the microstructure uncertainty significantly affects the variation of the sound absorption coefficient, and a trial-and-error approach using prototypes is necessary for its evaluation. This study proposes a method to obtain the probability distribution of the sound absorption coefficient by combining the homogenization method with the probabilistic approach under the microstructure uncertainty. Defining the porosity and the homologous deformation of the unit structure as random variables, the probability distribution of the sound absorption coefficient was calculated using the homogenization method and the Monte Carlo simulation or perturbation method. The result by the perturbation agrees well with the Monte Carlo simulation result, and the uncertainty of the sound absorption coefficient can be evaluated with our proposed method. Using the method developed in this study, the effect of microstructure variation on the sound absorption properties of porous materials by simulation can be predicted. Our method can contribute to the development of new sound-absorbing materials.

The trans-Golgi network (TGN) and recycling endosome (RE) have been recognized as sorting centers, the former for newly synthesized and the latter for endocytosed proteins. However, recent findings have revealed that TGN also receives endocytosed materials and RE accepts newly synthesized proteins destined to the plasma membrane. Recently, we reported that in both Drosophila and microtubule-disrupted HeLa cells, REs are associated with the trans-side of Golgi stacks. REs are highly dynamic: their separation from and association with Golgi stacks are often observed. Importantly, a newly synthesized cargo, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored-GFP was found to be concentrated in Golgi-associated REs (GA-REs), while another cargo VSVG-GFP was excluded from GA-REs before post-Golgi trafficking to the plasma membrane. This suggested that the sorting of cargos takes place at the interface of Golgi stacks and GA-REs. In this study, we demonstrated that REs could associate with Golgi stacks in sea urchin embryos, further indicating that the association of REs with Golgi stacks is a well-conserved phenomenon in the animal kingdom.

Class 1 CRISPR systems are not as developed for genome editing as Class 2 systems are. Here the authors show that Cas3 can be used to generate functional knockouts and knock-ins, as well as Cas3-mediated exon-skipping in DMD cells.

Abstract Background Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) is rare mesenchymal neoplasm, recently specified as harboring JAZF1–SUZ12 rearrangement. Typical JAZF1–SUZ12 ESS is slow growing, in which high uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) on positron emission tomography (PET) and subserosal masses are quite unusual. Case presentation A 69-year-old Japanese woman complained of urinary incontinence. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed uterine lesions composed of (1) a 9 × 8 × 7-cm mass protruding from the right-anterior wall, (2) a 4.5-cm mass attached to the right-posterior wall, and (3) a 6.5-cm intramural mass in the fundus. FDG-PET demonstrated maximum standardized uptake value of 13.28 confined to the two subserosal masses (1 & 2) in contrast to no uptake of the intramural mass (3). She was diagnosed with a high-grade uterine sarcoma concomitant with leiomyomas and underwent total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. The removed uterus had three tumors—two in the right-anterior and right-posterior subserosa, respectively, and the remaining in the fundal myometrium. Microscopically, the three tumors shared morphologic features characterized by neoplastic cells similar to proliferative-phase endometrial stromal cells, in which neither round-cell component, pleomorphism, nor high mitotic activity was recognized. Nuclear cyclin D1 immunostaining was identified 50% of neoplastic cells in the two subserosal tumors (1 &2) whereas

Summary: Kidney formation is regulated by the balance between maintenance and differentiation of nephron progenitor cells (NPCs). Now that directed differentiation of NPCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be achieved, maintenance and propagation of NPCs in vitro should be beneficial for regenerative medicine. Although WNT and FGF signals were previously shown to be essential for NPC propagation, the requirement for BMP/TGFβ signaling remains controversial. Here we reveal that activin has superior effects to BMP7 on maintenance efficiency of human iPSC-derived NPCs. Activin expanded ITGA8+/PDGFRA−/SIX2-GFP+ NPCs by 5-fold per week at 80%–90% efficiency, and the propagated cells possessed robust capacity for nephron formation both in vitro and in vivo. The expanded cells also maintained their nephron-forming potential after freezing. Furthermore, the protocol was applicable to multiple non-GFP-tagged iPSC lines. Thus, our activin-based protocol will be applicable to a variety of research fields including disease modeling and drug screening. : Nishinakamura and colleagues reveal that activin can maintain human iPSC-derived nephron progenitors with higher efficiency than BMP7. The expanded progenitors possess robust capacity for kidney tissue formation both in vitro and in vivo. Keywords: iPSCs, nephron progenitor, SIX2, kidney, nephron, glomerulus, renal tubule