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The mobilities of the singly clustered ions of Li+ with constituent gases have been measured with a conventional drift tube over the E/N range 8–89 Td in N2, 10–25 Td in O2, 10–139 Td in CO, 50–348 Td in CO2, and 40–80 Td in CH4. Two methods were employed to determine the mobilities; one was a difference method and the other was based on the pressure dependence of apparent mobilities. It is found that the mobilities of each cluster ion species remain constant over most of the E/N range used and the zero-field values are 1.87±0.07 for Li+(N2)–N2 at 303 K, 1.89±0.11 for Li+(O2)–O2 at 303 K, 1.70±0.06 for Li+(CO)–CO at 303 K, 0.92±0.04 for Li+(CO2)–CO2 at 303 K, and 2.22±0.08 cm2/V s for Li+(CH4)–CH4 at 302 K, respectively. The zero-field mobilities of these polyatomic ions considerably deviate from the values of the Langevin polarization limit. They are predicted with moderate accuracy by assuming a hard sphere-r-4 potential which takes a repulsive core size into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport coefficients for Li+ ions in some moleculars gases have been measured over a wide range of E/N with a conventional drift tube at temperatures close to 300 K. The zero-field reduced mobilities are found to be 3.91±0.11, 4.44±0.12, 3.64±0.10, 2.46±0.07, and 3.44±0.10 cm2/V s in N2, O2, CO, CO2, and CH4 gas, respectively, and these values except in O2 gas significantly deviate from the Langevin limit. In N2, CO, and CO2 gas, the resulting mobility curves show clear minima at intermediate E/N, but the depressions in O2 and CH4 gas are slight. The drop of the zero-field values in N2, CO, and CO2 gas is explained in terms of an effective ion–quadrupole interaction which provides the r-6 attractive behavior. From the mobility calculations with using n-4–6(γ) potential, it is suggested that the depression of the mobility curve is developed by the addition of a sufficient r-6 term and is partly attributed to inelastic collisions as expected even at intermediate E/N. The experimental diffusion data are compared with the values derived from the generalized Einstein relation. For all systems, the agreement is quite good at intermediate E/N, but there are large discrepancies at other E/N. The sources of the deviation are considered to be clustering reactions and inelastic collisions at low and high field, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion mobility measurements were made for Li+ in Ne and in N2 and Na+ in SF6 using a variable-temperature drift tube. The measurements were made by two different methods: variable-E/N method at constant T and variable-T method at constant E/N, where E, N, and T are the electric field strength, the gas number density, and the gas temperature, respectively. Two datasets were compared at the same effective temperature Teff, as calculated from the Wannier equation. For Li+ in Ne, the two datasets are put on a single curve in the range 150 K

In a drift-tube study, four simple formulas, based on a dynamic equilibrium analysis of two gaseous ion swarms, are proposed to determine simultaneously the forward and reverse reaction frequencies together with two drift velocities. The formulas are put to the test for (N+4,N+2)/N2 system with two arrival time spectra (ATS) generated from the experimental data previously reported at E/N=150 Td (the ratio of electric field strength to gas number density: 1 Td=10-17 V cm2). The percent differences between the data and the determined values are estimated to be 0.8%, -1.4%, 6.8%, and 4.9%, for the drift velocities of N+4 and N+2 ions and the forward and reverse reaction frequencies, respectively. For the same system, two experimental ATS obtained at 180 Td by McKnight et al., being supposedly in near equilibrium, are directly examined by this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a drift-tube analysis, an asymptotic solution for the transport of inter-reacting multiple ion swarms approaching to dynamic equilibrium is proposed. The solution describes a set of similar Gaussian profiles with two common ‘‘equilibrium’’ transport coefficients. Although all the profiles apparently aggregate to the same location, there exists a slight peak difference between arbitrary two spectra. The difference holds even in the equilibrium. A generalized equilibrium constant is defined by the quotient of two reaction-frequency determinants. Those four kinetic constants are uniquely determined from the kinetic coefficients of all ion species without any influence of the initial conditions. The discrepancy between the thermal equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defatted soybean and soybean germ were fermented by Aspergillus sp. by a method based on traditional. Japanese fermentation technology. From this process we developed AglyMax, a product rich in isoflavone aglycones, and ImmuSoy, a fermentation culture made by a propriety kojic mold fermentation. Both products have an immunopotentiation activity in the intestinal tract. Their biological effect on bone marrow stem cells had not been elucidated and thus was examined in this study. Six-week-old male and female ICR/JCL mice purchased from Charles River Japan were used. For female mice, groups a and b were fed a normal diet and group c was fed a 1% ImmuSoy diet. For male mice, groups a and b were fed a normal diet; groups c and d were fed AglyMax at 30 mg/kg body weight and 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively; and group h was fed a 10% miso diet. After 3 wk all groups except group a were whole-body irradiated by 8 Gy of gamma-irradiation and isologous bone marrow nucleated cells (0.5 x 106 cells/0.5 mL) were injected intravenously into all experimental groups. One week later, the mice were killed, the macroscopic nodules on the surface of spleen were numerated under a microscope, and some nodules were studied histopathologically. Cells were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, iron staining was done with potassium ferrocyanide, and immuno-histochemical staining was done for monoclonal anti-CD34 and CD45 antibodies. For female mice, average spleen weight (relative to a 10-g body weight) was 53.0 mg in group a, 8.5 mg in group b, and 16.4 mg in group c, with significant differences between groups b and c. Similarly, average numbers of spleen colonies were 0 in group a, 1.6 in group b, and 18.6 in group c, with a significant increase in group c. For male mice, average spleen colony numbers were significantly increased in groups d and h compared with group b. Although prominent spleen colony foci were composed of lymphoblasts, none of the CD34 nor CD45 antibodies reacted to those colony foci. This evidence indicates that fermented soybean may contain factors that will potentiate bone marrow stem cell proliferation in spleen.

The main purpose of our study was to assess the effects of fermented soybean extraction (FSE) containing 30% isofiavone aglycones on the production of nitric oxide and on systolic blood pressure in SHR-SP rats. After the administration of FSE, significant decreases in systolic blood pressure were confirmed in the FSE group compared with the control group. Nitric oxide levels in urine and serum were also significantly higher in the FSE group than in the control group. Brain and ventricular weights were significantly lower in the FSE group than in the control group. Significantly higher levels of eNOS mRNA were also confirmed in the FSE group than in the control group. In conclusion, isoflavone aglycones could decrease systolic blood pressure significantly through an increase in the formation of nitric oxide, and the promotion effects of FSE on the formation of eNOS mRNA were confirmed in SHR-SP rats. If clinically applied without any detrimental effect, isoflavone aglycones are expected to contribute to preventive cardiology.

To investigate the relations between assimilations of photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) and newly absorbed nitrate, 13CO2 and 15NO3- were fed to five-week-old hydroponically grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Lead) plants, and the assimilation of 13C and 15N into biochemical fractions was followed at the whole plant level during six hours. After 75-min pulse feeding with 13CO2 and 90-min initial feeding with 15NO3- (designated as 0 h), the photosynthetically fixed 13C was largely found as the form of sugars in leaf blades and the newly absorbed 15N as nitrate in roots. During a further six hours of chase feeding with non-labeled CO2 and continuous 15NO3- supply, the amounts of 13C in sugars, organic acids, undefined C and amino acids gradually decreased in leaf blades while those in C compounds (except sugars and undefined C) increased in petioles and roots. 15N in the examined N compounds increased in all three organs. At 6 h, 13C in each organ was present as sugars (12–19%), undefined C (28–44%) or insoluble compounds (29–45%) and 15N as nitrate (15–24%) or undefined N (44–62%). During these six hours the assimilation of 15NO3- to reduced 15N seemed correlated with the utilization of 13C-labeled sugars in the three organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]