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Background: While 25% of adult women in the world are hypertensive, the percentage of women, who cannot achieve blood pressure control despite taking medication, is 55.9 ± 1.5%. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and control rate of hypertension and to detect the factors affecting this situation in women in the 15-49 age group. Material and Methods: 700 women in the 15-49 age group were selected and a questionnaire was applied. Height, weight, and blood pressure were measured and spot urines were collected on the same day. 24-hour sodium excretion and daily salt intake were calculated using the Kawasaki method. Results: While 14.3% of the women were hypertensive, only 19% of them were able to achieve blood pressure control. Fifty eight percent of the hypertensive women use more than 15 g / day of salt and the estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion of these women was 311.6 ± 39.5 mmol / l. Hypertensive women using less than 5 g / day of salt were 0.3%. Salty foods consumed by the hypertensive women were pickles (55.6%), cheese (92.6%), olives (88.8%), vine leaves (71.6%), sujuk and Turkish pastrami (47.6%), and tomato paste (100%). Conclusions: In our study, participants were consuming large amounts of salt and there was a positive correlation between salt intake and blood pressure. Therefore, all efforts for sodium restriction are very important in the management of hypertension.

Background High treatment burden is associated with poor adherence, wasted resources, poor quality of life and poor health outcomes. Identifying factors that impact treatment burden in Parkinson’s disease can offer insights into strategies to mitigate them. Objective To explore the experiences of treatment burden among people with Parkinson’s disease (PwP) and their caregivers. Methods A systematic review of studies published from year 2006 was conducted. Qualitative and mixed-method studies with a qualitative component that relate to usual care in Parkinson’s disease were included. Quantitative studies and grey literature were excluded. Data synthesis was conducted using framework synthesis. Results 1757 articles were screened, and 39 articles included. Understanding treatment burden in PwP and caregivers was not the primary aim in any of the included studies. The main issues of treatment burden in Parkinson’s disease are: 1) work and challenges of taking medication; 2) healthcare provider obstacles including lack of patient-centered care, poor patient-provider relationships, lack of care coordination, inflexible organizational structures, lack of access to services and issues in care home or hospital settings; and 3) learning about health and challenges with information provision. The treatment burden led to physical and mental exhaustion of self-care and limitations on the role and social activities of PwP and caregivers. Conclusion: There are potential strategies to improve the treatment burden in Parkinson’s disease at an individual level such as patient-centered approach to care, and at system level by improving access and care coordination between services. Future research is needed to determine the modifiable factors of treatment burden in Parkinson’s disease.

Background: Recognition of the importance of systolic blood pressure (SBP) level has been considered as one of the major public health challenges in the prevention and treatment of hypertension HTN. Studies indicate that most of the patients with HTN don’t control the SBP. The purpose of the study was to assess the patients’ knowledge, awareness and attitude towards HTN, especially related to SPB and their compliance with antihypertensive treatment. Material and methods: The quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study has been conducted and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale was used. Results: Most of patients have sufficient general knowledge about HTN. However, they know less about the specific factors associated with their disease, in particular: 77% of patients were unaware about their systolic blood pressure (SBP) at the time of HTN diagnosis and 75% — at the last visit to the doctor. The main reasons for the patient low compliance with treatment were low availability of medicines due to high costs (n = 44; 22%), daily chores that prevent from taking medication continuously at the proper time (n = 32; 16%), forgetfulness of taking medications (n = 24, 12%). Conclusions: Recognition of the importance of SBP level has been considered as one of the major challenges of public health and medicine in the prevention and treatment of HTN. The study emphasizes the necessity to maximize the effectiveness of HTN prevention and control programs to achieve optimal control of SBP.

Abstract. Successful treatment not only depends on adhering to taking medication and attending therapy but also on behavioral changes. In two experiments (total N = 256), we investigated the hypothesis that the perceived social role of a treatment as partner (co-producer of a health-benefits) or servant (sole provider of health benefits) could promote or prevent intentions to engage in health-related behaviors. Specifically, we used headache treatment as an everyday example and found that participants were more inclined to engage in headache-reducing behaviors when painkillers were described as partners as compared to servants. Implications of these findings for the importance of anthropomorphic social perception in the clinical application are discussed.

Compliance with taking medication is a problematic patients who get polypharmacy prescribing, this is because of the many drugs that must be consumed. As a result of the consumption of many drugs that cause sufferers of degenerative diseases are not compliant to take medication and health awareness decreases. This is not only experienced in elderly and geriatric patients but in adulthood also experience non-compliance with taking medication due to the many activities, lazy to take medication and also forget. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of age on adherence to taking oral antidiabetic drugs and oral antihypertensive drugs using the pill count method at the Regional Hospital of South Surabaya. The Pill Count method was chosen in this study with the aim of analyzing patient compliance in taking medication by calculating the remaining drug based on the rules of use and dosage when the patient returns to control. In addition, this study also aims to determine the effect of age on patient compliance in taking oral antidiabetic drugs and oral antihypertensive drugs. This research is descriptive observational with prospective data collection. Data analysis used descriptive and continued with statistical analysis using Chi-Square. The results of this study that adherence to take medication for elderly patients who received oral antidiabetic drug therapy obtained as much as 96.7% and 90% in adult patients. Compliance to oral antihypertension drugs in adult patients are 90% and 83.3% in elderly patients. Age does not effect compliance patients with Chi-Square analysis with p value = 0,301 and 0,448 > 0.05.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Poor preventive management can lead to progressive leprosy. Kupang City is in the first place to contribute 52 cases of leprosy. Regular treatment is very important to cure leprosy. Non-adherence to taking the medication regularly results in resistance to MDT which can lead to fatal disability. This study aimed to analyze internal dan external factors related to medication adherence to leprosy patients in Kupang City in 2019. This is a cross-sectional study. Sample in this study as many as 52 people with leprosy. The analysis was performed using the Chi-Square test. Results shows knowledge (p = 0.00), family role (p = 0.033), the role of health workers (0.008), and leprosy reactions (p = 0.004) related to medication adherence. But attitude (p = 0.471) is not related to medication adherence. It is suggested to the Kupang City Health Office to collaborate with administrators of infectious disease programs, especially leprosy so that they can socialize with families and communities to motivate patients for taking medication.

The long-term treatment that a hypertensive patient has to undergo has resulted in the patient becoming non-adherent. Patients accidentally not taking medication is one of the causes of non-adherence. A method for preventing non-compliance due to forgetting to take medication is important. The AIMOHit application which means "Let's Remember to Take Hypertension Medication" is designed to support hypertensive patients to be compliant in taking medication. This study aims to identify the effect of AIMOHit application on adherence to taking medication for hypertensive patients in the Janti Health Center, Malang City. A total of 52 hypertensive patients were willing to be the sample in this study. The instrument used was the AIMOHit application on the Android smartphone for the treatment group and the checklist for the control group. It is known that the adherence statistical test showed that the average adherence to taking medication in the treatment group was higher (32.17) than the control group (20.83). Meanwhile, the Mann Whitney test results obtained p value = 0.000 (

WHO describes adherence as ''the extent to which a person's behaviour taking medication, following a diet, and / or executing lifestyle changes-corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health care provider. Poor adherence to prescribed regimens can cause serious health complications. Objective: To identify the reasons for non-adherence in hypertensive patients using validated questionnaire from literature. Methodology: A prospective cross sectional study was carried out in Mangalore in Karnataka from September 2019 to March 2020. Hypertensive patients were selected and interviewed with validated questionnaire from literature to assess their medication adherence and reasons for non-adherence. Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel. Results: 150 subjects participated in the study among which 45.3% were males and 54.6% were females. The most common reasons for non-adherence were forgetfulness (62.6%), travels (36.6%), drugs out of supply (26.6%) and relief from symptoms (18%). Conclusion: The affordability of medicines is also one of the main factors for medication non-adherence. According to our study, only a negligible population of subjects has affirmed medication expenses as the reason for non-adherence. Gender difference had no much significant in medication adherence also social habits since study population does not include much alcoholics or smokers and hence the correlation cannot be analysed. The factors driving patients’ adherence to medications are multifactorial. Common barriers to adherence are under the patient's control, so that attention to them is a necessary and important step in improving adherence. Keywords: Medication adherence, Hypertension.

Physical distancing during a pandemic makes more activities at home, but choosing activities at home must support health, especially for type 2 DM patients who are more at risk of being neglected during the pandemic. The success of managing type 2 diabetes mellitus is largely determined by the patient's ability to behave self-care towards his health status. This study aims to see the self-care behavior of DM patients during physical distancing before and after home care based nursing care was carried out during the pandemic against 15 respondents who were presented descriptively. The results of this study showed an increase in self-care behavior in the good category by 60% after nursing care was carried out. This is evident from several components of self-care that have increased, namely in the behavior of eating patterns (60%), activities/sports (100%), and adherence to medication or taking medication (87%). However, there is a need for further home care and involving the closest people to improve self-care behavior in components of routine blood sugar checks and foot care to prevent complications. Keywords: Self - care ; DM; Home care.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of thyroid dysfunction in chronic kidney disease patients. Methods: It was a Cross-sectional Study at department of Medicine, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Duration of the study was from 20th October 2018 to 19th April 2019. 72 patients with chronic kidney disease, 20 to 60 years of age and of both genders were included. Patients with known thyroid disorders or taking medication that can affect thyroid function (dopamine antagonists, antiepileptic, oral contraceptives, lithium, and glucocorticoids) were excluded. Venous blood sample was taken and sent to the laboratory for thyroid function tests. Results: Age of the patients included in this study was from 20 to 60 year and mean age was 41.97 ± 9.76 years. Most of them 42 (58.33%) were between 41 to 60 years of age. Out of 72 patients, 44 (61.11%) were male and 28 (38.89%) were female with male to female ratio of 1.6:1. Mean duration of disease in our study was 5.71 ± 2.50 years .Mean BMI was 27.75 ± 3.01 kg/m2.Thyroid dysfunction was present in 23 (31.94%) patients of chronic kidney disease. Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is frequently found in chronic kidney disease patients.

Objective To determine the validity of self-reported physician diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using multiple gold-standard measures based on Medicare claims in a nationally representative sample of older adults and to verify whether additional questions about taking medication and having seen a physician in the past two years for arthritis can improve the positive predictive value (PPV) and other measures of the validity of self-reported RA. Methods A total of 3768 Medicare-eligible respondents with and without incident self-reported RA were identified from the 2004, 2008, and 2012 waves of the United States Health and Retirement Study. Self-reported RA was validated using the following three claims-based algorithms: 1) a single International Classification of Diseases, ninth edition, Clinical Modification claim for RA, 2) two or more claims no greater than 2 years apart, and 3) two or more claims with at least one diagnosis by a rheumatologist. Additional self-report questions of medication use and having seen a doctor for arthritis in the past two years were validated against the same criteria. Results A total of 345 respondents self-reported a physician diagnosis of RA. Across all three RA algorithms, the PPV of self-report ranged from 0.05 to 0.16., the sensitivity ranged from 0.23 to 0.55., and the κ statistic ranged from 0.07 to 0.15. Additional self-report data regarding arthritis care improved the PPV and other validity measures of self-report; however, the values remained low. Conclusion Most older adults who self-report RA do not have a Medicare claims history consistent with that diagnosis. Revisions to current self-reported RA questions may yield more valid identification of RA in national health surveys.

Adherence research commonly happens in a silo, focused on a particular disease state or type of therapy. Learning from outside disciplines can bring new insights and ideas. This article presents adherence research as related to people with a diagnosis of a serious mental illness (SMI) and medication adherence through smartphone applications (apps). Individuals with SMI have high rates of not taking medication, increasing risks of relapse and hospitalization. Advances in technology may be advantageous in promoting taking medication. Smartphones apps have been designed for people with SMI. Further research is needed to evaluate their efficacy on improving rates of taking medication.

Coordinated Behavioral Care’s (CBC) Pathway Home™ (PH) program partnered with Wellth, Inc., a mobile health platform grounded in behavioral economics theory, to help individuals with behavioral health conditions build and reinforce health habits by providing daily reminders to take medication, requiring tasks (photos demonstrating remembrance), and providing financial incentives tied to behaviors. CBC made Wellth, Inc. available to individuals enrolling in its PH program for the purpose of demonstrating the feasibility of implementing a novel mobile technology grounded in behavioral economic theory to increase habits of health activities, such as taking medication, among adults with behavioral health conditions.

Background: With the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children are surviving into adolescence and adulthood. Disclosure of HIV-positive status is important for the life-long management of HIV. However, disclosing HIV-positive status is a challenging task due to the associated blame, shame, and potential stigma. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of disclosure to HIV-infected children and associated factors in a tertiary hospital in North-west Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out. Fifty-two parents/caregivers were interviewed using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire had three sections: sociodemographic characteristics of caregivers, child's profile, and determinants of disclosure of HIV status. Data were collected and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21, and results were presented using the tables. The Chi-square test was used to test for the association. Fisher's exact test was used where conditions for the Chi-square test were not met. P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of disclosure of HIV-positive status to HIV-infected children was 32.7%. Children's age (P = 0.003) and their level of education (P =

Background: Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by a drop in serum glucose concentration of ≤70 mg/ dl. A steady glucose supply is essential for brain physiological functions. Type of medications used for diabetic therapy, errors in dose or timing of insulin, prior history of hypoglycemic episodes, recurrent history of hypoglycemia, and delayed diagnosis of diabetes are the major risk factors associated with hypoglycemia. We aimed to assess diabetic patients’ awareness toward hypoglycemia attacks and explore the relationship between the level of awareness and different socio-demographic factors. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in Al Jouf Region, Saudi Arabia between August to November 2021. A convenient non-probability sampling technique was employed to collect data from the participants. Data were coded, entered, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 23. Results: A total of 273 respondents were included in the study with 52.4% of them being females. The majority of the participants were in the age range of 26 to 35 years and 84.6% of them were taking medication for diabetes management. Injectable insulin was used by 55.3%. Family/friends/acquaintances were the most common (42.5%) source of participant’s knowledge about hypoglycemic attacks. Poor awareness about hypoglycemic attacks was observed among 62.6% participants. Level of awareness was significantly affected by gender, age, educational level, marital status, and monthly income with p-values = 0.018, 0.015

Anemia merupakan masalah yang terjadi di seluruh dunia terutama pada remaja putri. Tingginya angka kejadian anemia, Pemerintah membuat Program pemberian obat Tablet Tambah Darah. Faktor kepatuhan minum obat terdiri dari faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor eksternal salah satunya yaitu dukungan teman sebaya. Peer Group Support merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan remaja putri dalam mengkonsumsi obat Tablet Tambah Darah. Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya hubungan signifikan antara peer group support terhadap kepatuhan minum obat tablet tambah darah pada remaja putri (p value < alfa = 0,000 < 0,05) dengan korelasi 0,508 yaitu keeratan sedang. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini terdapat hubungan antara Peer Group Support terhadap Kepatuhan Konsumsi Minum Obat Tablet Tambah Darah Pada Remaja Putri di SMA N 1 Banguntapan tahun 2020

Adherence to taking antiretroviral drugs is very important to prevent HIV replication in the body. Compliance with taking medication can improve the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients. This study aims to determine the and quality of life HIV/AIDS patients and the relationship between adherence with the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients in Samarinda City. The method used in this study was observational with prospectively used quantitative descriptive analysis to explain the adherence and quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients while for the relationship of adherence and quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients using non-parametric statistics with the wilcoxon test. The results showed that Compliance in HIV patients in Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital are moderate compliance and in some puskesmas are low compliance. The quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients in Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital are adequate quality of life and in some puskesmas the quality of life varies. The relationship of adherence with the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients in Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital and several puskesmas has a p ? 0,05 or can indicate no relationship between adherence with quality of life.

The prevalence of hypertension continues to increase from year to year, especially in the elderly. The high number of cases of hypertension is thought to be due to a lack of compliance in complying with the recommendations of health workers such as carrying out routine checks (blood pressure control), taking medication regularly, adopting a low-salt diet, and doing regular exercise. The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavioral factors of the elderly that influenced hypertension patient compliance.The results showed that the factors that influenced the compliance of hypertensive patients at Mitra Medika General Hospital Medan were knowledge, motivation, insurance participation, and family support. Meanwhile, the variables that did not influence were age, gender, health facilities, distance, and support for health workers. The conclusion of this research is that knowledge, motivation, insurance participation and family support affect the compliance of hypertensive patients.

Objectives This study aimed to assess medication use in pregnant women in Malaysia by measuring use, knowledge, awareness, and beliefs about medications. Methods This was an observational, cross-sectional study involving a total of 447 pregnant women who attended the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL), Malaysia. A validated, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect participant data. Results Most of pregnant women had taken medication during pregnancy and more than half of them (52.8%) showed a poor level of knowledge about the medication use during pregnancy. Eighty-three percent had a poor level of awareness and 56.5% had negative beliefs. Age and education level were significantly associated with the level of knowledge regarding medication use during pregnancy. Multiparous pregnant women, and pregnant women from rural areas were observed to have a higher level of awareness compared with those who lived in urban areas. Use of medication during pregnancy was determined to be significantly associated with education level, and race. Conclusion Although there was prevalent use of medication among pregnant women, many had negative beliefs, and insufficient knowledge and awareness about the risks of taking medication during pregnancy. Several sociodemographic characteristics were significantly associated with the use (race and education level), level of knowledge (age and education level), awareness (parity and place of residence), and beliefs (race, education level, and occupation status) towards medication use during pregnancy.

Tuberculosis is one of the diseases that causes the biggest death in the world. TB is acontagious disease that can be cured but requires a long treatment. One of the factorsrelated to TB patient compliance in the treatment of one is family support and selfmotivation. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between familysupport and self-motivation with medication adherence for TB sufferers in the SawanI Community Health Center. This study was a correlation study with a cross-sectionaldesign. There are 53 respondents selected by nonprobability sampling with a purposivesampling technique. The data were analized with the Spearman rank test and theresult was significant relationship(p value 0.000) and coefficient correlation was 0,545which means it have positive relationship . It means there was a significant relationshipbetween family support and self-motivation to medication adherence for TB patients atthe Sawan I Community Health Center. In conclusion the better the family support andself-motivation of TB patients, the more obedient TB patients in treatment.

Compliance to achieve treatment success can be improved by providing drug information services (PIO) and counseling to improve understanding of treatment instructions. The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of drug information service and counseling on the level of medication adherence in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with hypertension in the Banjarbaru Regional Hospital. This study uses a quasi experimental method with a cross sectional approach and takes patient data prospectively. The results of this study indicate that the group given PIO and counseling showed a high level of adherence as many as 20 respondents (100%). Whereas in the group that was not given PIO and the counseling level of adherence was low, there were 4 respondents (20%). Based on the mann-whitney analysis p-value = 0,000 (

Hipertensi menjadi penyebab kematian dan kesakitan yang tertinggi. Riwayat penyakit hipertensi yang bersamaan dengan pola hidup tidak sehat seperti kebiasaan merokok, aktivitas fisik dan kepatuhan minum obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang berhubungan dengan pengendalian hipertensi di wilayah kerja UPT Puskesmas Padang Bulan Kota Medan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional study. Populasi dan sampel adalah pasien yang datang berkunjung dan memeriksakan kesehatannya dengan teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan accidental sampling sebanyak 100 orang serta analisis data secara univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilaksanakan diperoleh bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan pengetahuan (p=0.006), sikap (p=0.011), kebiasaan merokok (p=0.018), aktifitas fisik (p=0.017), kepatuhan minum obat (p=0.000) dengan pengendalian hipertensi. Kepatuhan minuman obat paling dominan dengan pengendalian hipertensi (Sig 0.001 dan Exp 24.048). Kesimpulan diperoleh bahwa ada hubungan pengetahuan, sikap, kebiasaan merokok, aktifitas fisik, kepatuhan minum obat dengan pengendalian hipertensi. Diharapkan puskesmas melakukan upaya pencegahan, ataupun menanggulangi permasalahan hipertensi dengan melakukan penyuluhan/konseling hipertensi kepada pasien.

Theory can play an important role in providing the framework, and underpinning the design and implementation of interventions to improve medication adherence. Interventions that are grounded in a theory are relatively more effective in improving medication adherence than interventions which do not have a theoretical support. However, a large body of adherence research does not appear to be linked to any theory or model, which therefore may have resulted in interventions that are either ineffective or not sustainable. Interventions that are based on theory have mainly employed socio-behavioural models to explain, and design interventions to address, the complex phenomenon of adherence. Yet, the effectiveness of these interventions is inconclusive, supporting the argument that socio-behavioural models alone have limited applicability in explaining behaviour associated with medication-taking. An important reason for this limitation may be the complex and dynamic nature of adherence. There is a need to include a wide variety of factors in a model and examine adherence in the context of its three phases (initiation, implementation, and discontinuation). One possible way forward is to also examine medication-taking behaviour from an economic perspective, for example, by using a discrete choice experiment (DCE), which provides a different approach to understanding human behaviour about medication-taking and the complexities of decision-making in adhering to medication. DCEs can help in understanding how patients decide to initiate, continue or discontinue taking medication, factors that influence their decision, and the relative importance of those factors, which can assist researchers to prioritise interventions to improve medication adherence. Integration of multiple theories is needed to examine adherence from multiple perspectives and design interventions that are effective and sustainable. This commentary focusses on the pros and cons of some of the commonly used socio-behavioural models in adherence research and suggests a way forward by incorporating DCEs in adherence research.

Objetivo:Determinar la adherencia al TARGA en personas que viven con VIH atendidas en un hospital nacional.Métodos: El diseño de estudio fue no experimental, nivel descriptivo, corte transversal y enfoque cuantitativo. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 108 pacientes adultos con VIH que recibían tratamiento en un hospital nacional de la región Callao en Perú durante el año 2019, seleccionados aleatoriamente según criterios de inclusión y exclusión. La técnica utilizada fue la entrevista y se aplicó el “Cuestionario de Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento antirretroviral” (CEAT-VIH) con autorización expresa del autor.Resultados: 85% de los pacientes son adherentes al TARGA. En la dimensión adherencia al régimen TARGA se encontró que 5% alguna vez ha dejado de tomar su medicamento cuando se ha encontrado triste o deprimido, 90% (97) no ha dejado en ninguna ocasión de tomar sus medicamentos un día completo y 7% recuerda algunos de los medicamentos que están tomando. En la dimensión toma de medicación, 20% manifestó que no toman a la hora correcta y 70% considera que su salud ha mejorado desde que inicio a tomar los retrovirales. En la dimensión valoración de la adherencia, 10% refiere que la información sobre los antirretrovirales es regular.Conclusiones: La población estudiada tiene una adecuada adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral.

Normal aging process, acute illness, worsening chronic illness, and hospitalization can contribute to a decline in the ability of the older adults to perform task necessary to live independently. One of the best way to evaluate the health status of the elderly is through functional assessment which provides data that may indicate future decline allowing the nurse and their primary care giver to intervene appropriately. This study was conducted to assess the functional capacity of the elderly living at San Fabian, Echague, Isabela. The Descriptive-Inferential design was used. A total of 107 respondents with a mean age of 70.26, majority are female (52.3%), married (62.6%), and obtained college education 29.9% and 10.3% are graduate and undergraduate respectively. 43% receives pension. Respondents and significant others were interviewed using a 3-point Likert scale. On the level of functional capacity, researcher found out that the elderly are independent in performing BADL and need assistance in performing of IADL such as ability to use phone, shopping, performing heavy domestic works, laundry, taking medication in correct time and handling of finances. Age has a negative significant relationship with their ability to perform both the BADL and IADL and there is a difference between gender and source of income and their ability to perform IADL. The study also shows a significant relationship between the respondent’s marital status and their education with their ability to do IADL. Keywords: functional capacity; elderly; assessment

Background: Although the National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance (NVDPA) guidelines were published in 2012, many individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not prescribed preventive medication or have CVD risk factors recorded. Better use of CVD risk prediction tools and targeting of medication could reduce CVD. Objective: The aim of this article is to review recent developments in CVD risk prediction, including calculators developed in the USA, UK and New Zealand, and non-traditional tests for cardiovascular risk assessment. Discussion: The Framingham Risk Equation explains much of the risk variance in the population but overestimates risk for a contemporary Australian population. Newer risk calculators show improvement in calibration. Individuals vary greatly in terms of whether they will find the potential benefits of taking medication worthwhile, and shared decision-making tools can help to clarify decision making.

Introduction: Hypertension requires lifelong treatment. One influence of the successful treatment of hypertensive patients is adherence to taking drugs through family support roles. Purpose: This study identified the relationship between family support and adherence to taking medication for hypertensive patients at the Airmadidi Health Center in North Minahasa Regency. Method: This study was an observational analytic with cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with a sample of 127 respondents diagnosed with hypertension. Results: Dominant family support (84.3%) was included in the low category, and dominant medication adherence (65.4%) was included in the low category. There is a significant relationship between family support and medication adherence to hypertensive patients (p value 0.016), but the correlation coefficient is weak (r = -0.213) with a negative relationship direction. Discussion: Communities including families of hypertensive patients are expected to take part in improving compliance with taking medication for hypertensive patients, and for hypertensive patients must be more obedient in taking drugs. Keywords: Family Support, Hypertension, Adherence, Taking Medication.

Background: The consumption of drugs without consulting healthcare professional regardless of side effects and duration of therapy is known as self-medication. Objectives: This study was conducted to analyse the practice of SM among the students and to survey pharmacists regarding the practice of drug counselling while dispensing. Methods: 6 months Study was carried out by collecting the data with the help of questionnaire and thereby collecting their answers. The data was analysed statistically in terms of actual numbers and percentage. Results: According to our study the prevalence of SM is higher among juniors than seniors. Previous experience , economy, quick relief were most prevailing reasons for SM. Mostly to Fever and headache , acidity , cough , cold and arthritis .Most frequently used medications were analgesics, antipyretics, and antacids , and all they get information is from media , parents and friends most probably. Our study also revealed that in nearby pharmacies most of them were certified pharmacists(96%),mostly dispensed drugs were without prescription and people do not ask for counselling of the medicine due to lack of time and interest. Conclusion: Our study concluded that the prevalence of SM was seen in higher levels among the students and is the primary reason for irrational use of medicines. Hence proper information has to be given to the students about the negative effects of the drugs and to take proper advice and assistance by a health care professional before taking medication. Keywords: Self-medication, irrational use, prevalence, pharmacist, drugs.

Hypertension as Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) is the largest contributor to the causes of death in the world. Complications of hypertension account for the majority of deaths globally. Uncontrolled health behavior in patients with hypertension is closely related to an increase in morbidity rates due to complications from hypertension each year. Medication adherence is one of an effort to form positive health behaviors to prevent hypertension complications. This study aims to identify the relationship between health behavior with medication adherence in hypertensive clients in Cipayung District, East Jakarta. This study using cross sectional design, approach with 109 participants, who were selected by purposive sampling, are choosen primary hypertensive clients of middle adulthood. The results of the chi square test showed that there was a relationship between health behavior and medication adherence (p value: 0.024) 90% CI. The results of the study it can be concluded that the more positive the health behavior, the higher the adherence to taking medication in hypertensive clients. Community nurses have an important role in modifying the behavior of hypertensive patients with a variety of approaches both as individuals, families, and the public can maintain their health well-being. Keywords: hypertension; health behavior; medication adherence

Penatalaksanaan pengobatan skizofrenia merupakan salah satu faktor utama keberhasilan penderita untuk sembuh. Pasien yang tidak patuh pada pengobatan akan memiliki resiko kekambuhan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pasien yang patuh pada pengobatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kepatuhan minum obat terhadap tingkat kekambuhan pasien skizofrenia di Poli Jiwa RSUD dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin. Jenis penelitian adalah kuantitatif dengan pengambilan data secara observasional prospektif dan retrospektif. Populasi sampel adalah semua pasien skizofrenia yang menjalani pengobatan rawat jalan selama 12 bulan di Poli Jiwa Rawat Jalan RSUD dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Jumlah subyek penelitian sebanyak 50 pasien. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan uju statistik Chi-square menunjukkan bahwa ρ-value = 0,01 lebih kecil dari nilai α = 0,05 yang menunjukkan bahwa H0 ditolak, maka terdapat hubungan antara kepatuhan minum obat dengan tingkat kekambuhan pasien skizofrenia di Poli Jiwa Rawat Jalan RSUD dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh

Background: Self-medication is the use of drugs and painkillers by manypeople with therapeutic or preventive intent without prior professionaladvice or prescribed by a physician, including adults to treat their selfrecognizeddiseases and symptoms. Objectives: Determine the rate of self-medication practice amonguniversity students and determine the most common area to be selfmedicatedand the most common drug group for self-medication. Subjects and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study of a randomsample of students attending two branches of college of science (biologyand chemistry) from the period of 10th December 2018 to 15th April2019 through purposive sampling technique to collect responses fromstudents using structured questionnaire which was divided into manysections including demographic details of research participants, historyof taking medication to treat a health problem without a prescriptionat the last month, the reasons of self-medication practice. Sample sizewas 220 university students. All data were entered on Microsoft Excel2010, and managed and analyzed on SPSS version 19. The means andstandard deviations were calculated and both t-test and chi-squaretests were used to identify the associations between variables. Theconfidence level was set at 95%, and the p value of less than 0.05 wasthe limit value of significance. Result: The rate of practicing self-medication was significantly higheramong studied university students and it accounted for (64.1%). Andit was significantly higher in females (62.4%) than males (37.6%). Mostof the self-medications (59.6%) were practiced for the pains originatingfrom head and neck. The vast majority of students (80.9%) significantlywere using analgesics and antipyretic, and most of them (71.6%) werepracticing it at any time during the year. Conclusion: The study concluded that the rate of self-medicationamong university students was at the high level, the self-medicationwas practiced anytime during the year and the use of analgesics wassignificantly dominant among other drug groups. How to cite this article:Noaman AA, Hussein MA, Mohammed SQ.Self-Medication Practices among a Sample ofUniversity Students Attending College of Sciencein Diyala Province. J Adv Res Med Sci Tech 2019;6(3&4): 13-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2394.6539.201907

According to data from Riskesdas 2018 there was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia from 25.8% in 2013 to 34.1% in 2018. Inadequacy in taking medicine is one of the factor contributed. This research discusses the importance of the application of taking medication alarms for consultation taking medication and hypertension patients' blood pressure. The study was conducted using a quasi-experimental two group pretest posttest design. Observed data are the level of adherence and blood pressure. The study was conducted at 2 Banjarmasin Puskesmas. Data collection collected in the period August - October 2019. Research data were obtained by filling in the MARS questionnaire, while blood pressure data was taken from medical records. This study involved 25 samples each in the control and intervention groups. The intervention given was in the form of installing medication alarm in sample smartphone. The Wilcoxon Test to determine differences in the average category of level of adherence, and blood pressure samples at the beginning and end of the study. In the pre study 100% of the sample intervention group were at moderate medication adherence rates and in the post study it changed to 40% at moderate medication adherence levels and 60% at high medication adherence levels. Statistical test results show a significant increase in medication adherence. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the intervention group also experienced a significant decrease (p

Mulu Ejigu,1 Zelalem Desalegn,2 Befirdu Mulatu,2 Getu Mosisa3 1CDC Project, East Wollega Zone Health Office, Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia; 2Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia; 3School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Oromia, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Zelalem Desalegn Email zolad09@gmail.comBackground: For people living with HIV, to have sustainable viral suppression and better clinical outcomes, they should have a high level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy. In the treatment of human immune deficiency, antiretroviral therapy adherence became the major challenge in both developed and developing countries. The level of antiretroviral therapy differs across the settings. This study aimed to assess the level of combined ART adherence and associated factors among adult people living with HIV attending Nekemte Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia.Methods: The institution-based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from August 2017 to September 2017. A total number of 284 clients participated in the study and a simple random sampling technique was used to allocate study participants. Data were entered into Excel and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariate analysis was conducted to identify candidate variables for multivariate analysis at p-value < 0.2. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictors of non-adherence to ART. P-value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.Results: About 81% of the study participants adhered to combined anti-retroviral therapy. Mentioned reasons for missing ART medications were simply forgot to take medication (44.4%), lack of transportation (21%), to avoid side effects (11.4%), do not want significant others to notice taking medication (11.4%) and felt sick (11.4%). Not using reminder (AOR=4.98 (1.65, 15.02)), poor knowledge on ART (AOR=2.79 (1.49, 5.25)), and engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse (AOR=2.16 (1.15, 4.05)) were significantly associated with non-adherence to combined ART.Conclusion: About 81% of study participants adhered to combined ART, and poor knowledge about ART, engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse and not using the reminder were significantly associated with nonadherence to combined ART. Efforts to increase adherence levels should be encouraged.Keywords: HIV patient, ART, combined ART adherence, Nekemte Specialized Hospital

Objective Family support is a substantial aspect in the convalescence process of people with schizophrenia. The study aims to explore the family support of persons in the wake of physical restraint or confinement. Method The study used a qualitative study with phenomenology approach. Purposive sampling technique was used to select participants who were diagnosed of schizophrenia and have experienced physical restraint and confinement. The data was obtained through in-depth interviews with ten participants. The data were analyzed by using the Colaizzi's method. Results The family as the source of support is needed by the patient daily to complete their healing process. The study identified three themes, namely: (1) supervision of taking medication, (2) providing continuity and optimized care, and (3) empowering people with schizophrenia. Conclusions Family support is very important for people with severe mental illness. Psychiatric nurses need to assist families to scale up support for people with schizophrenia.

Medication errors in hospitals remain one of the most common causes of unintentional harm to patients and are a major cause of errors that disrupt the health care system. It contributes to adverse events that threaten patient safety and lead to a significant financial burden on the health service. Prevention of medication errors occurs at every stage of the drug preparation and distribution process, which is necessary to maintain a safe health care system. One-third of errors that harm patients occur during the nurses' management phase - administration of the drug to patients is a very dangerous activity. Nursing is responsible for the medication management phase, which includes monitoring the effectiveness and adverse effects, and therefore, the professional nurse is likely to reveal the fault of the medication, as it is one of the major responsibilities to examine the medication before giving it to the patient. Nurses are the last line of defense to prevent medication error and catch up with medication errors before they occur. This article describes factors that contribute to medication errors, and also addresses factors that specifically relate to nurses, such as patient severity classification and nursing workload, deviations and interruptions that may occur while taking medication, the complexity of certain calculations and medications, nurses' failure to comply with policies or guidelines. Many of the strategies proposed to reduce medication errors include increasing the number of nursing personnel and adjusting their workload, effective management, increasing nurses' knowledge of drug management and encouraging nurses to report medication errors to prevent them and enhance patient safety.

Hypertensi as a one of non-communicable diseases is need of serious attention and dealt with " nation-wide " given the high prevalence and usually people do not realize that he was suffering from hypertension. Generally only known when they come for treatment to the health service because of illness or other complaints, so hypertension is often known as " the silent killer ". Patient compliance in undergoing hypertension treatment is also a determinant that affects the control of patient's blood pressure . The most important main determinant The effect on adherence to take antihypertensive medication is long suffered from hypertension. This study aims to develop theoretical concepts about strategies to improve patient compliance in self-care for hypertensive patients both pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically. The study design using qualitatively with five participants and purposive sampling. From the results of the study, six themes were obtained : experience of adherence to control, experience of handling symptoms and complications, experience of taking medication adherence, experience of adherence to managing diets, lack of adherence to exercise, and obstacles to adherence . It is recommended that hypertensive patients can improve compliance for routine antihypertensive drug consumption by making simple schedules and enhancing their self-concept.

The failure to stick to a recommended remedial program for the treatment of an incessant illness might be mindful to some extent for proceeding with the infection movement. Adherence the key territories of enthusiasm for Asthma. The focal point of examination were to recognize issues detailed by families to influence their Adherence to asthma care. To evaluate the effect of patient education to Self-reported Adherence, Management, and Barriers. Children introducing during an intense assault of asthma were enrolled in this investigation. The restorative record of the experience were preoccupied and contrasted and data that were acquired at first visit and after 3 months. There are 986 youngsters 4 to 15 years old living in city evaluation tracts in the examination. The parental report of drugs endorsed, and the data on the disconnected report concurred 95.15% of the ideal opportunity β-Agonists, 86.24% are steroids, and 7.71% are cromolyn. Meds were overlooked a portion of time by 45.2% of the kids, and 52.8% attempted to escape to taking medication. Arrangements of follow-up consideration were kept by 69% of those given an arrangement, by an expected 60.0% of the individuals who were advised explicitly to require an arrangement. Just a single third of guardians report that they had the option to fend off the youngster from realized asthma triggers about constantly. After the subsequent, the huge changes are seen. Adherence to asthma-the executives program includes various territories: prescription, arrangement keeping, avoidance, and applying a crisis strategy. A barrier to Adherence may exist in one or every one of the four of these areas, prompting ineffectual control of asthma. The patient education improving the patient-doctor organization and furthermore improve Adherence.

Background: Compliance for taking medication to become an important thing for a patient with hypertension. Compliance is needed to control blood pressure and prevent complication. The purpose of this study was to analyse the factors that influence patients adherence to taking medicine.Method: The study design was observational analytic using a cross-sectional approach. Samples were 225 patients with hypertension class 2 and 3, in Malang district, Indonesia. The sampling technique was done by using a multistage random sampling technique. The research instrument was in the form of a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the Pearson test and linear regression.Results: The results showed that patients adherence in taking medicine was 32.9% for the low category, 51.1% in the medium category and 16% in the good category. Factors influencing the adherence were ages (p-value: 0.002), turning to religion (p-value: 0.011), gender (p-value: 0.016) and suppressing competition activities (p-value: 0.063).Discussion: Demographic characteristics and focused emotional mastery influence taking the medication in patients with grade 2 and grade 3 hypertension. Strengthening coping strategies with transporting to coping emotions becomes very important to discuss in patients with grade 2 and grade 3 hypertension, so that adherence to hypertension is needed will be able to control blood pressure and prevent complications.

Tuberculosis treatment requires a relatively long time with two stages, namely the internship stage and the advanced stage. The number of drugs that must be taken and the toxicity and side effects of the drug can be a barrier in the completion of therapy for tuberculosis patients. Tackling tuberculosis through the provision of anti-tuberculosis drugs (OAT) in the DOTS Directly Observation Treatment Strategy (DOTS). Compliance with TB drugs is not done regularly, not according to the time of treatment, and the use of anti-tuberculosis (OAT) drugs will not adequately cause resistance to OAT or what is called Multi Drugs Resistance (MDR). This study aims to determine the factors that influence family support in patients with pulmonary TB in taking anti-tuberculosis drugs in Polonia Health Center Medan in 2019. The type of research used in this study is an analytical survey with a cross-sectional study design. The population was all Category I Lung Tuberculosis patients who were registered at the Polonia Health Center Medan from October to November 2019. The total sampling was 48 samples. In this study, bivariate and multivariate test analyses were performed using multiple logistic regression formulas. The result showed that there is an influence of patient's family support in taking anti-tuberculosis drugs, there is an influence of taking patient's medication in taking anti-tuberculosis drugs in the Polonia Health Center Medan in 2019. The family suggested involving in taking anti-tuberculosis drugs. Keywords: tuberculosis; family support; supervision of taking medication; patients

Tuberkulosis adalah penyakit infeksi paru yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Di Indonesia kasus tuberkulosis setiap tahunnya semakin meningkat. Indonesia menepati urutan ke-6 penderita tuberkulosis tertinggi di dunia, sedangkan Jawa Barat menepati urutan pertama. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat adanya hubungan anatar efikasi diri dengan kepatuhan minum obat OAT. Metode penelitian menggunakan desain deskriptif korelasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional dengan melibatkan 23 responden yang sedang menjalani pengobatan di puskesmas parongpong, responden dipilih dengan menggunakan Purposive sampling. Variabel independen adalah efikasi diri, variabel dependent adalah kepatuhan minum obat. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah kuesioner yang dianalisis menggunakan pearson’s r . Hasil dan analisis Efikasi Diri dengan Kepatuhan Minum obat mempunyai hubungan dengan nilai p-value 0,030 atau (p ≤ 0,05) dengan tingkat hubungan sedang (0,454). Efikasi merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan minum obat pasien tuberkulosis di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Parongpong. Saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya perlu mengetahui peran kader kesehatan dalam kepatuhan minum obat.

Context: Directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) was adopted as the strategy for the provision of treatment to increase treatment completion. Poor adherence to medication has been noted and poses a big challenge even after achieving 70% case detection and 85% cure rate. The focus remains on dealing with important reasons of default and timely retrieval of patients who interrupt the treatment. Aims: The aim of the study was to measure the noncompliance of DOTS and to determine the reason for the same among patients in rural area of Pune. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted with a study population comprising the patients who were getting treatment in November 2016 and must have completed at least 1 month of treatment in Mulshi block. The study period was from November 2016 to January 2017. All the patients were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire for their compliance. Results: The total number of patients included in the study was 88. The age was 18–70 years in which 77.3% were male and 22.7% were female. We found 71.6% new cases, and 27.3% were the previously treated patients, whereas 1.1% were multidrug-resistant patients. Among these patients, 25% were tobacco chewers and 31.8% were smokers. We found that 61.4% were compliance patients and 38.6% were noncompliance patients. Reasons given by the patients were side effects, stigma of the society, migration from one place to another, and felt better from symptoms after taking medication. Conclusion: Noncompliance in our study is high. We should take steps regarding this so that people adhere to the medication.

Self-medication is a form of self-care which has evolved considerably with the development of digital technology. It particularly challenges public health actors given the risks to which it may be exposed if it is not properly supervised. The aim of this work was to study the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Senegalese women on self-medication through social networks. A transversal descriptive study was conducted from June 10 to 30, 2019. It concerned all Senegalese women registered in at least one of the following women’s Facebook groups: Femme chic, Femme leader, Ladies club or Entre yaays. A study information sheet was posted on the wall of these different groups, and enabled consenting women to find a questionnaire deployed online directly through a link. Consenting women were able to complete the data collection tool directly online. The proportions were compared by setting the alpha risk at 5%. A total of 508 women were surveyed. The results thus showed a high prevalence (68.9%) of self-medication. A proportion of 46.3% of those self-medicated used Facebook or the Internet as a source of information to find the drugs to use. The advice received from these groups related to hygiene and dietary measures (96.1%), consultation with health personnel (54.6%), consultation with a traditional healer (50.4%) and taking medication (41.8%). The health problems most treated with these self-medications were headaches ((84.6%) and painful periods (45.1%). Simple analgesics (84.6%) and vitamins (66.9%) were the most recommended drugs, but it was also found antibiotics (40.0%), centrally acting analgesics (20.0%), anti-diabetics (6.9%) and antihypertensive (5.4%). Oral tablets (92.3%) remained the most widely used dosage forms, but eye drops (5.4%) and injectables (5.4%) were also found. Although searching for information on Facebook/internet, women obtained the drugs from pharmacies (72.4%) or the family medicine box (19%). Regarding self-medication on Facebook, its easy accessibility (67.8%) was the main motivation for which women chose it, as well as saving time (33.9%). Advice on health through the Facebook network is important for Senegalese women but taking medication on advice from these forums remains low. A better presence for health actors in social networks is becoming urgent in order to promote responsible self-medication.

Chronic illness is the highest cause of death in the world, to avoid increasing causes of death due to chronic diseases, it requires appropriate processes which require a long time of treatment and the drug becomes the most important component. Unfortunately, the level of adherence to taking medication in patients with chronic diseases is still low. According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) carelessly taking medication can cause 30–50 percent of treatment failures and 125,000 deaths per year. Therefore in this study will create a medicine box reminder system for chronic disease patients with database monitoring based on IoT (Internet of Things) which can be monitored in real-time, this research stated reminder system using an android application that will be connected with medicine box reminder devices made using raspberry pi 3 model B, with speaker components and a PAM8403 amplifier. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the system that was made was tested with the user and produced a level of functionality of 100% and an average delay on the reminder system of 4,239 seconds for the reminder when going to take medication, and amounted to 7,298 seconds to inform that it had taken the drug, and amounted to 97% for checking the accuracy of taking drugs with QR code.

Purpose To describe nurses' support interventions for medication adherence, and patients' experiences and desired improvements with this care. Patients and methods A two-phase study was performed, including an analysis of questionnaire data and conducted interviews with members of the care panel of the Netherlands Patients Federation. The questionnaire assessed 14 types of interventions, satisfaction (score 0-10) with received interventions, needs, experiences, and desired improvements in nurses' support. Interviews further explored experiences and improvements. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a thematic analysis approach. Results Fifty-nine participants completed the questionnaire, and 14 of the 59 participants were interviewed. The satisfaction score for interventions was 7.9 (IQR 7-9). The most common interventions were: "noticing when I don't take medication as prescribed" (n = 35), "helping me to find solutions to overcome problems with using medications" (n = 32), "helping me with taking medication" (n = 32), and "explaining the importance of taking medication at the right moment" (n = 32). Fifteen participants missed ≥1 of the 14 interventions. Most mentioned the following: "regularly asking about potential problems with medication use" (33%), "regularly discussing whether using medication is going well" (29%), and "explaining the importance of taking medication at the right moment" (27%). Twenty-two participants experienced the following as positive: improved self-management of adequate medication taking, a professional patient-nurse relationship to discuss adherence problems, and nurses' proactive attitude to arrange practical support for medication use. Thirteen patients experienced the following as negative: insufficient timing of home visits, rushed appearance of nurses, and insufficient expertise about side effects and taking medication. Suggested improvements included performing home visits on time, more time for providing support in medication use, and more expertise about side effects and administering medication. Conclusion Overall, participants were satisfied, and few participants wanted more interventions. Nurses' support improved participants' self-management of medication taking and enabled patients to discuss their adherence problems. Adequately timed home visits, more time for support, and accurate medication-related knowledge are desired.

Kupang City ranks first out of 22 districts/cities with TB cases. Most cases were in 2017, namely 767 cases, while in 2018 cases were decresing to 645 cases. Although data shows a decrease in the number of cases, the success rate of TB in Kupang City in the last two years (85% in 2017 and 81% in 2018) has not yet reached the target of the NTT Provincial Health Office Strategic Plan, which is 90%. TB patients in NTT have PMO availability of 63.3%, this shows that PMO availability is in the quite good category. However, Riskesdas data shows that TB patients in NTT still do not take medication regularly and there is a problem with withdrawal. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the role of supervisors taking medication for tuberculosis patients. Methods: This study uses descriptive qualitative methods. The type of data collected in this study is primary data. The study was conducted on six participants for the data collection process. The participants were five PMOs and one nurse as data triangulation. Results: From the results of this study, it was found the role of PMO in assisting TB patients with the theory of holistic care by Madeleine Leininger, namely: knowledge of PMO; the role of PMO as a companion for TB patients; the role of PMO in preventing transmission and treatment of TB patients; the role of PMO utilizing of health insurance; the role of PMOs in pursuing alternative medicine; the PMO's role in engaging with others to provide support; the role of the PMO in seeking spiritual support; the role of the PMO in finding reliable information sources; the role of health workers in facilitating OAT availability; the role of PMO in utilizing technology. Conclusion: PMO cannot do its job optimally if PMO has few knowledges of TB disease. On the other hand, if the PMO has plenty knowledge of TB disease, PMO will perform its role optimally.

It is not only crucial to provide patients with information, but also to communicate this information in a way to enable patient participation in health decisions. Experimental studies investigating the association between the communication style of health professionals and patients' health decisions are rare, which limits causal conclusions. This study investigated the effect of a doctor's patient-centered communication style on the likelihood to take a medication.Healthy women (N = 120) were randomly allocated to one of three groups. They either received a medical consultation characterized by a patient-centered communication style (PC group) or by a doctor-centered communication style (DC group) or they received no consultation at all (control group). All participants were told that the study would investigate the effects of a 'concentration-enhancing medication'. Voluntary intake of the medication (a placebo pill) served as behavioral outcome. Participants' self-rated intention to take the medication was measured at three assessment points. Data were analyzed using a Chi-square-test and a mixed analysis of covariance.In each group, 40 participants were analyzed. Following the consultation, groups did not differ regarding the behavioral outcome, but participants' intention to take the medication was higher in the PC group compared with the control group.Our results indicate that patient-centered communication has a beneficial influence on participants' intention to take medication. Future studies should investigate the role of communication in individuals with health conditions that require a specified treatment plan and taking medication over the long-term.

Producción Científica, In recent years, Artificial Intelligence Technologies (AIT) have been developed to improve the quality of life of the elderly and their safety in the home. This work focuses on developing a system capable of recognising the most usual activities in the daily life of an elderly person in real-time to enable a specialist to monitor the habits of this person, such as taking medication or eating the correct meals of the day. To this end, a prediction model has been developed based on recurrent neural networks, specifically on bidirectional LSTM networks, to obtain in real-time the activity being carried out by the individuals in their homes, based on the information provided by a set of different sensors installed at each person’s home. The prediction model developed in this paper provides a 95.42% accuracy rate, improving the results of similar models currently in use. In order to obtain a reliable model with a high accuracy rate, a series of processing and filtering processes have been carried out on the data, such as a method based on a sliding window or a stacking and re-ordering algorithm, that are subsequently used to train the neural network, obtained from the public database CASAS., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (project RTI2018-096652-B-I00), Junta de Castilla y León - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project VA233P18)

Background Chronic facial pain is a serious condition affecting millions of people worldwide. The reasons for chronic facial pain vary, and currently, the methods of treating chronic facial pain are expensive, invasive, and, based on current findings, ineffective. The purpose of this study is to develop and test an effective, cost-friendly method to treat patients with chronic facial pain. This study will examine the effectiveness of a novel treatment of a patient suffering from trigeminal neuralgia. Case presentation A 70-year-old Thai female visited the advanced general dentistry clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. She was suffering from facial pain on her left side and was diagnosed by a physician as having trigeminal neuralgia. She experienced a sharp shooting pain that was triggered by facial movements such as chewing, speaking, or brushing teeth, and touching certain areas of her face. Bouts of pain lasted from a few seconds to several minutes, and episodes of several attacks lasted days, weeks, months, or longer prior to her visit to the advanced general dentistry clinic at Mahidol University. Physician designed an occlusal equilibration appliance for treating the patient by inserting the appliance in the mouth for dental occlusal equilibration (deprogram). The patient used this appliance by placing it in the mouth continuously (day and night) and removed it only when eating. After using the appliance for 2 weeks, the patient appeared to feel and look better prior to taking medication and was able to eat normally. The patient was pain free after treatment for a duration of 9 months. However, after 9 months, the pain reoccurred and manifested itself. Conclusion This novel treatment of recurrent facial pain showed an improvement of the patient’s chronic facial pain and serves as evidence to being a novel method for treating those suffering from trigeminal neuralgia.