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The specificity of the Streptomyces R61 penicillin-sensitive D-Ala-D-Ala peptidase has been re-examined with the help of synthetic substrates. The products of the transpeptidation reactions obtained with Gly-L-Xaa dipeptides as acceptor substrates are themselves poor substrates of the enzyme. This is in apparent contradiction with the classically accepted specificity rules for D-Ala-D-Ala peptidases. The Gly-L-Xaa dipeptide is regenerated by both the hydrolysis and transpeptidation reactions. The latter reaction is observed when another Gly-L-Xaa peptide or D-Alanine are supplied as acceptors. Utilization of substrates in which the terminal -COO(-) group has been esterified or amidated shows that a free carboxylate is not an absolute prerequisite for activity. The results are discussed in the context of the expected reversibility of the transpeptidation reaction.