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1. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the source of fat (soybean oil or tallow) on the ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) losses in broilers. 2. Three nitrogen (N)-free diets; a control diet with no added fat and test diets with 60 g/kg of either soybean oil or tallow were formulated. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. Each diet was assigned to six replicate cages (eight birds per cage) from d 18 to 21 post-hatch. On d 21, the digesta were collected from the lower half of the ileum. 3. The endogenous losses of nitrogen and amino acids (AA) were lower (p = 0.08; p = 0.001) in broilers fed diets with soybean oil or tallow, respectively, compared to those fed the diet with no fat. Source of fat had no influence (p > 0.05) on EAA losses. 4. The most abundant AA in the ileal endogenous protein was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid, threonine, leucine, serine, valine and proline. In general, the concentrations of AA in the endogenous protein were lower (p < 0.05) with added fat. The exceptions were methionine, cysteine, proline and serine, which were unaffected. The effect of fat source on the AA contents of endogenous protein were inconsistent and differed depending on the AA. 5. The inclusion of fats decreased EAA losses which implied they have beneficial effects beyond direct energy contribution. It can be proposed that the reduction of EAA flow may be an additional mechanism contributing to the extra-caloric effect of dietary fats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP) assessed the safety of amines, di‐C14‐C18‐alkyl, oxidised, renamed by the Panel as amines, di‐C14‐C20‐alkyl, oxidised, from hydrogenated vegetable oil. The substance amines, bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl) oxidised, consisting of the same components, but originating from tallow, is currently authorised as FCM substance No 768. The vegetable‐sourced substance is intended to be used at up to 0.1% w/w as antioxidant and/or stabiliser in the manufacture of polyolefin food contact materials (FCM) and articles intended for contact with dry, aqueous and acidic foods. The substance is a mixture consisting of linear N,N‐dialkyl hydroxylamines and their corresponding amine, nitrone and oxime derivatives, as well as further components: tert‐N‐oxides, secondary amides and carboxylic acids. Specific migration was tested from polyethylene samples in 10% ethanol and 3% acetic acid for 2 h at 100°C followed by 10 days at 60°C. None of the non‐authorised components were detected to migrate at detection limits (LoD) in the range 0.003–0.029 mg/kg. The LoD of authorised carboxylic acids was 0.35 mg/kg. The Panel reassessed the genotoxicity studies carried out on FCM No 768 and evaluated two new bacterial reverse mutation tests on the nitrone and oxime derivatives as well as new (qualitative/quantitative) structure–activity relationship (Q)SAR analyses on other components. The Panel concluded that the substance did not raise a concern for genotoxicity. The Panel concluded that the substance is not of safety concern for the consumers if it is used as an additive at 0.1% w/w in the manufacture of polyolefin FCM intended to be in contact with foods simulated by food simulants A, B, C and E, except for infant formula and human milk, for storage above 6 months at room temperature and below, including hot‐fill conditions and heating up to 100°C for 2 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the past studies, the beneficial effect of insoluble fiber in broiler feed has been well demonstrated. Studies have shown that moderate amounts of fiber in poultry diets lead to significant improvements in nutrient utilization efficiency. Depending on the type of dietary fiber (soluble or insoluble), the particle size plays a role in the growth and development of gizzard and improves the mixture of digestive substances with digestive secretions. On the other hand, nutritionists are trying to respond to the rapid growth needs of birds by increasing the energy concentration of diets. Fats are considered for this purpose, as their energy value is at least twice that of carbohydrates and proteins. At a young age, the secretion of bile acids and the activity of pancreatic lipase are low, and therefore, the ability to digest fat in young broilers is compromised. Some studies have shown that cellulose and oat hull as a source of insoluble fiber (3%) in the diet of broiler chickens have increased the apparent digestibility of crude fat in the ileum and increased the availability of energy for the bird. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of sunflower hull with different particle sizes in diets containing different sources of fat on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and the microbial population of the caecum of broiler chickens. Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted using 360 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with a 2×3 factorial arrangement for 42 days. Experimental treatments included: sunflower hulls (SFH) (without hulls, 3% with 1 mm particle size and 3% with 5 mm particle size) and different fat sources (3% tallow, 3% canola oil). Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) of birds were recorded and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. To determine the ileal digestibility of nutrients, 3 g/kg of chromium oxide was fed to chickens on days 37-42 of the rearing period. On the 42nd day of rearing, the ileum contents of 2 birds were collected and stored in a freezer at -20◦C. To investigate the morphology of the small intestine, 5 cm of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken. Cecal microbial population also determined at 42 days of age. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using SAS statistical software and GLM procedure. To compare means, Duncan's (1955) multi-range test was used at a significant level of 5%. Results and discussion: The results showed that, using of the coarse and fine SFH in the diet of broiler chickens increased FI and improved the FCR in the whole period of experiment (P<0.05). Canola oil improved FI and BWG compared to tallow (P<0.05). Apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat also increased by using of coarse SFH in the diet (P<0.05). The use of coarse SFH increased the villus height of duodenum and the villus height and thickness of ileum (P<0.05). Canola oil increased the villus height of ileum, but decreased the villus thickness compared to tallow treatment (P<0.05). The use of coarse SFH in the diet reduced the population of Escherichia coli bacteria in the cecum, and coarse SFH with different sources of fat increased the population of Lactobacillus(P<0.05). Conclusions: In general, the results of the present study showed that the addition of coarse sunflower hull to the diet could improve the growth performance of broilers by increasing the digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, Lactobacillus population, and reducing the cecal population of E. coli. Although its interaction with canola oil also had positive effects on the population of beneficial gut bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

旨在为复合风味牛油基火锅油产品的开发提供依据，以牛油和巴沙硬脂为原料，在不同温度（80、100、120 ℃）下熬制不同时间（20、40、60 min）制备牛油基火锅油，采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析不同熬制条件下牛油基火锅油的挥发性风味物质组成与含量，以及其理化性质和感官品质，考察熬制条件对牛油基火锅油品质的影响。结果表明：火锅油中的挥发性风味物质主要由萜烯类、烃类、醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类及其他类化合物组成，挥发性风味物质总数量在79~109之间，关键挥发性风味物质有10种，主要为萜烯类和醛类化合物，其中不良风味物质(E)-2-壬烯醛对熬制温度为120 ℃的火锅油风味贡献最大，与未经过熬制的牛油-巴沙硬脂火锅油的相同；而以鸡香和鸡油味为风味特征的(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛对熬制温度为80、100 ℃的火锅油风味贡献最大，且在100 ℃下熬制60 min制备的火锅油的(E)-2-壬烯醛的相对气味活性值（ROAV）最低〔在检出（E）-2-壬烯醛的所有火锅油中〕；熬制条件对火锅油样脂肪酸组成及含量没有显著影响；不同熬制温度下熬制60 min内，火锅油的酸值（KOH）（< 1.40 mg/g ）无显著变化，而过氧化值在80、100 ℃下随熬制时间的延长先升高后降低，在120 ℃时呈下降趋势，但均符合DBS50/022—2021要求；120 ℃下熬制60 min的火锅油全氧化值和茴香胺值明显高于80 ℃和100 ℃的；随熬制时间的延长和熬制温度的升高，火锅油的颜色越深；经风味、色泽、外观、黏性/硬度等感官评价，100 ℃熬制60 min的火锅油总体感官得分较高。综上，在100 ℃下熬制60 min制备的牛油基火锅油的综合品质较佳，可作为适宜的牛油基火锅油的熬制条件。Aming to provide a basis for the development of multi-flavor tallow-based hotpot oil products,tallow-based hotpot oil was prepared by decoction of tallow and Pangasius bocourti stearin under different temperatures (80, 100, 120 ℃) for different times (20, 40, 60 min). Electronic nose and headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to analyzed the composition and content of volatile flavor substances, physicochemical properties and sensory quality of the tallow-based hotpot oil under different decoction conditions, so as to investigate the influence of decoction conditions on the quality of tallow-based hotpot oil. The results showed that the volatile flavor substances in hotpot oil were mainly composed of terpenes, hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones and other compounds, and the total number of volatile flavor substances was 79-109,in which ten kinds was key volatile flavor substances, mainly terpenes and aldehydes. The bad flavor substance (E) -2-nonenal contributed the most to the overall flavor of hotpot oil with a decoction temperature of 120 ℃, and it was the same as the hotpot oil without decoction.(E, E)-2, 4-decadienal characterized by chicken flavor and chicken oil flavor contributed the most to the overall flavor of hotpot oil with decoction temperature of 80, 100 ℃, and the lowest relative odour activity value(ROAV) of (E) -2-nonenenal was found in the hotpot oil prepared under the conditions of decoction time 60 min and decoction temperature 100 ℃ (among all hotpot oils in which (E)-2-nonenenal was detected).The decoction conditions had little influence on the fatty acid composition and content of the hotpot oil. The acid values of all the hotpot oils were less than 1.40 mgKOH/g within 60 min of decoction, the peroxide value increased first and then decreased with the increase of decoction time at 80 ℃ and 100 ℃, and showed a decreasing trend at 120 ℃, but both were in line with the requirements of DBS50/022-2021. The full oxidation value and anisidine value of the hotpot oil decocted at 120 ℃ for 60 min were significantly higher than that at 80 ℃ and 100 ℃. With the extension of decoction time and the increase of decoction temperature, the color of hotpot oil became darker. The sensory evaluation of flavor, color, appearance, viscosity/hardness showed that the overall sensory score of hotpot oil decocted at 100 ℃ for 60 min was higher. To sum up, the comprehensive quality of the tallow-based hotpot oil prepared at 100 ℃ for 60 min is better, which can be used as a suitable decoction condition of the tallow-based hotpot oil.

This study was conducted in the poultry farm of the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture / University of Anbar, during the period from 43 to 54 week, with the aim of study the effect of adding Fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare L.) to the diets on the productive performance of laying hens Seventy-two laying hens of Lohmann Brown breed, aged 43 weeks were used in this experiment. The layer hens were distributed randomly in to six treatments with four replicates per treatment (3 hens/ replicate). The treatments were T1: (Positive control) based diet containing 1% hydrogenated vegetable fat, T2: (negative control) based diet containing 1% animal fat, while treatments T3, T4, T5 and T6 The based diet contained 1% animal fat + supplementation of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% Fennel seeds powder sequentially. The results showed were significant (P≤0.05) differences in productive traits of addition treatments, the treatment T6 was significantly (P≤0.05) increased compared with other treatments in (Hen House Production%, egg weight and egg mass) and a significant improvement (P ≤0.05) in feed conversion ratio, while treatment T4 was significantly (P≤0.05) increased compared with other treatment.

Introduction: One of the most important problems in the sheep breeding industry is its low reproduction capacity. According to the advances made in the field of reproduction, new methods have led to the improvement of the reproduction process. One of the important and effective indicators in reproduction is the level of energy used in the diet during the reproductive season. The use of fat supplements in the diet increases the energy density, and by reducing the inhibitory effects of the negative energy balance, it improves reproductive and productive performance. The right amount of oil consumption guarantees health and food safety. It is recommended that 10% or less of the energy needed by the body per day comes from saturated fat sources and 20-35% of daily energy comes from unsaturated fat. Due to the importance of oil seeds, their cultivation is also very important and they have a wide cultivated area all over the world. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of levels and sources of oil and fat on reproductive performance and blood factors of Kurdish sheep.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted at the Research Unit Farm of the Light Livestock Breeding Shightogan Delaware Company, located in the southern Khorasan province, Iran. Fifty-six ewes with Non-pregnant with an average age of one year and average body weight of 41.35±2.5 kg were divided into 7 treatments and 8 replications for 60 days (habituation period 14 days). Experimental treatments include: 1- base diet without oil, 2- Basic ration containing 2% sunflower oil, 3- Basic ration containing 2% canola oil, 4- Basic ration containing 2% tallow, 5- Basic ration containing 4% sunflower oil, 6- Basic ration containing 4% canola oil and 7- Basic ration It contained 4% tallow. Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. Energy and chemical composition of rations were similar and were examined simultaneously with CIDR removal and estrus observation. Then, in each experiment parameters such as the time of estrus initiation (hour), rate of return to estrus, parturition rate, rate of multiple births, number of lambs and rate of lambing were evaluated Body weight (BW) and body growth measures were recorded First and period End. Data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS (version 1.9). Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. The nutrition program with software (SRNS) version was adjusted based on the pregnancy diet.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest pregnancy rate (100%) and lambing rate (125%) were related to ewes receiving rations with 2% tallow oil and 4% sunflower oil. The highest increase in body weight was observed in ewes consuming ration with 2% sunflower oil, which was significantly different from the control group. But with other groups, this difference was insignificant. The highest body weight gain and the best (lowest) feed conversion ratio were observed in ewes consuming 2% sunflower oil diet, which was significantly different from the control group. But with other groups, this difference was insignificant. Triglyceride concentration, plasma total protein concentration and plasma albumin were not affected by oil and fat sources in the diets and no significant difference was observed between the diets. There was a significant difference in the average apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude fat and organic matter of nutrients between treatments.Conclusion: In general, use of vegetable and animal oils in the diet can positive effect on the productive and reproductive performance of sheep results of this research showed that in order to reduce the rate of consumption costs, 2% in the ration is suggested.

Introduction:1 One of the most important problems in the sheep breeding industry is its low reproduction capacity. According to the advances made in the field of reproduction, new methods have led to the improvement of the reproduction process. One of the important and effective indicators in reproduction is the level of energy used in the diet during the reproductive season. The use of fat supplements in the diet increases the energy density, and by reducing the inhibitory effects of the negative energy balance, it improves reproductive and productive performance. The right amount of oil consumption guarantees health and food safety. It is recommended that 10% or less of the energy needed by the body per day comes from saturated fat sources and 20-35% of daily energy comes from unsaturated fat. Due to the importance of oil seeds, their cultivation is also very important and they have a wide cultivated area all over the world. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of levels and sources of oil and fat on reproductive performance and blood factors of Kurdish sheep. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted at the Research Unit Farm of the Light Livestock Breeding Shightogan Delaware Company, located in the southern Khorasan province, Iran. Fifty-six ewes with Non-pregnant with an average age of one year and average body weight of 41.35±2.5 kg were divided into 7 treatments and 8 replications for 60 days (habituation period 14 days). Experimental treatments include: 1- base diet without oil, 2- Basic ration containing 2% sunflower oil, 3- Basic ration containing 2% canola oil, 4- Basic ration containing 2% tallow, 5- Basic ration containing 4% sunflower oil, 6- Basic ration containing 4% canola oil and 7- Basic ration It contained 4% tallow. Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. Energy and chemical composition of rations were similar and were examined simultaneously with CIDR removal and estrus observation. Then, in each experiment parameters such as the time of estrus initiation (hour), rate of return to estrus, parturition rate, rate of multiple births, number of lambs and rate of lambing were evaluated Body weight (BW) and body growth measures were recorded First and period End. Data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS (version 1.9). Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. The nutrition program with software (SRNS) version was adjusted based on the pregnancy diet. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest pregnancy rate (100%) and lambing rate (125%) were related to ewes receiving rations with 2% tallow oil and 4% sunflower oil. The highest increase in body weight was observed in ewes consuming ration with 2% sunflower oil, which was significantly different from the control group. But with other groups, this difference was insignificant. The highest body weight gain and the best (lowest) feed conversion ratio were observed in ewes consuming 2% sunflower oil diet, which was significantly different from the control group. But with other groups, this difference was insignificant. Triglyceride concentration, plasma total protein concentration and plasma albumin were not affected by oil and fat sources in the diets and no significant difference was observed between the diets. There was a significant difference in the average apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude fat and organic matter of nutrients between treatments. Conclusion: In general, use of vegetable and animal oils in the diet can positive effect on the productive and reproductive performance of sheep results of this research showed that in order to reduce the rate of consumption costs, 2% in the ration is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research aimed to perform a lipidomics study using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify lard, beef tallow and chicken fat. A total of 292, 345, and 403 lipid compounds were observed in lard, beef tallow, and chicken fat, respectively. The lipid groups of AcHexStE (acyl hexosyl stigmasterol ester), biotinylPE (biotinylphosphoetanolamine), LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine), MePC (monoetherphosphatidylcholine), PC (phosphatidylcholine) and PI (phosphoinocitol) were found to be specific for lard. The principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) successfully differentiated lard from beef tallow and chicken fat. This research suggested that the untargeted lipidomics technique using LC-HRMS combined with chemometrics could be used to discriminate lard from beef tallow and chicken fat. This method is a promising technique for the detection of lard adulteration in beef tallow and chicken fat for halal authentication purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to investigate the recovery of antioxidant extract from oat (Avena Sativa L.) seed via ultrasonic waves and evaluate the antioxidative effect of the extract in tallow fat. The powdered oat seed sample was extracted with ethanol/H2O (70:30, V/V) using ultrasonic waves at the temperature of 50°C and time of 30 minutes with the frequency of 40 KHZ and solid to solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v) in an ultrasound water bath. The extractive yield (24.20 ± 0.08 g/100g DW), total phenolic contents (365.73 ± 5.22 mg GAE/100g DW) and DPPH radical scavenging activity at different concentrations of oat extract (25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm, 125 ppm, 150 ppm) were determined. The yielded extract was added to tallow. The protective effects of the extracts in stabilization of tallow fat at different concentrations (0 ppm, 400 ppm, 800 ppm, 1200 ppm) were evaluated daily for a period of five days (120 h) by monitoring the peroxide, p-anisidine, totox values at an oven temperature of 90C (accelerated oxidation). Also, the oxidative stability index (OSI) was evaluated and compared with the synthetic antioxidant BHT (200 ppm). In oxidative stability tests of tallow fat supplemented with oat antioxidant extracts, increasing the concentration of the extract led to its better performance in delaying oxidative rancidity (p <0.5). According to the results, BHT (200 ppm) and followed by the oat extract (1200 ppm) showed the highest protective effects. In the rancimat test (at120°C), the oxidative stability indices of the control sample, the sample of tallow fat containing 1200 ppm of oat extract and BHT (200 ppm) were 2.89, 5.86 and 6.91 hours, respectively (p <0.05). Thus, the antioxidant BHT and subsequent oat extract (1200 ppm) in comparison with the control sample, showed a significant effect on increasing the oxidative stability index and of course the induction period of tallow fat. According to the results of antioxidant extract of oats extracted by ultrasound can be used as a source of antioxidant compounds in edible oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of adding Fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare L.) into the diets of laying hens on egg quality. This study was conducted in poultry fields belonging to Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, and University of Anbar for 12 weeks. A total of 72 laying hens (Lohman Brown) were used in this experiment, at age 43 weeks. Hens were randomly distributed to six treatments groups and with four replicates per treatment (3 hens/replicate). The treatments were T1: (positive control) based diet containing 1% hydrogenated vegetable fat, T2: (negative control) based diet containing 1% Sheep fat, T3, T4, T5 and T6 The based diet contained 1% Sheep fat + supplementation of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% Fennel seeds powder sequentially. The results showed significant (P≤0.05) differences for the supplementation treatments on the qualitative characteristics of egg quality, as treatment T6 was significantly (P≤0.05) superior to the rest of the experimental treatments in shell weight, yolk weight, yolk index, percentage of Albumen weight %, Albumen weight (g) and Haugh Unit. Treatments T5 and T6 were significantly (P≤0.05) superior to the rest of the experimental treatments in shell thickness, percentage of yolk weight%, and Albumen index, while there was no significant effect (P≤0.05) of the supplementation treatments on (percentage of shell weight%) compared to the two control treatments T1 and T2. It was concluded adding 0.75 and 1% Fennel seeds powder to laying hens' diets improved quality of eggshell, yolk, and egg white.

为保障牛油的食用安全和风味品质，以被邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（DEHP）污染的生牛脂为原料，对其进行炼制，考察炼制条件对牛油中DBP和DEHP含量的影响，采用电子鼻分析炼制条件对牛油风味的影响。结果表明：牛油中DBP、DEHP含量随炼制温度、炼制时间、炼制压力和加水量的变化表现出不同的变化规律，适宜炼制条件为炼制温度120~140 ℃、炼制时间10~15 min、炼制压力-0.02 MPa、加水量2 mL/100 g，在此条件下炼制的牛油DBP和DEHP含量较低且稳定；氮氧化合物、硫化物、萜类化合物、短链烷类、醇醚醛酮类化合物是牛油的主要风味成分。通过线性判别分析可知，加水量、炼制压力、炼制时间对牛油风味影响较大。 In order to ensure the edible safety and flavor quality of tallow,the refining of raw beef fat contaminated with di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate (DEHP) was carried out to investigate the effects of refining conditions on the contents of DBP and DEHP in tallow, and the effects of refining conditions on the flavor of tallow were analyzed by electronic nose. The results showed that the contents of DBP and DEHP in tallow changed differently with the changes of refining temperature, refining time, refining pressure and water-adding amount. The suitable refining conditions were refining temperature 120-140 ℃, refining time 10-15 min, refining pressure -0.02 MPa, water-adding amount 2 mL/100 g. Under these conditions,the contents of DBP and DEHP were low and stable. Nitrogen oxides, sulfides, terpenoids, short chain alkanes, alcohol, ethers, aldehydes and ketones were the main flavor components of tallow. Through linear discriminant analysis, it could be seen that the water-adding amount, refining pressure and refining time had a greater impact on the flavor quality of tallow.

Objective To investigate the physiological effects of exogenous emulsifiers in broiler chickens that were fed tallow-incorporated reduced-energy diets over 35 days. Methods A total of 256 Ross 308 one-day-old broilers (42.28±0.16 g) were randomly allocated in a 2×2 factorial arrangement to 32 pens with eight chicks per cage. Birds were fed one of four dietary treatments as follows: i) positive control (PCN; energy sufficient diet); ii) negative control (NCN; energy-deficient diet, −100 ME kcal/kg); iii) PCL (PCN plus 0.05% emulsifier); and iv) NCL (NCN plus 0.05% emulsifier). Growth performance was evaluated weekly whereas assessments for the carcass traits, digestibility, some blood metabolites, ileal morphology, and meat quality were measured on d 21 and d 35. Results Birds fed the NCL diet had higher (p

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of fiber and fat on performance, pH, and viscosity of digesta in young broilers. A total of 420 one-day-old male chicks Ross 308 were assigned to 60 cages of seven birds each. The birds fed with 15 experimental diets produced by central composite design (CCD), containing three levels of sugar beet pulp (SBP: 0.00, 1.75, 3.50%), tallow (T: 0.00, 0.50, 1.00%) and soybean oil (SO: 0.00, 0.50, 1.00%) from 0 to 14 d. The results showed that maximum average daily body weight gain (ADG: 42.10 g/b/d) and minimum feed conversion ratio (FCR: 0.99) were observed with diet containing 0.35% SBP, 0.00% T and 0.51% SO. Maximum (4.64) and minimum (3.01) pH in gizzard were found with diets containing 0.00% SBP, 0.51% T, 0.27% SO and 1.70% SBP, 0.21% T and 0.00% SO, respectively. The highest (6.94) and lowest (5.86) pH in ileum contents were obtained with diets comprising 0.00% SBP, 1.00% T, 0.43% SO and 1.47% SBP, 0.00% T, and 0.00% SO, respectively. Maximum (3.54) and minimum (1.50) viscosity in ileal digesta were observed with diets containing 3.50% SBP, 1.00% T, and 1.00% SO and 0.00% SBP, 0.00% T and 0.53% SO, respectively. This experiment has revealed that, the CCD and response surface methodology (RSM) have the efficiency to describe the relationships between different levels of SBP, T and SO and the ability to predict the optimal point of the level of diet ingredients in order to achieve the best performance. With increasing the amount of SBP and decreasing the level of T and SO in the diets, the pH of digesta in the gizzard and ileum decreased. The ileum digesta viscosity increased with increasing SBP, T, and SO levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the uses of animal fat from domesticated livestock (cattle, swine, and sheep) in three separate, albeit closely related situations: as a substance harvestable from within the animal body, as a commodity reconfigured from its original form, and as a tool for scientific understanding in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Using the concept of affordances, as initially described in the 1970s by James Jerome Gibson, and subsequentially amended by anthropologists, philosophers, and sociologists, as well as material culture or design historians, 1 trace animal fat across multiple stages of time and processing to show that while certain affordances remained constant throughout the period under consideration, material references to its origin within the animal body receded and ultimately disappeared. 1 explore the different forms of use and expectations that occurred in relation to animal fats within the cultural environments of the slaughterhouse, tallow chandlery, and soap-manufacturing facility. I conclude with the fundamental shift in ways of understanding animal fat that beginning in the late eighteenth century, transformed a substance once highly specific and linked directly to a particular animal's body into something that was subject to chemical analysis and ultimately synthetization. This paper is part of a special issue entitled "Making Animal Materials in Time," edited by Laurence Douny and Lisa Onaga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fat inclusion in the diet presents positive features such as essential fatty acids and vitamin supply, slowing the passage rate, and lubricating the feed milling equipment. The price of conventional added fat sources has been increasing in the last few years; therefore, there is a growing interest in the use of alternative energy sources in poultry feeding. In this context, coproducts derived from the soybean oil refinement process represent an economic alternative and permit giving added value to residual products. Soybean lecithin, which is extracted from the soybean oil degumming process, is mainly composed of polar lipids (>60%), especially of phospholipids, but also contains an important amount of neutral lipids (30-40%), as triacylglycerols and free fatty acids. Soy lecithin may also act as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are important precursors of eicosanoids for human health benefits and neonatal growth. The inclusion of lecithin in the diet could improve lipid digestibility, liver function, and performance. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of fat source and soybean lecithin on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters in laying hens. Materials and methods: A total of 144 Nick Chick laying hens were randomly divided into six treatments, six replicates, and four hens per replicate as a 2×3 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included: 1) 3% soybean oil, 2) 3% soybean oil + 0.1% lecithin, 3) 3% tallow, 4) 3% tallow + 0.1% lecithin, 5) a mixture of soybean oil + tallow in equal proportions, and 6) a mixture of soybean oil + tallow in equal proportions + 0.1% lecithin. Lecithin contains 7480 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and is added to experimental diets at one kg/ton as per company recommendation. Productive performance and egg quality traits were recorded from 37 to 44 weeks of age. Egg production and egg weight were recorded daily and feed intake was recorded weekly. This information was used to calculate the feed conversion ratio. Egg quality was measured in four eggs which were individually weighed and the external and internal quality (shape index, yolk index, yolk weight, yolk color, Haugh unit, shell weight, and shell thickness) was determined. At the end of the experiment (44 weeks of age) celite was added to experimental diets as an insoluble marker. Apparent metabolizable energy, dry matter, fat and crude protein digestibility were measured. Liver enzymes' activity (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations) and blood parameters (triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL) were measured at the end of the experiment. Results and discussion: Feed intake (P<0.01), egg production, and egg mass improved by a mixture of soybean oil + tallow (P<0.05) in the entire experiment. The effects of the source of oil on the productive performance of laying hens are contradictory and depend on the oil source and fatty acid compositions of oil/lipids, strain, and age of hens. Inclusion of lecithin in the diet increased feed intake and yolk color (P<0.01) but decreased Haugh unit (P<0.05). The reasons for the discrepancies among researchers concerning the effects of dietary lecithin on poultry production are not known but might depend on the type of bird used, as well as on the characteristics of the diet, including the level, source, and fatty acid profile of the lipid source used. The information available on the effects of lecithin on yolk pigmentation is scarce. The unsaturated fatty acid profile of lecithin is more favorable for xanthophyll absorption and utilization than that of the more saturated fatty acid profile of animal fat. Lecithin facilitates the absorption and transfer of fats, so it can cause the absorption of pigment substances as fatsoluble compounds. Yolk color increased and eggshell thickness was decreased (P<0.05) by a mixture of soybean oil + tallow. Apparent metabolizable energy, dry matter, fat, and protein digestibility were not affected by fat source, lecithin inclusion, or fat source × lecithin interaction. Moreover, the data indicated that the addition of soy oil decreased the cholesterol in the plasma (P<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.01), lactate dehydrogenase (P<0.05), triglyceride (P<0.01), cholesterol, and LDL (P<0.05) concentrations of the plasma decreased by lecithin inclusion in the diet. Lecithin is one of the natural elements that have dispersing properties. Lecithin is capable of reducing LDL cholesterol. It also promotes HDL cholesterol synthesis. In addition, it is used to help reduce cholesterol and triglycerides and protect the liver in the prevention of kidney stone formation. The lecithin modifies the cholesterol homeostasis in the liver, increasing the HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase) and alpha 7 hydroxylase cholesterol activities. The LDL concentration and size are also significantly reduced and the bile acid pool and bile lipid secretion are increased. Conclusions: In general, soybean lecithin can be added, in combination with soybean oil and tallow as an energy source in laying hens' diet to improve performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Despite the US Food and Drug Administration's zero-tolerance policy against Salmonella, several Salmonella-linked outbreaks and recalls linked to pet foods have been reported. Post-processing steps, such as fat and flavor coating, drying, cooling, and packaging are common steps where Salmonella becomes contaminated in dry pet food kibbles. Rendered animal fats and oils are commonly coated on kibbles to enhance palatability and increase energy density. A tiny layer of water in the bottom of bulk fat transport trucks or/and storage tanks could easily harbor Salmonella, leading to its entry into the pet food during coating. In this study, different types of acidulants were applied in the fat and oil system, and their effect against Salmonella in the water or fat phase in different types of fats and oils was evaluated. Our results were promising, wherein all the tested acidulants were effective to mitigate Salmonella from the fat or oil system (both aqueous and fat phase) within 2 h. The findings of this study could be helpful to the rendering and pet food industry in a fight to mitigate Salmonella in pet food. Salmonella-contaminated pet foods could potentially become a source of human salmonellosis. This study evaluated the survival of Salmonella without and with the addition of acidulants in different fat types (chicken fat (CF), canola oil (CO), Menhaden fish oil (FO), lard (La), and tallow (Ta)) commonly used to coat dry pet food kibbles. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of individual acidulants and the combination were determined using the broth microdilution method. Autoclave-sterilized rendered fats were treated with pre-determined concentrations of antimicrobial acidulants (0.5% sodium bisulfate (SBS), 0.5% phosphoric acid (PA), 0.25% lactic acid (LA), etc.) and incubated overnight at 45 °C. The treated fats were inoculated with approximately eight logs of a Salmonella cocktail. Microbiological analyses were conducted separately for the fat-phase and water-phase at predetermined time intervals (0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h) by plating them onto TSA plates. After incubating at 37 °C for 24 h, the plate count results were expressed as log CFU/mL. The MIC of SBS was 0.3125%, and of PA and LA were both 0.1953% against cocktail Salmonella serotypes. We observed a possible synergistic effect when SBS and organic acid were combined. All the acidulant tested at targeted concentrations individually as well as in combination with organic acids were highly effective against Salmonella spp. (non-detectable within 2 h) across different fat types. A potent anti-bactericidal effect leading to non-detectable Salmonella immediately (<1 h) at 45 °C was observed in the aqueous phase of the fish oil system, even without the addition of acidulants. These findings are significant for the dry pet food industries, where potential post-processing contamination of Salmonella could be controlled by treating fats and oils with acidulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tallow is a less economical and underutilized animal's fat. In fact, tallow comprises triglycerides from several fatty acids which support skin protection by increasing moisture and preventing dryness. The use of tallow in soap manufacturing will gain its interest and enhance its value added. In this study, solid soaps are prepared using tallow as raw materials by adding kefir curd from goat milk. This study analyzed the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of the particular soaps by developing a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. The kefir curd gradually increased its proportion in soap manufacturing and observed its effect on pH, moisture content, degree of foaming, and foam stability. Organoleptic tests for both hedonics and hedonic qualities were also performed and analyzed by Kruskal Wallis's nonparametric analysis. The statistical analysis reported a significant difference of 6% curd addition on pH (p0.05).

The production of preparations based on natural ingredients has become a priority in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The novelty of the study was to present a possible method for obtaining pure diacylglycerols (DAG) from natural raw materials like fats (hemp seed oil and mutton tallow). We have determined the optimum water content for enzymatic interesterification to shift the reaction equilibrium towards hydrolysis and obtain the highest DAG formation yield. Then, DAG were separated and purified by column chromatography. Raw fats were characterized by fatty acids composition and their positional distribution using gas chromatography. Triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, and free fatty acid contents were determined using gel permeation chromatography. The main fatty acid found in sn-2 MAG of hemp seed oil was linoleic acid, which was followed by oleic acid. Saturated fatty acids in hemp seed oil's TAG showed a preference for the outer sn-1,3 positions. For mutton tallow, the majority of oleic acid was found at sn-2 position. The optimum water content applied during enzymatic interesterification for DAG formation was estimated to be 2.0% w/w, using the following conditions: 5% w/w of catalyst, 200 rpm, 60°C, 6 h. DAG yield was 27%. Purification of the mutton tallow-based and hemp seed oil-based DAG yielded 83% w/w and 82% w/w, respectively. High-purity DAG could be applied as effective emulsifiers in food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible oils and fats are crucial components of everyday cooking and the production of food products, but their purity has been a major issue for a long time. High-quality edible oils are contaminated with low- and cheap-quality edible oils to increase profits. The adulteration of edible oils and fats also produces many health risks. Detection of main and minor components can identify adulterations using various techniques, such as GC, HPLC, TLC, FTIR, NIR, NMR, direct mass spectrometry, PCR, E -Nose, and DSC. Each detection technique has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, chromatography offers high precision but requires extensive sample preparation, while spectroscopy is rapid and non-destructive but may lack resolution. Direct mass spectrometry is faster and simpler than chromatography-based MS, eliminating complex preparation steps. DNA-based oil authentication is effective but hindered by laborious extraction processes. E -Nose only distinguishes odours, and DSC directly studies lipid thermal properties without derivatization or solvents. Mass spectrometry-based techniques, particularly GC–MS is found to be highly effective for detecting adulteration of oils and fats in food and non-food samples. This review summarizes the benefits and drawbacks of these analytical approaches and their use in conjunction with chemometric tools to detect the adulteration of animal fats and vegetable oils. This combination provides a powerful technique with enormous chemotaxonomic potential that includes the detection of adulterations, quality assurance, assessment of geographical origin, assessment of the process, and classification of the product in complex matrices from food and non-food samples. • Different analytical techniques used for adulteration analysis of oils and fats samples. • GC and HPLC are pivotal for separating and identifying adulterants in oils and fats. • PCR is a molecular method used to confirm the species origin of oils and fats. • Spectroscopic methods offer rapid, non-destructive analysis for adulterant detection. • Multivariate analyses are useful in identifying patterns and correlations within complex datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tallow is produced in leather manufacturing, particularly in the fleshing stage. It contains large amounts of fat, which, in most industrial plants, pollutes water and soil due to poor disposal. In order to take advantage of this solid waste, chemical processes have been applied to transform the fats extracted from tallow into biodiesel. In this work, an extraction technique involving non-polar solvents pressurized at 15 psi. With gasoline, a 51,0% fat recovery was obtained. The quality of the extracted fat was determined by analyzing density, viscosity, melting point, moisture, acidity, and acidity, peroxides, saponification, and iodine indices. Biodiesel was obtained via transesterification reactions with methanol and sodium hydroxide. The content of methyl esters produced in the reaction was characterized by means of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, where the methyl esters of palmitic and oleic fatty acids were identified as major components.

Objective: To investigate the physiological effects of exogenous emulsifiers in broiler chickens that were fed tallow-incorporated reduced-energy diets over 35 days. Methods: A total of 256 Ross 308 one-day-old broilers (42.28±0.16 g) were randomly allocated in a 2×2 factorial arrangement to 32 pens with eight chicks per cage. Birds were fed one of four dietary treatments as follows: i) positive control (PCN; energy sufficient diet); ii) negative control (NCN; energy-deficient diet, -100 ME kcal/kg); iii) PCL (PCN plus 0.05% emulsifier); and iv) NCL (NCN plus 0.05% emulsifier). Growth performance was evaluated weekly whereas assessments for the carcass traits, digestibility, some blood metabolites, ileal morphology, and meat quality were measured on d 21 and d 35. Results: Birds fed the NCL diet had higher (p<0.05) body weights, daily gains, daily feed intake, and improved feed efficiency over the entire 35-day period. Improvements (p<0.05) for the ileal digestibility of crude fat, energy, and dry matter commensurate with longer (p<0.05) villus heights were also observed with emulsifiers in the NCL and PCL diets. For the carcass measurements, only the liver weights were increased (p<0.05) with emulsifiers in the supplemented groups. For blood metabolites, higher (p<0.05) lipase levels were noticed with emulsifiers in the NCL and PCL diets. In addition, marginal reductions (p = 0.076; p = 0.095, respectively) were also noted with emulsifiers for the total cholesterol and triglyceride contents on d 35. Regarding meat quality, breast muscle yellowness was increased (p<0.05) with emulsifier use in supplemented groups. Conclusion: Our results suggest that emulsifier supplementation at 0.05% in diets could potentially improve the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broilers over 35 days. This could compensate for the lower growth performance that could be recorded with fat-incorporated lower-energy diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction1 To date, there is not any accurate estimation of calf mortality in the world; however, annual pre-weaning calves' mortality was estimated to be around 7.8, 6.5, 5.5, and 2.6% in the United States, Iran, China, and Sweden, respectively. Raboisson et al. (2013) represented that most neonatal calf mortality happens at age under one month. Hill et al. (2011) reported that nutritional factors could modulate the calf immune system's functions. Studies on non-ruminants confirm that the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) relating to the n-3 FA can affect the immune response. In calves' nutrition, using PUFA in milk or milk replacer (MR) had a pleasant effect on immune responses and antioxidant status. Supplementation n-3 FA, especially EPA and DHA, would increase the proportion of PUFA in the membrane phospholipids, which might change the performance of the immune system. The n-3 PUFA plays a critical role in influencing the immune system through various mechanisms described in detail by Calder (2012). Previous studies showed that adding n-3 PUFA to milk or MR decreases the symptoms of diarrhea and inflammatory diseases caused by viral or bacterial infections. So far, there are not enough reports regarding dietary n-3 PUFA on the APR in neonatal calves. Nevertheless, most research regarding FO supplementation and its anti-inflammatory effects on neonatal calves' health has been done on long-term consumption. As earlier mentioned, most calf mortality occurs at the first 30 days of age; consequently, long-term (more than one month) consumption of FO might not provide clear evidence to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of FO on the status of neonatal calves' health. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the first evaluation of short-term supplementation of n-3 PUFA on the APR of neonatal calves. Materials and Methods Twenty-four bull calves, with a mean age of 34.5 3.7 days, were housed outdoors in individual pens bedded with wheat straw at the dairy farm facilities of Astan Quds Razavi Animal Husbandry and Agriculture Co. (Mashhad, Iran) in February 2019. The criteria for calf selection were, namely, the type of calf delivery (without any difficulty) and no history of disease or diarrhea. To achieve a quantitative similarity between calves, we used age and body weight as further criteria. The experiment's duration was 11 days (a week before LPS challenge and three days after LPS challenge) with an adaptation period (seven days). After the adaptation period, calves were weighed (57.5 ± 4.4 kg) and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (six calves/group). Randomized calves received treatments during the study period according to the group they were already allocated: 1. negative control group (NC), 2. Positive control group (LPS challenge, PC), 3. Tallow 350 mg/kg BW group + LPS (TA), 4. Fish oil 350 mg/kg BW group + LPS (FO). All calves were fed the same diet, 5 L/d of whole milk, and had free access to freshwater during the experiment. The PC, FO, and TA groups were intravenously challenged with 0.5 μg/kg BW ultrapure LPS from E. coli serotype O111:B4 (Sigma-Aldrich: registered; product NO. L2630) on day eight. Treatments FO and TA were mixed with whole milk and were offered two times a day (at 0800 and 1700). FO and TA groups were isocaloric to compare the effect of manipulating fatty acid intake in the same level of energy intake on the APR of neonatal calves. The blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h, post LPS challenge (p.c.) to evaluate inflammatory condition. The clinical signs (RT, RR, and HR) were recorded at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24 h p.c. According to Plessers et al.'s (2015) model, the appearance of behavioral phases (respiratory, depression, and recovery phase) was assessed. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design by using JMP (13.2) software. Results and Discussion The results of this study confirm previous experiments that showed a significant increase of cytokines level by the LPS administration (26, 29). As expected, the IL-6 increased when the TNF-α decreased (Maximal level at 3 and 1 h p.c., respectively). There was no significant difference in cytokines and APPs between PC, FO, and TA, while the FO had the minimum level. The typical sickness behavior of LPSchallenged calves was distinguished as respiratory, depression, and recovery phases according to Plessers et al.'s (2015) model. In this study, there was no significant effect of decreasing n-6/n-3 FA ratio on sickness behavior. Besides, the level of inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins were not affected by experimental groups. These results were in line with McDonnell et al., (2019) reported no FO effect on immune function during the pre-weaning period. Although the level of DHA + EPA requirement for calves has not been well known, studies represented that their highest level in humans is 5 g/d. Stanley et al. (2007) concluded that the n-6/n-3 FA ratio might not be a helpful concept and distracts attention from increasing absolute intakes of long-chain n-3 FA. In this regard, Flaga et al. (2019) represented that DHA-rich algae supplementation in milk replacer could decrease cytokines' mRNA expression. They suggested that 3 g/d DHA might be the maximum level in neonatal calves' diet with an appropriate effect on the immune system. In the current study, NC, PC, and TA received 2 mg/d, and FO received 3 g/d DHA. It might be worthwhile considering the amount of DHA + EPA when FO is used as an n-3 PUFA source in calves' diet. Conclusion The results showed that decreasing the n6/n3 FA ratio in diets by supplementing FO could not affect acute phase response in calves. Besides, short-term supplementation of FO could not improve calves' immune systems as no differences in cytokines and APP between PC and FO were observed. Although sickness behavior in FO finished sooner than PC, there was no significant difference between them. In this study, increasing MUFA intake could not affect APR in calve. It seems that more studies are needed to evaluate the effect of EPA and DHA on the performance and health status of calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently natural antioxidants have obtained greater attention due to the fact natural food components are safer than synthetic ones. Antioxidant activities of Polylophium Involucratum seeds extract were analyzed. In this research, radical scavenging capacity was utilized to measure the antioxidant efficacy of ethanolic extraction. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was 423 µg/ml for ethanolic extract and 10 mg/ml for essential oil. Furthermore, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the ethanolic extract were 89.22 (mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW)), and 48.24 (mg rutin equivalent/g DW), respectively. The antioxidant effect of P. Involucratum and a synthetic antioxidant on oxidative stability of tallow was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC revealed showed the addition of P. Involucratum extract at 400 ppm to tallow increased its oxidation onset temperature in comparison to 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and a control (no antioxidant added), thereby making P. Involucratum a source of natural antioxidants.

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Simple Summary: Saturated fatty acids might be a valuable source of energy to guarantee all physiological functions in companion animals. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential in several metabolic processes and structural body functions. In this regard, hemp oil can be used as a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal diets. In this study, hemp seed oil and swine tallow were added to a commercial canned diet. These high-lipid-content diets (hemp diet: 55.1 g/100 kcal ME; tallow diet: 65.1 g/1000 kcal ME) were compared with one rich in starch. Following the recruitment of 12 dogs, three experimental groups were set up. At 30 days of diet administration, faeces samples were collected from each group to perform an in vitro trial and faecal bacteria count. In the first evaluation, the faecal inoculum obtained from dogs fed a diet supplemented with hemp showed higher fermentation activity and lower gas production at 24 h of incubation. The bacterial count demonstrated an increase in Lactobacillus when hemp group faeces were tested. Both in vivo and in vitro acetic acid production increased. The results obtained suggest an influence of the fatty acid profile on the microbial population. Lipids represent a significant energy source in dogs' diets. Moreover, dogs need some essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids, because they are not able to produce them endogenously. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dietary lipid sources on faecal microbial populations and activities using different evaluations. Hemp seed oil and swine tallow were tested as lipid supplements in a commercial canned diet at a ratio of 3.5% (HL1 and HL2, respectively). These diets were compared with one rich in starch (HS). Twelve dogs were recruited and equally divided into three groups. Faeces samples at 30 days were used as inoculum and incubated with three different substrates (MOS, inulin, and cellulose) using the in vitro gas production technique. The faecal cell numbers of relevant bacteria and secondary metabolites were analysed (in vivo trial). In vitro evaluation showed that the faeces of the group fed the diet with hemp supplementation had better fermentability despite lower gas production. The in vivo faecal bacterial count showed an increase in Lactobacillus spp. In the HL1 group. Moreover, a higher level of acetate was observed in both evaluations (in vitro and in vivo). These results seem to indicate a significant effect of the dietary fatty acid profile on the faecal microbial population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is currently regarded as a sustainable and renewable alternative to depleting fossil fuels such as petro-diesel. Biodiesel production on a large scale could have a positive impact on the energy sector and the environment by lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Disadvantages of biodiesel include utilization of high-cost edible oils for production of biofuels, generation of wastewater and inability to recycle catalysts after alkaline-catalyzed methanolysis. The objectives of the current study were to utilize low-cost, inedible tallow to produce biodiesel from Lewatit-immobilized lipase produced from Bacillus pumilus and to measure the fuel properties and exhaust emissions of the resulting fatty acid methyl esters. Response surface methodology was used to optimize reaction conditions and alkaline (potassium hydroxide; KOH) catalysis was performed for comparison. A conversion of 96% was achieved by two step chemical-mediated transesterification, whereas conversion was 67% for the single step lipase-mediated method. Acid pre-treatment was needed in the case of KOH-catalyzed transesterification to reduce the acid value of tallow from 17.6 to 1.3 mg KOH/g, whereas the Lewatit-immobilized lipase was able to efficiently catalyse both transesterification of glycerides and esterification of free fatty acids. To the best of our knowledge, the lipase from B. pumilus has not yet been studied for biodiesel production from tallow. Fuel properties of the resulting optimized biodiesel were within the limits prescribed in ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. In addition, exhaust emissions studies revealed reduced CO and PM relative to petro-diesel. In both cases, reductions were greater as the percentage of biodiesel increased in blends with petro-diesel. However, NO. emissions were elevated versus petrodiesel in blends that contained 50% or more of biodiesel. This research reveals new ways for utilization of waste animal fats for biodiesel production as well as a new efficient lipase source that yields more products and provides environmental and economic security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel can substitute for conventional diesel fuel and contribute to the decarbonization of the transportation sector. To improve biodiesel sustainability and decrease production costs, low-grade fats such as non-edible animal fats must be used. Animal fats are mixed with tissues which must be removed before alcoholysis to avoid biodiesel contamination with nitrogen and phosphorus-containing compounds. Biodiesel was produced by the methanolysis of beef tallow and beef tallow/soybean oil mixtures over calcium heterogeneous catalysts obtained by the calcination of scallop shells. The tallow from fatty bovine tissues was extracted using boiling water, dry microwave treatment, and acetone extraction. The thermal stability and the moisture content of the extracted fats were evaluated by thermogravimetry. The thermograms of fats revealed that microwave treatment, which was faster (3 min instead of 40 min for boiling water and 240 min for acetone extraction) and had the lowest energy consumption, led to a dry fat with a thermal stability analogous to that of fats extracted with boiling water and acetone. All the extracted fats behaved similarly in the methanolysis reaction over calcium catalyst, with biodiesel yield (61–62%) being 30% lower than the analogous obtained from soybean oil (88%). Co-processing the extracted tallow with soybean oil overcomes the drawback related to the low-grade fats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supplementary effects of an emulsifier mixture (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate and distilled monoglycerides) were investigated on feed utilization, growth performance, and immunity of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, replacing fish oil with beef tallow. A fish oil containing diet was considered as positive control (PC) and a diet containing beef tallow instead of fish oil was considered as negative control (TW). Two other diets (EM01 and EM02) were prepared by adding 0.01 and 0.02% of the emulsifier into the TW diet. After 8 weeks of a feeding trial, growth performance and feed utilization were significantly higher in fish fed EM01, EM02, or PC diets compared to those fed the TW diet. Dry matter digestibility was higher in EM01 and EM02 diets than the TW diet and comparable to PC diet. Lipid digestibility was significantly higher in PC diet compared to TW diet. Liver EPA and DHA levels were lower, and oleic acid level was higher in fish fed diets containing tallow compared to PC group. Significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase and triglyceride levels were observed in TW group. Dietary supplemented emulsifier restored the reduced performance of olive flounder fed diets containing tallow instead of fish oil. However, the optimum inclusion level of the emulsifier should be elucidated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data was collected from three different Chapli Kabab restaurants based in Batkhela Bazar, District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Samples of fresh and in-use frying mediums (upto five hours) of each Tallow, Ghee and Oil were collected and the whole frying process was properly monitored throughout. All the samples were analyzed for TPM and Acid value at the time of collection with the help of oil testometer DOM-24. A 100 ml of sample from each of the frying mediums was collected and transferred to the Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Malakand for further analysis. The peroxide values (18.073 meq kg-1) were found significantly higher in oil medium, followed by ghee (11.96 meq kg-1) and then tallow (10.507-meq kg-1). Initial value in oil,value of peroxide was recorded as low as (5.05 meq kg-1),which significantly increased to (20.68 meq kg-1) in the 5thhour of frying. In addition, a higher acid value (1.499) recorded in ghee medium followed by oil (1.389) and then tallow (1.250), highest acid value (2.01) in the 5th hour of frying in ghee.Total polar materials (13.166) were higher in ghee medium, which is statistically identical with oil (12.87),whereas minimum (9.661) value was observed in tallow, highest TPM value was recorded in oil during 5th hour of frying which was (19.43). This study can prove helpful for development of new standards of freshness for frying mediums used for frying traditional chapli kabab. This study suggests that the evaluated frying times for acceptable freshness of the frying mediums of traditional chapli kabab especially for frying oil should not be more than 05 hours. Data obtained from this study may be worthwhile in setting food quality regulations for the frying medium used for traditional chapli kabab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The oils undergo qualitative changes, especially oxidation due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures during storage, as well as the presence of oxygen in the environment. Antioxidants are used to protect the oil from oxidation. Most of the antioxidants that used in the food industry are synthetic hence harmful to health. Therefore, studies on the use of natural antioxidants as a substitution for synthetic ones are of prime importance. It has been proven that synthetic antioxidants have known toxic effects, so essential oils which are volatile oils and secondary products of plants are used as natural antioxidants in oil-based foods. Materials and methods: In this research, the rosemary essential oils (extracted (by Clevenger and commercially extracted) as a natural antioxidant, were added to sunflower oil, soybean oil, and tallow in concentrations of 0.05. 0.1, 0.2 and 5.0%. Fatty acid composition, iodine, peroxide, and saponification values were measured. Also, identification of essential oils was performed by spectrophotometric and gas chromatography methods. The antioxidant activities of essential oils were determined by the DPPH method. Results: The results showed that the number of active compounds in commercial samples (69.69%) was higher than those of manually extracted samples (52.35%) and they scavenge more DPPH radicals than Clevenger extracted type. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in soybean and sunflower oils. However, oleic acid was found in the highest amount in tallow. There was a direct relationship between the amount of effective compounds and the antioxidant activity of the essential oil. The antioxidant activity of the two essential oils, measured by the DPPH radical control method, also indicated that the commercial essential oil had a higher antioxidant activity. Increasing the concentration of essential oil increased oxidative stability in the samples, so that the highest stability was observed in the sample with a concentration of 0.5% essential oil. The results showed an increase in the amount of peroxide value during the storage period, which was lower with an increase in essential oil content. Iodine and saponification values of the samples also showed a decreasing trend with increasing concentrations. In all experiments, the commercial essential oil was more favorable. Conclusion: According to the results, the synthetic antioxidants can be can be replaced with rosemary essential oil to enhance the shelf life and quality of the oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at manufacturing structured lipids by chemical interesterification (CI) of beef tallow with corn, canola and safflower oils individually at various tallow blend ratios (60, 70, 80%) and catalyst concentrations (0.75, 0.875, 1%). Several physical and chemical properties of interesterified products were determined and data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Interesterified lipids were more spreadable and showed plastic behavior due to their lower consistency and solid fat contents. Decreases in melting points to a temperature range of 26.5-45.5 °C regardless of oil type were observed. Interesterified fats displayed mostly β’ and β’+β crystal forms. The CI of tallow did not result in the formation of significant amounts of trans-fatty acids. Samples interesterified with corn oil had lower free fatty acid contents (1.87-3.9%) and higher oxidation induction times (3.82-12.25h) than other lipids. Therefore, fats containing corn oil-tallow could be used in the baking industry due to their potentially good aeration properties and smooth texture.

John Knight and Sons soap company, like other successful soap manufacturers in Greater London, grew during the nineteenth century by combining technological innovation and marketing to sell increasing quantities of a product the British public increasingly saw as a symbol of their advanced civilisation. They did not struggle with the ecological limits of their regional hinterlands to provide the raw materials, as they relied on growing quantities of tallow, rosin and other commodities supplied from overseas ghost acres. John Knight and Sons linked consumers to environmental transformations and large-scale colonial dispossession in Europe, the Americas and Australasia. Millions of sheep and cattle were raised on the abundant grasslands found on the Eurasian steppe, the Pampas, the Great Plains and in Australasia, many of which were killed and processed only for their tallow, skins or hides. Economic and environmental factors created significant instability in the global tallow supply, but the end result was greater quantities of cheaper tallow shipped to market in London. These global ghost acres made the nineteenth century success of John Knight and Sons and other major soap producers in Greater London possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beef tallow is a by-product of rendering of fats from meat production. While tallow can be used for a variety of applications including biodiesel production, it might also be useful for enhancing the water resistance of wood to improve durability. The effects of differing retentions of tallow on wood performance were evaluated in scots pine, beech and poplar. Tallow slowed but did not completely limit water uptake nor did it completely inhibit swelling. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis indicated that tallow did not appreciably alter the wood chemistry and TGA analysis suggested that it had only minor thermal effects. Fungal exposures suggested that tallow treatment improved decay resistance slightly but would not function as a stand-alone wood protectant. The results suggest that tallow might be a useful additive for bulking the wood to enhance water repellency of an existing preservative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at manufacturing structured lipids by chemical interesterification (CI) of beef tallow with corn, canola and safflower oils individually at various tallow blend ratios (60, 70, 80%) and catalyst concentrations (0.75, 0.875, 1%). Several physical and chemical properties of interesterified products were determined and data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Interesterified lipids were more spreadable and showed plastic behavior due to their lower consistency and solid fat contents. Decreases in melting points to a temperature range of 26.5-45.5 °C regardless of oil type were observed. Interesterified fats displayed mostly β' and β'+β crystal forms. The CI of tallow did not result in the formation of significant amounts of trans-fatty acids. Samples interesterified with corn oil had lower free fatty acid contents (1.87-3.9%) and higher oxidation induction times (3.82-12.25h) than other lipids. Therefore, fats containing corn oil-tallow could be used in the baking industry due to their potentially good aeration properties and smooth texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High moisture levels introduced to fats after the rendering process can lead to Salmonella presence and growth. Limited research on strategies to eliminate pathogens in these environments are available. Rendered fat characteristics, such as water activity and fatty acids composition, may contribute to Salmonella survivability. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of moisture levels (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 3%), storage temperatures (48 and 76 ˚C), and fat characteristics on the growth and survival of Salmonella in beef tallow, white grease and poultry fat samples. Samples were inoculated with a high (~108 CFU/mL) and a low (~105 CFU/mL) Salmonella cocktail (S. Senftenberg, S. Newport, S. Thompson and S. Infantis). Samples were stored for up to 5 days at 48 and 76 ºC. Remaining population was evaluated daily with and without enrichment step. Death rates were calculated using Weibull model for each temperature and moisture level. Only temperature had an effect (P < 0.05) on Salmonell a inactivation, while no effect between moisture and/or inoculum level were observed. When all products were challenged at 76 ˚C, counts were below detectable limits after 6 hours. At 48˚C a progressive decline in Salmonella population was observed within 3 days for both beef tallow and white grease when high inoculum was used for the challenge study. Salmonella was below detectable limit within 4 days for both fat types when a low inoculum was instead applied. This research identified the effect of moisture and temperature in rendered fat samples contaminated with Salmonella and underlined the need to use time–moisture–temperature data to minimize microbial growth during transportation and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Calcium (Ca) can complex with free fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), leading to the formation of insoluble unabsorbable Ca-fatty acid soaps, contributing to the proposed effect of Ca on weight loss in humans.Objectives: We determined the effect of dietary Ca concentration and the individual long-chain fatty acids on Ca-fatty acid soap formation and fatty acid digestibility.Methods: Nine-week-old crossbreed male pigs (n = 144; mean ± SD body weight: 21.7 ± 0.15 kg) were used as an animal model for digestion in the adult human. The animals received purified diets containing 4 Ca concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 g/kg diet) and 4 fat sources (tallow, palmolein oil, soybean oil, and olive oil) in a completely randomized design. Fatty acids, Ca, and Ca-fatty acid soaps were determined in feces (n = 9 per diet).Results: Increasing dietary Ca led to a 4-fold increase (P ≤ 0.05) in excreted palmitic and stearic acid when diets contained tallow or palmolein oil as the major fat source. More than 80% of these excreted fatty acids were present as soaps. For the tallow-based diets, increasing dietary Ca led to a decrease in stearic acid digestibility from 91% to 66% (P ≤ 0.01) and in palmitic acid digestibility from 96% to 83% (P ≤ 0.01). For the olive oil- and soybean oil-based diets dietary Ca did not (P > 0.05) influence fatty acid excretion.Conclusions: Ca-fatty acid soap formation led to decreased fat absorption in the GIT of growing pigs, which supports the hypothesis that higher dietary Ca concentrations reduce fat absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new alternative method for the production of biodiesel from rendered fat, including animal by‐product (ABP) Category 1 tallow, was evaluated. The method consists of a conversion phase, based on esterification and transesterification in a single step (at temperature ≥ 200°C, pressure ≥ 70 bar with a retention time ≥ 15 min), using MgO as a catalyst and in the presence of methanol (10–15%), followed by vacuum distillation (at ≥ 150°C, ≤ 10 mbar) of the end‐product, biodiesel and the co‐product, glycerine. Prions (PrPSc), which are abnormal isoforms of the prion protein, were considered by the applicant to be the most resistant hazard. In accordance with previous EFSA Opinions and current expert evaluation, a reduction in prion infectivity, or detectable PrPSc, of at least 6 log10 should be achieved for the process to be considered equivalent to the processing method laid down in the Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. Published data from an experimental replication of the conversion step of the biodiesel production process under consideration were provided, which showed an at least 6 log10 reduction in detectable PrPSc, by Western blot, in tallow that had been spiked with murine and human prion strains. In addition, it was demonstrated that the presence of methanol does not affect the recovery or detection of PrPSc from a biodiesel substrate. Based on scientific literature, the vacuum distillation step has been shown to be capable of achieving an additional 3 log10 reduction in PrPSc. Therefore, the proposed alternative method is considered to be at least equivalent to the processing method laid down in the legislation for the production of biodiesel from raw materials including Category 1 ABP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the organogelation potential of tallow fat (TF) and partially hydrolyzed tallow fat (HTF) against saturated monoglyceride (MG) and a saturated monoglyceride + diglyceride mixture (MDG) as the organogelators. TF itself created oleogel at a 30% addition level, while HTF, MG and MDG oleogels were prepared at 10% addition levels. Fatty acid composition data showed that the oleogel of HTF (HTFO) was quite similar to those of MG and MDG oleogels. Solid fat content, free fatty acidity and peroxide values were found to be in acceptable ranges for HTFO. Thermal properties, crystal morphology and X-ray diffraction patterns were also evaluated. Rheological analyses indicated that all oleogels had higher storage modulus (G´) than loss modulus (G´´). The time-sweep test showed that after applying higher shear rates, the gels re-formed at rest. Further, all oleogels maintained their gelled consistency until around 54 °C. The results suggest that HTF could be a cheap, efficient, fast melting, safe and readily available organogelator.

Lipids represent a significant energy source in dogs’ diets. Moreover, dogs need some essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids, because they are not able to produce them endogenously. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dietary lipid sources on faecal microbial populations and activities using different evaluations. Hemp seed oil and swine tallow were tested as lipid supplements in a commercial canned diet at a ratio of 3.5% (HL1 and HL2, respectively). These diets were compared with one rich in starch (HS). Twelve dogs were recruited and equally divided into three groups. Faeces samples at 30 days were used as inoculum and incubated with three different substrates (MOS, inulin, and cellulose) using the in vitro gas production technique. The faecal cell numbers of relevant bacteria and secondary metabolites were analysed (in vivo trial). In vitro evaluation showed that the faeces of the group fed the diet with hemp supplementation had better fermentability despite lower gas production. The in vivo faecal bacterial count showed an increase in Lactobacillus spp. In the HL1 group. Moreover, a higher level of acetate was observed in both evaluations (in vitro and in vivo). These results seem to indicate a significant effect of the dietary fatty acid profile on the faecal microbial population.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the organogelation potential of tallow fat (TF) and partially hydrolyzed tallow fat (HTF) against saturated monoglyceride (MG) and a saturated monoglyceride + diglyceride mixture (MDG) as the organogelators. TF itself created oleogel at a 30% addition level, while HTF, MG and MDG oleogels were prepared at 10% addition levels. Fatty acid composition data showed that the oleogel of HTF (HTFO) was quite similar to those of MG and MDG oleogels. Solid fat content, free fatty acidity and peroxide values were found to be in acceptable ranges for HTFO. Thermal properties, crystal morphology and X-ray diffraction patterns were also evaluated. Rheological analyses indicated that all oleogels had higher storage modulus (G') than loss modulus (G"). The time-sweep test showed that after applying higher shear rates, the gels re-formed at rest. Further, all oleogels maintained their gelled consistency until around 54 °C. The results suggest that HTF could be a cheap, efficient, fast melting, safe and readily available organogelator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a surge in the skincare industry marketing the use of natural ingredients as efficacious agents. Although this has been popular in the Eastern hemisphere for a while, Western countries are starting to put more emphasis on naturally derived products. This paper chose to analyze the current research available on tallow, which is a solid fat derived from animals. Tallow has long been used as a neutral cooking fat, ingredient in soaps, biofuel product, and now ingredient in skincare products. The purpose of this scoping review was to look at the current research pertaining to the therapeutic benefits of tallow on the skin. Using the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, a scoping review was conducted using two databases: EMBASE and PubMed as sources of evidence. The searches for studies were conducted using the following key terms: (tallow) AND (skin or dermatology or dermatitis or emulsion or cosmetics or eczema). Papers were excluded if they were not in English, if they did not mention the effects of tallow on the skin, and if they did not use tallow rendered from an animal. Date ranges and geographical locations for articles were not part of our inclusion or exclusion criteria. We focused on the following five research questions: Does the composition of tallow make it better suitable for use on skin? What is the benefit of using tallow on skin? Does tallow have therapeutic properties for skin conditions? What side effects does tallow have on the skin? Is tallow reef-safe? While there is much evidence supporting the use of tallow as an ingredient in animal feed, cooking, soaps, and biofuels, there are significant research gaps in how it can be used on human skin. Our search on PubMed and EMBASE resulted in a total of 147 studies being screened with 19 fitting our specific criteria. Of the 19 studies, there were comparative studies, basic science studies, and animal studies. After reviewing the studies to answer the objectives in this paper, we were able to find information that supported the first three objectives; however, more research is still needed. Specifically, more research is needed that is geared towards tallow as a cosmetic product in humans. The fourth objective, which was to answer the side effects of topical tallow, had the most discrepancies between the sources. The fifth objective also found supporting information; however, only two sources were found. Overall, there needs to be more research with controlled variables on the side effects of topical tallow. Different research designs that could be explored include case studies, randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional studies, and qualitative studies., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Russell et al.)

This study evaluated the effects of a graded concentration of dietary calcium soaps of tallow (CST) supplementation on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, abdominal fat fatty acid profile, bone biomechanical properties, and bone mineral composition. One hundred and forty 11-d-old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups with 5 replicate pens containing 7 birds per each. The birds received corn-soybean meal based diet and CST (CST0, CST10, CST20, and CST30, respectively) was included in the grower (0, 10, 20, and 30 g/kg) and finisher (0, 15, 30, and 45 g/kg) diet at the expense of vegetable acid oil and limestone. Dietary supplementations had no significant effect on BWG and FI during the entire experimental period. However, FCR was improved in CST0 and CST10 groups in comparison to those of the CST20 group from d 11 to d 42. According to the present study result, dietary supplementation of low level of CST significantly influenced intestinal microarchitecture of the jejunum and ileum by improving villus height/crypt ratio and villus height, respectively. Femur (P=0.001) and tibia (P=0.020) stiffness increased linearly with the increasing level of dietary CST. Tibia Ca (P=0.009) and P (P=0.009) concentration of CST10 and CST30 groups were lower than the CST0 group. Increasing levels of CST in diets significantly reduced the Fe and Mn concentrations in tibia samples. In conclusion, supplementation of CST has no detrimental effect on broiler performance parameters and might be used as an alternative dietary fat source in the broiler industry.

A 12-week study was conducted to determine the effect of graded levels of raw tallow seed meal (RTSM) on growth performance, haematological and biochemical parameters and organoleptic qualities of growing rabbits. Five experimental diets were compounded to contain 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% RTSM replacing the palm kernel cake weight for the weight designated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. Forty-five (45) weaned rabbits between 5 and 6 weeks with an average body weight ranging from 500 to 600 g of mixed breeds and sexes (females and males) were randomly allocated to the five (5) dietary treatments in the randomized complete block design with nine (9) rabbits per treatment replicated three (3) times with three (3) rabbits each. Data were collected on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient digestibility, some haematological and biochemical parameters and organoleptic qualities of the rabbits. The feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P0.05) difference except for the juiciness which was significantly (P

The optimum conditions for producing biodiesel by combining beef tallow, a waste resource with high saturated fatty acid content, and soybean oil, which has high unsaturated fatty acid content, were investigated. Furthermore, the kinematic viscosity reduction effects of biodiesel by using heating and ultrasonic irradiation were verified, and their impacts on engine performance and exhaust emissions were evaluated. The result shows that the optimum production conditions are a blend ratio of TASO3 (soybean oil to tallow blend ratio of 7:3) and a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1. Kinematic viscosity reduction experiment results showed that the kinematic viscosity reduction effects of ultrasonic irradiation and heating were similar, but the heating device is considered more effective because it is simpler and cheaper than the ultrasonic device. Experiment results on output performance and exhaust performance showed that the engine performance and exhaust performance of the fuel with reduced kinematic viscosity were higher than those of the untreated fuel. However, the output of biodiesel was lower than those of conventional diesel (CD) due to the low calorific value of biodiesel; the NOx and CO2 emissions of biodiesel were higher than those of CD, but the CO and HC emissions of biodiesel were lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]