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Archaeological research is currently redefining how large-scale changes occurred in prehistoric times. In addition to the long-standing theoretical dichotomy between ‘cultural transmission’ and ‘demic diffusion’, many alternative models borrowed from sociology can be used to explain the spread of innovations. The emergence of urnfields in Middle and Late Bronze Age Europe is certainly one of these large-scale phenomena; its wide distribution has been traditionally emphasized by the use of the general term Urnenfelderkultur/zeit (starting around 1300 BC). Thanks to new evidence, we are now able to draw a more comprehensive picture, which shows a variety of regional responses to the introduction of the new funerary custom. The earliest ‘urnfields’ can be identified in central Hungary, among the tell communities of the late Nagyrév/Vatya Culture, around 2000 BC. From the nineteenth century BC onwards, the urnfield model is documented among communities in northeastern Serbia, south of the Iron Gates. During the subsequent collapse of the tell system, around 1500 BC, the urnfield model spread into some of the neighbouring regions. The adoption, however, appears more radical in the southern Po plain, as well as in the Sava/Drava/Lower Tisza plains, while in Lower Austria, Transdanubia and in the northern Po plain it seems more gradual and appears to have been subject to processes of syncretism/hybridization with traditional rites. Other areas seem to reject the novelty, at least until the latest phases of the Bronze Age. We argue that a possible explanation for these varied responses relates to the degree of interconnectedness and homophily among communities in the previous phases.

The origins of horseback riding remain elusive. Scientific studies show that horses were kept for their milk similar to 3500 to 3000 BCE, widely accepted as indicating domestication. However, this does not confirm them to be ridden. Equipment used by early riders is rarely preserved, and the reliability of equine dental and mandibular pathol-ogies remains contested. However, horsemanship has two interacting components: the horse as mount and the human as rider. Alterations associated with riding in human skeletons therefore possibly provide the best source of information. Here, we report five Yamnaya individuals well-dated to 3021 to 2501 calibrated BCE from kurgans in Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary, displaying changes in bone morphology and distinct pathologies associated with horseback riding. These are the oldest humans identified as riders so far.

Munkánk során Jászberény Szent Pál-halom 239 egyénének maradványait vizsgáltuk klasszikus embertani és paleopatológiai szempontból. A temető leletanyagából 88 férfit, 71 nőt és 80 ismeretlen nemű (köztük 48 gyermek) egyént különítettünk el. A demográfiai elemzések szerint a közösség tagjainak 22,5%-a vesztette életét a felnőtt korba való lépés előtt. Nők esetén a mortalitási görbe kb. 30 éves korban, míg férfiak esetén kb. 40 éves korban csúcsosodik ki. A combcsont alapján történő testmagasság becslés a férfiak átlagos magassága 167,11 cm, míg a nőké 158,07 cm volt. A kraniometriai elemzések eredményei szerint a férfiak között egyenlő arányban találni igen hosszú (hyperdolichokran), hosszú (dolichokran), közepesen hosszú (mesokran), és rövidfejű (brachykran) egyéneket. A nők csaknem fele mesokran koponyával rendelkezett. Poroticus hyperostosis nyomai néhány kivételt leszámítva csak a szemüregben voltak megfigyelhetők, és legnagyobb arányban a gyermekek körében jelentkeztek. A trauma analízis során interperszonális erőszakra is utaló premortem sérüléseket (többek között bordatörést, singcsonttörést, tompa trauma nyomait a koponyán és egy metacarpus törését) azonosítottunk. Emellett perimortem vágásnyomokat is megfigyeltünk. Egy felnőtt férfi koponyáján látható trauma trepanációra emlékeztető morfológiája egy érdekes új paleopatológiai esetet jelent. Lineáris fogzománc hypoplasia leggyakrabban a frontfogakon (főleg a szemfogakon) volt látható, és felnőttek körében gyakoribb volt előfordulása a férfiak esetében. A kutatást az Árpád-ház Program V.1. részprojektje (Árpád-kori magyarság embertani-genetikai képe, projekt azonosító: 39509/2018/KFSZ) támogatta.

SummaryAs the collapse of the Western Roman Empire accelerated during the 4th and 5th centuries, arriving “barbarian” groups began to establish new communities in the border provinces of the declining (and eventually former) empire. This was a time of significant cultural and political change throughout not only these border regions but Europe as a whole.1,2To better understand post-Roman community formation in one of these key frontier zones after the collapse of the Hunnic movement, we generated new paleogenomic data for a set of 38 burials from a time series of three 5th century cemeteries3–5at Lake Balaton, Hungary. We utilized a comprehensive sampling approach to characterize these cemeteries along with data from 38 additional burials from a previously published mid-6th century site6and analyzed them alongside data from over 550 penecontemporaneous individuals7–19. The range of genetic diversity in all four of these local burial communities is extensive and wider ranging than penecontemporaneous Europeans sequenced to date. Despite many commonalities in burial representation and demography, we find that there were substantial differences in genetic ancestry between the sites. We detect evidence of northern European gene flow into the Lake Balaton region. Additionally, we observe a statistically significant association between dress artefacts and genetic ancestry among 5th century genetically female burials. Our analysis shows that the formation of early Medieval communities was a multifarious process even at a local level, consisting of genetically heterogeneous groups.

We analyze the impact of in utero temperature exposure on the birth weight and an indicator for low birth weight using administrative data on singleton live births conceived between 2000 and 2016 in Hungary. We find that exposure to high temperatures during pregnancy decreases birth weight, but its impact on the probability of low birth weight is weaker. Exposure to one additional hot day (mean temperature > 25 °C) during the gestation period reduces birth weight by 0.46 g, relative to a 15–20 °C day. The second and third trimesters appear to be slightly more sensitive to temperature exposure than the first trimester. We project that climate change will decrease birth weight and increase the prevalence of low birth weight by the mid-twenty-first century. The projected impacts are the strongest for newborns conceived during the winter and spring months.

Using mortality registers and administrative data on income and population, we develop new evidence on the magnitude of life expectancy inequality in Hungary and the scope for health policy in mitigating this. We document considerable inequalities in life expectancy at age 45 across settlement-level income groups, and show that these inequalities have increased between 1991-96 and 2011-16 for both men and women. We show that avoidable deaths play a large role in life expectancy inequality. Income-related inequalities in health behaviours, access to care, and healthcare use are all closely linked to the inequality in life expectancy.Supplementary material for this article is available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2021.1877332.

In this paper, we examine the relationship between temperature and human conception rates and project the impacts of climate change by the mid-twenty-first century. Using complete administrative data on 6.8 million pregnancies between 1980 and 2015 in Hungary, we show that exposure to hot temperatures reduces the conception rate in the first few weeks following exposure, but a partial rebound is observed after that. We project that with absent adaptation, climate change will increase seasonal differences in conception rates and annual conception rates will decline. A change in the number of induced abortions and spontaneous fetal losses drives the decline in conception rates. The number of live births is unaffected. However, some newborns will experience a shift in the timing of conception that leads to changes in in utero temperature exposure and therefore might have further consequences.

Although there is no textual evidence known from the Bronze Age, written sources describing migrations of later (i.e. Early Medieval) periods effecting the Carpathian Basin were interpreted as instances of cultural and population change which could be comparable with processes that took place during the Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin. In the past two decades, Eurasian archaeological research received a new impetus to investigate the traces of migrations during prehistory, in collaboration with other disciplines such as isotope geochemistry or archaeogenetics. The current project which commenced in 2015, funded by the ‛Momentum Programme’ of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, was set out to investigate the societal changes that had taken place within the boundaries of modern-day Hungary – contemporaneous with the builders of the great pyramids of Egypt and the Greek heroes of the Mycenaean shaft graves – by analysing the settlements, cemeteries and the artefacts recovered from these archaeological sites. The project, for the first time in Hungarian Bronze Age research, employs a range of multidisciplinary methodologies in order to examine the social changes of the period. The present paper is to provide an overview of a particular aspect of this research: the outcomes of the bioarchaeological enquiries with special regards to the general health, mobility and the lifestyle of studied populations.

The Great Hungarian Plain (GHP) served as a geographic funnel for population mobility throughout prehistory. Genomic and isotopic research demonstrates non-linear genetic turnover and technological shifts between the Copper and Iron Ages of the GHP, which influenced the dietary strategies of numerous cultures that intermixed and overlapped through time. Given the complexities of these prehistoric cultural and demographic processes, this study aims to improve our understanding of diachronic and culture-specific dietary signatures. Here we report on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values from 75 individuals from twenty sites in the GHP dating to a ~ 3000-year time span between the Early Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The samples broadly indicate a terrestrial C3 diet with nuanced differences amongst cultures, suggesting exogenous influences that manifested in subsistence strategies. Compared to the Iron Age, the Bronze Age samples have slightly elevated δ15N values implying higher reliance on protein. Interestingly, carbon values typical of C4 vegetation indicate the consumption of millet, or a grain with comparable δ13C values during the Middle Bronze Age. Overall, our results suggest a gradual transition in dietary patterns from the Early Bronze to Early Iron Age, demonstrating a relationship between subsistence and time periods, congruent with the archaeological record.

In 1962, a bi-ritual Bronze Age cemetery (cremation and inhumation burials) were excavated by Zsolt Csalog at Rákóczifalva-Kastélydomb (Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county, Hungary). The Early Bronze Age skeletons and cremains belonged to the Nagyrév culture. The Late Bronze Age individuals were the bearers of the so-called Rákóczifalva cultural group of the Tumulus culture. The study provides the results of the biological anthropological analysis of human remains buried at Rákóczifalva-Kastélydomb Bronze Age cemetery. Both the inhumated and the cremated remains were very poorly preserved and fragmented. The low number of the investigable skeletons that belonged to the Nagyrév culture did not allow us to make any conclusions about the Early Bronze Age populations lived at Rákóczifalva. However, the publication of the basic anthropological results is relevant because these metric data are the first published data of the populations of the Nagyrév culture. The age distribution of the Late Bronze Age community shows a high percentage of sub-adults in the cemetery, similar to Jánoshida-Berek Tumulus culture community. In Rákóczifalva material the sex distribution was balanced. The pathological alterations that are usually frequent in almost every prehistoric material were observable in this series too (e.g. degenerative alterations of the spine and joints, porotic hyperostosis and entheseal changes).

U radu su predstavljeni rezultati zaštitnih arheoloških iskopavanja provedenih uz crkvu Rođenja sv. Ivana Krstitelja u Ivankovu pored Vinkovaca prilikom čega je istraženo 55 grobova. Riječ je o rimokatoličkome župnom groblju koje se, na osnovi stratigrafskih odnosa i pronađenih nalaza materijalne kulture, može datirati od kraja 13. sve do 18. stoljeća, tj. u kasni srednji i rani novi vijek. Arheološki nalazi su u skladu s vremenskim periodom skromni i uglavnom se radi o dijelovima nošnje te nakitu (prstenje, pojas, pojasna kopča, kopčice s kukom i ušicom, igle, nož). Pored arheoloških nalaza, funkcioniranje župe, a samim time i groblja, u vrijeme osmanlijske vladavine Ivankovom potvrđuju i povijesni izvori. Pokojnici su položeni u jednostavne zemljane rake i uglavnom orijentirani zapad – istok. Većina grobova oštećena je naknadnim ukopima tako da su i sami kosturi relativno loše (parcijalno) sačuvani. Detaljnu bioarheološku analizu koštanih ostataka iz Ivankova bilo je moguće provesti na 53 osobe (10 djece, 13 žena i 30 muškaraca). Analiza dento-alveolarnih oboljenja pokazuje visoke učestalosti karijesa i zaživotnoga gubitka zuba, što ukazuje na loše oralno zdravlje, ali i prehranu temeljenu na ugljikohidratima, tj. žitaricama. Visoke stope učestalosti pokazatelja fiziološkoga stresa (cribra orbitalia i linearna hipoplazija zubne cakline) kao i periostitisa te prisutnost zaraznih bolesti, kao što je tuberkuloza, svjedoči o generalno lošem zdravstvenom stanju za većinu stanovništva ovoga mjesta. Distribucija i morfologija koštanih ozljeda u uzorku iz Ivankova ukazuju da su nastale kao posljedica nesretnih slučajeva, najvjerojatnije povezanih sa svakodnevnim aktivnostima unutar zajednice kao što su rad u polju ili sa stokom te rad u kući., This paper presents the results of rescue archaeological excavations conducted around the church of the Birth of St. John the Baptist in Ivankovo near Vinkovci during which 55 graves were excavated. Based on the stratigraphic relationships between the graves and archaeological finds of material culture, this Roman Catholic parish cemetery can be dated to the period from the end of the 13th to the 18th century, i.e. to the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. The archaeological finds are scarce and usually include parts of costumes and jewelry (rings, belts, belt buckles, hook-and-eye fasteners, pins, knives), which is common for this period. Aside from the archaeological finds, historical sources also attest to the existence of the parish and the cemetery during the Ottoman rule. The deceased were laid in grave pits, which were usually oriented in the west-east direction. Most graves were damaged by later burials and the skeletons themselves are also relatively poorly (partially) preserved. A detailed bioarchaeological analysis of skeletal remains from Ivankovo could be conducted on 53 people (10 children, 13 women, and 30 men). Dentoalveolar disease analysis showed a high frequency of caries and ante mortem tooth loss, which suggest poor oral health, but also a diet based on carbohydrates, i.e. grains. High rate of physiological stress indicators (cribra orbitalia and linear enamel hypoplasia), periostitis, and the presence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis indicate that most residents were in poor health condition. The distribution and morphology of skeletal injuries from Ivankovo assemblage suggest that they were caused by accidents that probably occurred during everyday activities within the community, such as working in the field, with cattle, or in the house.

In this research, sampling optimisation and modelling based thereon follow from the assumption that each human skeleton can be treated as a set of heterochronous carbon reservoirs capable of supplying at least an elementary sequence consisting of two 14C dates corresponding to the moment of birth (otic capsule) and that of demise (ribs), as well as an anthropologically defined lag between them. Two case studies demonstrate that the approach can raise the precision of 14C dates related to the death of the individuals. The benefits and main issues of this sampling strategy as well as the involved bioarchaeological conflict potential are taken under discussion.

We present the first ancient DNA data from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia (Southeastern Turkey and Northern Iraq), Cyprus, and the Northwestern Zagros, along with the first data from Neolithic Armenia. We show that these and neighboring populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to Anatolian, Caucasus, and Levantine hunter-gatherers, forming a Neolithic continuum of ancestry mirroring the geography of West Asia. By analyzing Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic populations of Anatolia, we show that the former were derived from admixture between Mesopotamian-related and local Epipaleolithic-related sources, but the latter experienced additional Levantine-related gene flow, thus documenting at least two pulses of migration from the Fertile Crescent heartland to the early farmers of Anatolia., National Institutes of Health [GM100233, HG012287]; John Templeton Foundation [61220]; Allen Discovery Center program; Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The newly reported dataset is described in detail in an accompanying Research Article, where we also acknowledge the funders who supported dataset generation (12). Analysis of data was supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM100233 and HG012287), the John Templeton Foundation (grant 61220), a private gift from Jean-Francois Clin, the Allen Discovery Center program, a Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.R.).

Human culture, biology, and health were shaped dramatically by the onset of agriculture ∼12,000 y B.P. This shift is hypothesized to have resulted in increased individual fitness and population growth as evidenced by archaeological and population genomic data alongside a decline in physiological health as inferred from skeletal remains. Here, we consider osteological and ancient DNA data from the same prehistoric individuals to study human stature variation as a proxy for health across a transition to agriculture. Specifically, we compared “predicted” genetic contributions to height from paleogenomic data and “achieved” adult osteological height estimated from long bone measurements for 167 individuals across Europe spanning the Upper Paleolithic to Iron Age (∼38,000 to 2,400 B.P.). We found that individuals from the Neolithic were shorter than expected (given their individual polygenic height scores) by an average of −3.82 cm relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P = 0.040) and −2.21 cm shorter relative to post-Neolithic individuals (P = 0.068), with osteological vs. expected stature steadily increasing across the Copper (+1.95 cm relative to the Neolithic), Bronze (+2.70 cm), and Iron (+3.27 cm) Ages. These results were attenuated when we additionally accounted for genome-wide genetic ancestry variation: for example, with Neolithic individuals −2.82 cm shorter than expected on average relative to pre-Neolithic individuals (P = 0.120). We also incorporated observations of paleopathological indicators of nonspecific stress that can persist from childhood to adulthood in skeletal remains into our model. Overall, our work highlights the potential of integrating disparate datasets to explore proxies of health in prehistory.

We report an eclipse timing variations (ETV) study to identify close, stellar mass companions to the eclipsing binaries monitored during the photometric survey OGLE-IV. We also present an alternative automatic way to determine the first and last contacts of an eclipse. Applying the phase dispersion minimization method to identify potential triples, we find close third components with outer periods less than 1500 days in 23 systems. We present outer orbit solution for 21 of 23 systems. For the ten, tightest triples we find that the ETV can only be modeled with the combination of the light-travel time effect (LTTE) and third-body perturbations, while in case of another 11 systems, pure LTTE solutions are found to be satisfactory. In the remaining two systems we identify extra eclipses connected to the outer component, but for the incomplete and noisy ETV curves, we are unable to find realistic three-body solutions. Therefore, in these cases we give only the outer period., 11 pages, 11 figures, and 6-page appendix. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Objectives The study of the development of human bipedalism can provide a unique perspective on the evolution of morphology and behavior across species. To generate new knowledge of these mechanisms, we analyze changes in both internal and external morphology of the growing human talus in a sample of modern human juveniles using an innovative approach. Materials and Methods The sample consists of high-resolution microCT scans of 70 modern juvenile tali, aged between 8 postnatal weeks and 10 years old, from a broad chronological range from Middle/Late Neolithic, that is, between 4800 and 4500 BCE, to the 20th century. We applied geometric morphometric and whole-bone trabecular analysis (bone volume fraction, degree of anisotropy, trabecular number, thickness, and spacing) to all specimens to identify changes in the external and internal morphology during growth. Morphometric maps were also generated. Results During the first year of life, the talus has an immature and globular shape, with a dense, compact, and rather isotropic trabecular architecture, with numerous trabeculae packed closely together. This pattern changes while children acquire a more mature gait, and the talus tends to have a lower bone volume fraction, a higher anisotropy, and a more mature shape. Discussion The changes in talar internal and external morphologies reflect the different loading patterns experienced during growth, gradually shifting from an “unspecialized” morphology to a more complex one, following the development of bipedal gait. Our research shows that talar plasticity, even though genetically driven, may show mechanical influences and contribute to tracking the main locomotor milestones.

A Tiszaug-Országúti bevágás nevet viselő, népvándorlás kori lelőhely vizsgálatának legfőbb célja volt, hogy az embertani leletanyag feldolgozásával és az eredmények közreadásával hiánypótló adatokat nyújtson a Kr.u. 5-6. század Kárpát-medence területén élő népességek demográfiai viszonyaival, életmódjával, betegségeivel kapcsolatban. A temető 194 egyénjével jelenlegi állás szerint az egyik legnagyobb hazai gepida kori temetők közé sorolandó, amely a korszakban élt népességekről hiánypótló biorégészeti adatokat nyújthat. A paleodemográfiai elemzés eredményei azt mutatják, hogy a népesség 63%-a nem érte meg a felnőttkort. A férfiak mortalitási görbéje 45-49, míg nőké 30-34 éves korban csúcsosodik ki. A férfiak becsült átlagmagassága 169,1, míg a nőké 160,6 cm. Kraniometriai adatfelvételre 22 férfi és 21 női koponya volt alkalmas. A tiszaugi sorozatban a mesterséges koponyatorzítás nélküli koponyák alacsony elemszáma és a publikált összehasonlító adatok hiánya miatt a kraniometriai szempontú összehasonlítás más, a területen élt korabeli népességek kraniometriai adataival nem volt lehetséges. Az ép koponyák között 25 biztosan mesterséges beavatkozás révén torzult. A koponya szándékos torzítása mellett az Ortner (2003) által definiált kategóriák közül számos példaakadt az anyagban. A kóros elváltozások vizsgálatának fő célja a tiszaugi gepida kori népesség életmódjának minél alaposabb megismerése és összetett rekonstrukciója volt.

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom's northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region., National Institutes of Health [GM100233, HG012287]; John Templeton Foundation [61220]; Allen Discovery Center program; Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The newly reported dataset is described in detail in an accompanying manuscript, where we also acknowledge the funders who supported dataset generation (1). Analysis of data was supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM100233 and HG012287), the John Templeton Foundation (grant 61220), a private gift from Jean-Francois Clin, the Allen Discovery Center program, a Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (to D.R.).

Objective: The development of bipedalism is a very complex activity that contributes to shaping the anatomy of the foot. The talus, which starts ossifying in utero, may account for the developing stages from the late gestational phase onwards. Here, we explore the early development of the talus in both its internal and external morphology to broaden the knowledge of the anatomical changes that occur during early development.Materials and Methods: The sample consists of high-resolution microCT scans of 28 modern juvenile tali (from 36 prenatal weeks to 2 years), from a broad chronological range from the Late Roman period to the 20th century. We applied geometric morphometric and whole-bone trabecular analysis to investigate the early talar morphological changes.Results: In the youngest group (

In this study, we present osteological and strontium isotope data of 29 individuals (26 cremations and 3 inhumations) from Szigetszentmiklós-Ürgehegy, one of the largest Middle Bronze Age cemeteries in Hungary. The site is located in the northern part of the Csepel Island (a few kilometres south of Budapest) and was in use between c. 2150 and 1500 BC, a period that saw the rise, the apogee, and, ultimately, the collapse of the Vatya culture in the plains of Central Hungary. The main aim of our study was to identify variation in mobility patterns among individuals of different sex/age/social status and among individuals treated with different burial rites using strontium isotope analysis. Changes in funerary rituals in Hungary have traditionally been associated with the crises of the tell cultures and the introgression of newcomers from the area of the Tumulus Culture in Central Europe around 1500 BC. Our results show only slight discrepancies between inhumations and cremations, as well as differences between adult males and females. The case of the richly furnished grave n. 241 is of particular interest. The urn contains the cremated bones of an adult woman and two 7 to 8-month-old foetuses, as well as remarkably prestigious goods. Using 87Sr/86Sr analysis of different dental and skeletal remains, which form in different life stages, we were able to reconstruct the potential movements of this high-status woman over almost her entire lifetime, from birth to her final days. Our study confirms the informative potential of strontium isotopes analyses performed on different cremated tissues. From a more general, historical perspective, our results reinforce the idea that exogamic practices were common in Bronze Age Central Europe and that kinship ties among high-rank individuals were probably functional in establishing or strengthening interconnections, alliances, and economic partnerships.

Present-day people from England and Wales have more ancestry derived from early European farmers (EEF) than did people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, here we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and western and central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of people of England and Wales from the Iron Age, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to the Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and the independent genetic trajectory in Britain is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to approximately 50% by this time compared to approximately 7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period., This work was funded in part by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 834087; the COMMIOS Project to I.A.). M.N. was supported by the Croatian Science Fund grant (HRZZ IP-2016-06-1450). P.V., M.Dobeš and Z.V. were supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (DKRVO 2019-2023/7.I.c, 00023272). M.E. was supported by Czech Academy of Sciences award Praemium Academiae. M.Dobisíková and A.Danielisová were supported by the grant RVO 67985912 of the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences. M.G.B.F. was funded by The Leverhulme Trust via a Doctoral Scholarship scheme awarded to M.Pala and M.B.R. Support to M.Legge came from the South, West & Wales Doctoral Training Partnership. M.G.’s osteological analyses were funded by Culture Vannin. A.S.-N. was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. T.H., T.S. and K.K.’s work was supported by a grant from the Hungarian Research, Development and Innovation Office (project number: FK128013). We acknowledge support for radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analyses as well as access to skeletal material from Manx National Heritage and A. Fox. Dating analysis was funded by Leverhulme Trust grant RPG-388. M.G.T. and I.B. were supported by a Wellcome Trust Investigator Award (project 100713/Z/12/Z). I.O. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spanish Government (RYC2019-027909-I). The research directed at Harvard was funded by NIH grants GM100233 and HG012287, by John Templeton Foundation grant 61220, by a gift from Jean-François Clin, and by the Allen Discovery Center program, a Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation. D.R. is also an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

The Avars settled the Carpathian Basin in 567/68 CE, establishing an empire lasting over 200 years. Who they were and where they came from is highly debated. Contemporaries have disagreed about whether they were, as they claimed, the direct successors of the Mongolian Steppe Rouran empire that was destroyed by the Turks in ∼550 CE. Here, we analyze new genome-wide data from 66 pre-Avar and Avar-period Carpathian Basin individuals, including the 8 richest Avar-period burials and further elite sites from Avar's empire core region. Our results provide support for a rapid long-distance trans-Eurasian migration of Avar-period elites. These individuals carried Northeast Asian ancestry matching the profile of preceding Mongolian Steppe populations, particularly a genome available from the Rouran period. Some of the later elite individuals carried an additional non-local ancestry component broadly matching the steppe, which could point to a later migration or reflect greater genetic diversity within the initial migrant population.

The adoption of a new funerary ritual denotes an important change in society, although it can be difficult to identify the triggers. In the past, theories such as that of Luigi Pigorini on the origin of the Terramare culture, the concept of mass migration was used as the central explanation. In the 20th century, alternative approaches have emphasized the role of local developments and ideological change in response to ‘global’ macro-trends. The massive introduction of urn cremation, which replaced the inhumation burial that prevailed in previous periods, marks the beginning of the Urnfield Period. Traditionally, this change has been dated to around 1300/1200 BC, the beginning of Bronze Age D/Hallstatt A1 (Bz D/Ha A1), in Central Europe. In the light of recent archaeological research, however, it appears that the ‘urnfield model’, which originally developed within the territory of the tells in modern-day Hungary, was introduced during the 15th century BC (Bz B2/C) - at least one century before the ‘Urnenfelderzeit’- in several areas between the Danube and the Po plains. However, the archaeological record shows a wide spectrum of local attitudes towards the spreading novelty, ranging from radical acceptance, to hybridization and rejection. Our aim is to highlight this variability in Hungary, Lower Austria, western and central Balkans and to connect this evidence with the Terramare area.

We investigate the extent of the segregation of Roma students in the Hungarian primary school system and discuss its consequences for actual inter-ethnic relationships within schools. Drawing on results from our previous research, we show that more exposure to members of the other ethnic group (less segregation) leads to more inter-ethnic friendships but also to more inter-ethnic hostility. Importantly, we show that Roma students with above-average academic achievement experience a lot more inter-ethnic friendship relationships than hostility without losing friends from their own ethnic group, and thus the positive effects of more exposure to non-Roma peers far outweighs its negative effects. We conclude that policies that aim at improving the academic performance of Roma students can bring additional benefits by improving their relationships in school.

We report the first result of a search for CoRoT eclipsing binaries (EBs), which eclipse timing variation (ETV) shows the sign of potential light-travel time effect. To reveal their true nature, we needed longer time scales, thus we complement the CoRoT data with TESS measurements. Of about 2300 EBs, we focus our investigation on those systems, which were observed more than once both by CoRoT and TESS (in sectors 6 and 33), separately. We recalculate all of the orbital periods using phase dispersion minimization method, then produce the O-C diagrams. Finally, we analyze those systems in details that show sinusoidal ETVs with Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Here we present the analysis of a new hierarchical triple stellar system candidate., {"references":["Borkovits T., etal., 2016, MNRAS, 455, 4","Brasseur C. E., etal., 2019, Astrocut: Tools for creating cutouts of TESS images","Dimitrov D. P., Kjurkchieva D. P., 2015, MNRAS, 448, 3","Hajdu T., etal., 2019, MNRAS, 485, 2","Irwin J. B., 1952, ApJ, 116, 211","Toonen S., etal., 2016, Computational Astrophysics and Cosmology, 3, 1"]}

In our work, 167 individuals from the Late Avar Period cemetery of Kehida-Fövenyes (8–9th century) were analysed. Altogether 65 children, 36 males and 50 females were examined, however in the case of 16 adults the sex determination was not possible. The newborn age group (0–1 year) is underrepresented in the cemetery. A biological imbalance can be observed between the ratio of males and females. According to the demographic data and pathological changes related to lifestyle and haematological aetiology, sex difference can be seen in the case of adult individuals. Females possessed a higher value of probability of death in almost every age group, and they also were more often affected by haematological disorders than males. The aforementioned phenomena can be related to the fact that women had to deal with physiological and pathophysiological stress originated from pregnancy and menstruation. During the taxonomical analysis, no individuals with clear Mongolid ancestry were identified. However, many skulls determined as Europid ancestry possesses Mongolid traits. The population is mostly characterized by dolichokran skull as Cromagnoid-A and Mediterranean were the most common types. Based on craniometric measurements it was possible to compare the population of Kehida-Fövenyes to other communities from this region what can shed a light of their biological relations. According to the biodistance calculations, males and females might share a different origin, since females showed a closer relation to the Early Avar Period population of the region. While males were rather connected to the Late Avar Period population of present-day Somogy county. During paleopathological investigations, a possible case of leprosy was identified based on the morphological alterations. In more cases paleoradiological investigations were also performed to provide a more reliable diagnosis.

This paper uses birth records linked to census data to document health differences at birth between Roma and non-Roma children in Hungary between 1981 and 2010. It focuses on differences in average birth weight and average gestational age, as well as the likelihood of low birth weight and the likelihood of preterm birth. The paper shows large gaps in all indicators over the 30 years, with a small narrowing of the gap in absolute terms but not in relative terms. Roma mothers are twice as likely to give birth to babies with low birth weight and before the 37th week. Standard decompositions show that around 80% of the gap is explained by socioeconomic factors, and education alone explains more than half. Despite significant changes in society, the explanatory power of education and other factors remains constant. Narrowing the gap in educational attainment, especially at higher levels, may have the highest potential to improve the relative health of Roma births. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)