Search

A 12‐year‐old mixed‐breed spayed female cat presented with dyspnoea, open‐mouthed breathing, and cyanosis that was difficult to control with medical pharmacotherapy; the cat was diagnosed with the primary tracheal collapse of the neck and chest regions. The diagnosis was confirmed by dynamic chest radiography, tracheal endoscopy, and computed tomography (CT). Tracheal endoscopy and CT showed dropsy of the dorsal membranous wall over most of the trachea. A self‐expanding Nitinol cross‐and‐hook braided stent was placed along the entire tracheal lumen using surgical X‐ray fluoroscopy. Bacterial cultures in the trachea were negative. Dyspnoea disappeared immediately after the endotracheal stent was implanted. Although the long‐term prognosis remains under observation, the short‐ to medium‐term prognosis was very good. These results suggest that stenting may be useful in the treatment of primary tracheal collapse in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fmoc- l -Phe- l -Phe-OMe provided by continuous crystallization without severe clogging. • Continuous crystallization directly connected to the continuous flow reaction. • Real time monitoring of continuous crystallization by particle size distribution. This paper describes a case study on integrating a continuous flow reaction and continuous crystallization. For the synthesis of Fmoc- l -Phe- l -Phe-OMe, we previously reported that this coupling reaction via acid chloride could be completed in approximately 1 min under continuous conditions. However, the crystals of Fmoc- l -Phe- l -Phe-OMe were obtained by batch crystallization. The quenched solution was unstable and rapid transfer to the crystallization step was desirable. Under such circumstances, continuous crystallization was considered to be the most reliable strategy for a robust scalable synthesis methodology. For this, we tested a mixed-suspension mixed-product-removal (MSMPR) crystallizer that allows for rapid crystallization without seeding and clogging. The steady state for the continuous crystallization could be monitored by particle size distribution using in-line monitoring. As a result, the integration of a continuous flow reaction and continuous crystallization worked smoothly for 2 h, which showed the feasibility of manufacturing using this integration system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructure control is of fundamental and technological importance because various properties such as vortex pinning in superconductors are determined by the nanostructure. While the nanostructure in superconducting oxides is well controlled, the nanostructure control of iron-based superconductors is required. The nanostructure has not yet been well controlled even in Fe(Te,Se) with the simplest structure among Fe-based superconductors because the anion may be non-stoichiometric and anionic substitution is possible. In this study, we observed the compositional inhomogeneity originating from phase separation in Fe(Te,Se) films, which were prepared by pulsed laser deposition. The films deposited at lower temperature do not show nanoscale compositional inhomogeneity. On the other hand, the high-temperature deposited films contain an inhomogeneous anion distribution with the size of ∼8 nm due to phase separation. The spacing of the compositional inhomogeneity is ∼16 nm. This structure obtained by phase separation is expected to be an effective pinning center in high magnetic fields after further optimization. Thus, the method of nanostructure control other than nanocomposite formation in oxides is demonstrated for Fe(Te,Se). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction: Our aims were to examine the add‐on effects of a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin, compared with existing antidiabetes treatments, on anthropometric/metabolic parameters, the levels of an endocrine regulator, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21); a skeletal muscle mass (SMM) negative regulator, myostatin; and a metabolic regulator, irisin, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: A total of 54 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into dapagliflozin and control groups. The dapagliflozin group received dapagliflozin 5 mg/day in addition to conventional therapy for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in the level of serum FGF21 from baseline. The secondary outcomes included changes from baseline in anthropometric/metabolic parameters and serum levels of myostatin and irisin. Results: Bodyweight decreased in the dapagliflozin group compared with the control group (P < 0.001), but the changes in SMM were not significant between the groups (P = 0.611), thereby elevating the ratio of SMM‐to‐bodyweight in the dapagliflozin group (P = 0.028). Myostatin levels were significantly decreased (P = 0.010), and irisin levels showed a nearly significant reduction (P = 0.052) in the dapagliflozin group compared with the control group, whereas FGF21 levels did not change significantly from baseline to the end of the intervention in both the dapagliflozin (P = 0.673) and the control (P = 0.823) groups. Conclusions: Dapagliflozin add‐on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes reduced myostatin levels significantly and maintained SMM, without significant changes in FGF21 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parthenogenesis is an asexual mode of reproduction that plays an important role in the evolution of sex, sociality, and reproduction strategies in insects. Some species of cockroach exhibit thelytoky, a type of parthenogenesis in which female offspring are produced without fertilization. However, the cytological and genetic mechanisms of parthenogenesis in cockroaches are not well understood. Here we provide the first molecular genetic evidence that cockroaches can reproduce through automixis. Using the American cockroach Periplaneta americana, we performed microsatellite analysis to investigate the genetic relationship between parthenogenetically produced nymphs and the parent virgin females, and found that all parthenogenetic offspring were homozygous for autosomal microsatellite markers, whereas the female parents were heterozygous. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed that the parthenogenetic offspring were diploid. Taken together, our results demonstrate that P. americana exhibits automixis‐type thelytoky, in which diploidy is restored by gamete duplication or terminal fusion. These findings highlight the unique reproduction strategies of cockroaches, which are more varied than was previously recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intermediate filament nestin is upregulated in stem/progenitor cells and cancers, and regulates cell proliferation, migration, invasion and stemness. The present study comparatively analyzed serial autopsies of Japanese patients (n=2,206; males, 1,225; females, 981; median, 80.7 years old; range, 33–104 years old) with malignant tumors of whole organs, with respect to the clinical information, and 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms of the nestin gene. p.A1199P associated with pancreatic cancer (odds ratio, 4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–10.0, P=0.001) while it did not associate with malignant neoplasms in other organs. p.A1199P did not associate with precancerous lesions of the pancreas. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of nestin were not associated with sex, drinking, smoking, or body weight. In conclusion, the amino acid 1,199 of nestin is localized in the tail structure of the filament and polymerizes with other intermediate filament proteins. The present results suggest that missense variations of nestin affect pancreatic carcinogenesis in Japanese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ce(O,F)Sb(S,Se) 2 single crystals were successfully grown using a CsCl/KCl flux method. The obtained crystals have a plate-like shape with the typical size of 1–2 mm and well-developed ab -plane, which enables X-ray single crystal structural analysis. The Ce(O,F)Sb(S,Se) 2 crystallizes in a monoclinic space group, P 2 1 / m , with lattice parameters of a = 4.121(7) Å, b = 4.109(7) Å, c = 13.233(15) Å, β = 97.94(7) °. It is composed of alternate stacking of Ce-(O,F) and Sb-SSe layers, and the Sb-SSe layer includes selective occupation of Se atoms in its in-plane site. The valence state of Ce is estimated to be Ce3+ by X-ray absorption fine spectroscopy analysis. The single crystals show an insulating behavior, and a magnetic ordering around 6 K. Highlights • We have successfully grown R (O,F)Sb(S,Se) 2 (R = La,Ce) single crystals. • Se atoms have selectively occupied to the in-plane site of the Sb-SSe layer, and then SbSe-plane was formed. • Ce(O,F)Sb(S,Se) 2 single crystals show an insulating behavior, and a magnetic ordering around 6 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: No cohort study has examined the pathological significance of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2), a cell surface receptor expressed on myeloid lineage cells, and its soluble form, sTREM2, in insulin resistance in a general population.Methods: A total of 2742 community-dwelling Japanese individuals aged ≥40 years were divided into 4 groups according to the serum sTREM2 concentration quartiles. We examined the cross-sectional association of sTREM2 levels with anthropometric parameters and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).Results: The median sTREM2 concentrations was 255.6 (interquartile range, 162.5-419.2) pg/mL. In multivariate analyses, waist circumference and fat mass index increased with elevating sTREM2 levels (P for trend: <0.001 and 0.02, respectively), but there was no significant association between sTREM2 levels and body mass index and fat-free mass index. Among the subjects without taking antidiabetic medications (n = 2610), greater sTREM2 levels were associated with higher HOMA-IR (P for trend <0.001) even after adjusting for waist circumference, fat mass index, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that serum sTREM2 had novel pathological roles in insulin resistance, while obesity and inflammation had no substantial effects on the relationship between sTREM2 and insulin resistance in this cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The protein myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. This is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle and negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth. The present study aimed to elucidate the associations among circulating myostatin level, skeletal muscle mass, and metabolic profiles in Japanese obese patients.Methods: Japanese obese outpatients (n = 74) were enrolled. We measured clinical parameters, quantified serum myostatin levels, and examined their associations in a cross-sectional manner.Results: Both total skeletal muscle mass and serum myostatin level were higher in males than in females. Among 74 patients, serum myostatin level was positively correlated with skeletal muscle mass and serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) level [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.294, P = 0.011; r = 0.262, P = 0.024, respectively]. Furthermore, multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that serum myostatin level was positively correlated with IRI after adjusting for gender and skeletal muscle mass (β-coefficient = 0.230, P = 0.029, R2 = 0.236).Conclusions: In obese patients, serum myostatin level was elevated in conjunction with an increase in IRI level independent of skeletal muscle mass. This may imply possible novel pathological implications of serum myostatin in muscle mass and metabolism in obese patients with hyperinsulinemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Some cases of left ventricular pseudoaneurysms (LVPAs) are asymptomatic. While cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is important, a chest x‐ray can easily be performed and is also crucial for the detection of LVPA during the first outpatient visit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although cervical alignment is better assessed using standing radiography than supine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), few studies have investigated this. This study aimed to investigate the difference in alignment between standing radiographs and supine MRI images, and assess whether neck position affects the cervical parameters and neurological changes.Methods: We analyzed 53 patients, measuring the O-C2 angle, C2-7 angle (the distinction between the lordotic and kyphotic groups), T1 slope, neck tilt, thoracic inlet angle, and the C2-7 sagittal vertical axis. Inter- and intra-group analyses were conducted to identify any difference between standing radiography and supine MRI. Statistical differences between the cervical parameters were compared.Results: Strong correlations were noted between the equivalent parameters in the radiographs and MRI images, whereas no significant difference was observed in C2-7 angle in the kyphotic group between the radiographs and MRI images, or for neck tilt between the radiographs and MRI images. However, in the lordotic group, the C2-7 angle was significantly different between the two types of images and larger in the radiographs than in the MRI images (C2-7 angle in the radiographs: C2-7 angle in the MRI images: 4.49°, p < 0.001).Conclusions: Neck tilt was a constant parameter. The C2-7 angle in the kyphotic group was similar between the standing radiographs and the supine MRI images; however, the C2-7 angle in the lordotic group was different. Therefore, we recommend that standing cervical radiographs should be preoperatively obtained for all surgical patients. The slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“F-free” CeOBiS 2 single crystals have successfully grown, thoroughly eliminating a concern about F-contamination by using a high-purity CsCl flux. The obtained crystals have a plate-like shape with a size of 1.0–3.0 mm in the well-developed plane. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis clearly revealed that the CeOBiS 2 crystallizes with a space group P 4/ nmm (with lattice parameters of a = 4.0189 (6) Å, c = 13.573 (2) Å). The bond valence sum estimation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the chemical state of Ce was in the mixed valence of Ce 3+ and Ce 4+ . The single crystals show superconductivity with zero resistivity at ∼1.3 K. This is the first conclusive evidence of superconductivity driven by Ce valence fluctuation in surely non-doped CeOBiS 2 . The superconducting transition temperature was enhanced up to ∼3.8 K by applying hydrostatic pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superconducting single crystals of Rb-intercalated FeSe compounds Rb x Fe 2- y Se 2 were prepared by using a starting material of Rb 2 Se as a Rb source. The superconducting properties and the surface microstructures were systematically controlled by varying the cooling rate in the quenching process. The higher cooling rate in the sample provided a higher superconducting transition temperature with highly connected superconducting mesh-like surface structure. Extremely slow-cooling process led to the complete isolation between the superconducting domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cd-doped La(O,F)BiS 2 single crystals were grown using a CsCl/KCl flux. The grown crystals have a plate-like shape with ~1–2 mm square size in a well-developed ab -plane. The Cd doping in the crystals was successfully characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis techniques. The superconductivity of La(O,F)BiS 2 was gradually suppressed with Cd doping. The superconducting transition temperature with zero resistivity of La(O 0.54 F 0.46 )(Bi 0.92 Cd 0.08 )S 2 was 2.3 K. The Cd doping does not change the superconducting anisotropy so much, albeit the considerable suppression of T c . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and diabetes are known risk factors for dementia, and it is speculated that chronic neuroinflammation contributes to this increased risk. Microglia are brain-resident immune cells modulating the neuroinflammatory state. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of fish oil, exhibit various effects, which include shifting microglia to the anti-inflammatory phenotype. To identify the molecular mechanisms involved, we examined the impact of EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine profiles and the associated signaling pathways in the mouse microglial line MG6. Both EPA and DHA suppressed the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 by LPS-stimulated MG6 cells, and this was also observed in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells, the other microglial line. Moreover, the EPA + DHA mixture activated SIRT1 signaling by enhancing mRNA level of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), cellular NAD + level, SIRT1 protein deacetylase activity, and SIRT1 mRNA levels in LPS-stimulated MG6. EPA + DHA also inhibited phosphorylation of the stress-associated transcription factor NF-κB subunit p65 at Ser536, which is known to enhance NF-κB nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity, including cytokine gene activation. Further, EPA + DHA increased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, an indicator of autophagy. Suppression of TNF-α and IL-6 production, inhibition of p65 phosphorylation, and autophagy induction were abrogated by a SIRT1 inhibitor. On the other hand, NAMPT inhibition reversed TNF-α suppression but not IL-6 suppression. Accordingly, these ω-3 PUFAs may suppress neuroinflammation through SIRT1-mediated inhibition of the microglial NF-κB stress response and ensue pro-inflammatory cytokine release, which is implicated in NAMPT-related and –unrelated pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary How do forebrain and brainstem circuits interact to produce temporally precise and reproducible behaviors? Birdsong is an elaborate, temporally precise, and stereotyped vocal behavior controlled by a network of forebrain and brainstem nuclei. An influential idea is that song premotor neurons in a forebrain nucleus (HVC) form a synaptic chain that dictates song timing in a top-down manner. Here we combine physiological, dynamical, and computational methods to show that song timing is not generated solely by a mechanism localized to HVC but instead is the product of a distributed and recurrent synaptic network spanning the forebrain and brainstem, of which HVC is a component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A synthesizing process of TiNCl has modified • The superconducting properties strongly depend on the synthesis temperature • Optical and photoemission spectroscopy revealed an in-gap state below the E F • Hydrogen emission was detected against the heat treatment of the obtained TiNCl • The in-gap state of hydrogen inhibits the introduction of electron carriers Layered titanium nitride chloride (TiNCl) exhibits a relatively high superconducting transition of ∼16 K, and it is a candidate for the unconventional superconductor. To better understand the superconductivity, we modified the synthesis process for TiNCl. Highly crystalline TiNCl was prepared by chemical vapor transport at different transport temperatures and intercalated with sodium (Na) metal. Although the crystallographic parameters obtained through Rietveld refinement are similar, the superconducting properties strongly depend on the treatment temperature of pristine TiNCl. Optical and photoemission spectroscopy revealed an in-gap state below the Fermi level, indicating hydrogen incorporation, similar to the case of β−ZrNCl. Hydrogen temperature-programmed desorption revealed hydrogen emission against the heat treatment of the obtained pristine TiNCl. The in-gap state of hydrogen inhibits the introduction of electron carriers from the intercalated Na metal. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basal ganglia (BG) promote complex sequential movements by helping to select elementary motor gestures appropriate to a given behavioral context. Indeed, Huntington's disease (HD),which causes striatal atrophy in the BG, is characterized by hyperkinesia and chorea. How striatal cell loss alters activity in the BG and downstream motor cortical regions to cause these disorganized movements remains unknown. Here, we show that expressing the genetic mutation that causes HD in a song-related region of the songbird BG destabilizes syllable sequences and increases overall vocal activity, but leave the structure of individual syllables intact. These behavioral changes are paralleled by the selective loss of striatal neurons and reduction of inhibitory synapses on pallidal neurons that serve as the BG output. Chronic recordings in singing birds revealed disrupted temporal patterns of activity in pallidal neurons and downstream cortical neurons. Moreover, reversible inactivation of the cortical neurons rescued the disorganized vocal sequences in transfected birds. These findings shed light on a key role of temporal patterns of cortico-BG activity in the regulation of complex motor sequences and show how a genetic mutation alters cortico-BG networks to cause disorganized movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: DMB-3111 is a biosimilar trastuzumab drug being jointly developed by Meiji Seika Pharma (Japan) and Dong-A Socio Holdings (Korea). We investigated the bioequivalence of DMB-3111 relative to trastuzumab. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the bioequivalence between DMB-3111 and trastuzumab and the pharmacokinetic, safety, and immunogenicity of both drugs in healthy Japanese adult males. Methods: Seventy healthy Japanese adult males were randomized 1:1 to receive either DMB-3111 or trastuzumab as a single intravenous infusion (6 mg/kg) over 90 min. Bioequivalence was assessed in terms of the pharmacokinetic parameters of both drugs. Adverse events (AEs) were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Immunogenicity was tested using anti-drug antibody (ADA) assays. Results: The 90 % confidence intervals of the treatment differences (DMB-3111 versus trastuzumab) in the mean log-transformed maximum concentration, the area under the concentration-time curves (from 0 min to the last measured value or from 0 min to infinity), mean residence time, and the terminal half-life were within the accepted range for bioequivalence [log(0.80) to log(1.25)]. The frequencies of AEs and adverse drug reactions were similar with both drugs. No ADA reactivity to DMB-3111 or trastuzumab was observed in any subject. Conclusions: DMB-3111, a trastuzumab biosimilar, was bioequivalent to trastuzumab in terms of its pharmacokinetics and showed similar safety after a single intravenous infusion at 6 mg/kg over 90 min in healthy Japanese adult males. DMB-3111 is likely to show similar efficacy and safety profiles to trastuzumab in cancer patients (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02100917). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackground: The ratio of free-to-total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is different in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in the early stage of prostate cancer. The present study was undertaken to examine the ratio of free-to-total PSA in the advanced stage of this cancer and its subsequent change during course of the disease. Methods: Free and total PSA were measured in sera collected from the following patients with benign and cancerous prostatic diseases: 47 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy, nine in T1C with less than 10 ng/mL of total PSA, 11 in stage C, 16 in D2, 22 in remission under endocrine therapy, and 12 in relapse. In addition, PSA was measured sequentially in four other patients who were also in relapse. Results: The ratio of free-to-total PSA was similar in early and advanced stages of untreated prostate cancer and was lower than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia. The ratio increased to the level of benign prostatic hyperplasia during remission from stages C and D2 under endocrine therapy. There was no correlation with the intervals from the start of the therapy to examination. Following relapse, the ratio came down gradually to the level obtained in untreated prostate cancer. Conclusion: The ratio of free-to-total PSA was similar in all stages of untreated prostate cancer. Response and relapse to endocrine therapy were associated with increase and decrease in ratio, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wall ion exchange (WIE) and subsequent calcination were applied to prepare porous TiO 2 -based composite oxides using a composite of TiOSO 4 · x H 2 SO 4 · x H 2 O and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (TS). Chromium oxyanion HCrO 4 − in an aqueous solution was ion-exchanged stoichiometrically with HSO 4 − in TS at pH values in the range of 2.2–5.5. Calcination of the HCrO 4 − -introduced TS (Cr–TS) at 673 K for 2 h in air produced Cr–Ti oxide with surface areas of 296–430 m 2 g −1 , pore diameters of 1.7–2.5 nm, and a wormhole-like pore structure. These high surface areas could be achieved at ratios of Cr and Ti in the Cr–Ti oxide of 0.30–0.39 or above. XAFS, FT-IR, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra indicated the occurrence of dimerization of HCrO 4 − to Cr 2 O 7 2− during drying of the Cr–TS. The Cr 2 O 7 2− species was then reduced to Cr(III) species upon calcination at 473–573 K. The Cr(III) species located on the surfaces of the pore walls were reoxidized to Cr(VI) upon calcination at 673 K, whereas those inside the pore walls remained unchanged. The present WIE–calcination method was applied to oxyanions of Mo, W, and V but did not produce the stoichiometric exchange that occurred in the Cr–TS system. Porous Mo- and W-Ti oxides with surface areas of 197–258 and 218–273 m 2 g −1 , respectively, were obtained upon treatment at approximately pH 10 and subsequent calcination at 673 K, although the reaction mechanisms were unknown. No porous V-Ti oxides with a high surface area could be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystals of La(O,F)BiSe 2 were successfully grown for the first time by a CsCl flux method. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis clearly showed that La(O,F)BiSe 2 crystallizes with space group P4 / nmm (lattice parameters a =4.1408(2) Å, c =14.1096(6) Å). The structure is composed of alternating BiSe 2 and La(O,F) layers. The bond distances and angles are similar to those of La(O,F)BiS 2 . The bond valence sum calculation indicates the refined structure is slightly cation rich, suggesting the charge neutrality should be kept by modification of valence state of the cations. Magnetic susceptibility and resistivity measurements showed the compound is a superconductor with a transition temperature of 3.6 K, which is higher than that of as-grown La(O,F)BiS 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of granular swollen epithelial cells (GSECs) in tubular cells was recently reported to be a specific change associated with mitochondrial cytopathy. However, at present, GSEC is not routinely evaluated. We, in this study, present a case of glomerulosclerosis, in which the presence of GSECs should provide us one clue to understand the pathogenesis of its progressive decline of renal function. A 54-year-old Japanese female, who had been diagnosed with Graves' disease, was referred for the examination and treatment of her proteinuria (5.4 g/gCre at the first visit to our hospital). A kidney biopsy showed 28.6% of the glomeruli to be globally sclerosed and 10.7% of the glomeruli to have completely collapsed. However, according to a light microscopic analysis, all other glomeruli showed an almost normal appearance, except for some slight enlargement. Almost 30% of the interstitium was damaged by fibrosis. Characteristically, GSECs were observed in the medulla collecting ducts. Although she had no symptoms of either myopathy or encephalopathy, no history of stroke-like episodes or difficulty in hearing, her serum concentrations of lactate and pyruvate were both elevated. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA sequencing was performed to assess the etiopathogenesis of her nephropathy. Consequently, a homoplasmic 7501 T > A replacement, which has not been previously reported in patients with renal diseases, was detected. This case suggests that the routine evaluation of GSECs can provide important clues to assess the etiopathogenesis of cryptogenic glomerulosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The additive effect of 31 metals on activity of ceria catalysts was studied for the conversion of ethanol to propene. Yttrium gave the best results and the propene yield showed a volcano-shaped dependence on the Y amount, being maximized at 20 atom% Y to that of Ce. The catalyst was stable due to very small carbon deposition rate which was approximately 1/100 of that on the parent CeO2 catalyst. The water addition increased the propene yield to 30%, decreased the ethene yield to 37%, and did not change the durability. The physicochemical characterization of the Y/CeO2 catalysts indicated that the surface of active catalysts was covered with a solid solution of CeO2 and Y2O3. Pulse experiments of various candidate compounds suggested that the reaction pathways were ethanol → acetaldehyde → ethyl acetate → acetic acid → acetone → 2-propanol → propene through Tishchenko reaction, ketonization, and Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The barium doped fulleride Ba3C60 was treated under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions of 5–15GPa and temperatures up to 1150°C. Amorphous solids stable in air were obtained. The high micro Vickers hardness and the Raman spectra of the solids suggest that the C60 molecules are collapsed to form amorphous three-dimensional (3D) polymer encapsulating Ba atoms. The solids show a semi-metallic conductivity with a positive Hall coefficient. It is likely that barium atoms are trapped in the carbon network, replacing carbon atoms as clusters, and act as dopants for holes. The low electrical mobility of the solid is attributable to the lack of 3D periodicity of the polymer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) has a very strong body-mass (M) dependence in an individual animal group, and BMR per unit mass (msBMR) converges on a markedly narrow range even across major taxonomic groups. However, it is here a basic question in metazoan biology how much BMR per unit mitochondrion (mtBMR) changes, and then whether mtBMR can be related to the original molecular mechanism of action of mt-encoded membrane proteins (MMPs) playing a central role in cellular energy production. Methodology/Principal Findings: Analyzing variations of amino-acid compositions of MMPs across 13 metazoan animal groups, incorporating 2022 sequences, we found a strong inverse correlation between Ser/Thr composition (STC) and hydrophobicity (HYD). A majority of animal groups showed an evolutionary pathway of a gradual increase in HYD and decrease in STC, whereas only the deuterostome lineage revealed a rapid decrease in HYD and increase in STC. The strongest correlations appeared in 5 large subunits (ND4, ND5, ND2, CO1, and CO3) undergoing dynamic conformational changes for the proton-pumping function. The pathway of the majority groups is well understood as reflecting natural selection to reduce mtBMR, since simply raising HYD in MMPs (surrounded by the lipid bilayer) weakens their mobility and strengthens their stability. On the other hand, the marked decrease in HYD of the deuterostome elevates mtBMR, but is accompanied with their instability heightening a turnover rate of mitochondria and then cells. Interestingly, cooperative networks of interhelical hydrogen-bonds between motifs involving Ser and Thr residues can enhance MMP stability. Conclusion/Significance: This stability enhancement lowers turnover rates of mitochondria/cells and may prolong even longevity, and was indeed founded by strong positive correlations of STC with both mtBMR and longevity. The lowest HYD and highest STC in Aves and Mammals are congruent with their very high mtBMR and long longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiNBr with α-type nitride layers (isostructural with FeOCl) was electron-doped by the intercalation of alkali metal (Li, Na, K, and Rb), which can be cointercalated with organic solvent molecules such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) and propylene carbonate (PC), expanding the basal spacing (d) up to 16 Å. All of the alkali metal intercalation compounds with and without cointercalation become superconductors with transition temperatures (Tc) up to 17.2 K. The Tc varies in a narrow temperature range against a wide range change of 0.1 < x < 0.46 in AxTiNBr. The Tc decreases linearly with the decreasing value of 1/d. The layer structured superconductors show a low anisotropy on the upper critical field (Hc2). These are characteristic features very similar to those found for the intercalation compounds of the Cl homolog TiNCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points Two different forms of feedback inhibition, reciprocal and lateral inhibition, are ubiquitously observed throughout the nervous system., In the retina, the axon terminal of bipolar cells receives reciprocal and lateral GABAergic inhibitory inputs from amacrine cells, but how a variety of visual inputs activate each inhibition remains largely unexplored., Here we show that each inhibition is independently controlled by different types of bipolar cell outputs; reciprocal inhibition is driven by strong output from each bipolar cell, whereas lateral inhibition is driven by outputs from multiple bipolar cells even when each output is weak., Composition of transmitter receptors and localization of Na+ channels were different between two inhibitory pathways, suggesting that different amacrine cells may mediate each inhibition., The dual feedback inhibition can cooperatively reduce bipolar cell outputs in response to various visual inputs without deteriorating the quality of visual signals, thereby contributing to efficient signal transmission in the visual pathway., Abstract Bipolar cells (BCs), the second order neurons in the vertebrate retina, receive two types of GABAergic feedback inhibition at their axon terminal: reciprocal and lateral inhibition. It has been suggested that two types of inhibition may be mediated by different pathways. However, how each inhibition is controlled by excitatory BC output remains to be clarified. Here, we applied single/dual whole cell recording techniques to the axon terminal of electrically coupled BCs in slice preparation of the goldfish retina, and found that each inhibition was regulated independently. Activation voltage of each inhibition was different: strong output from a single BC activated reciprocal inhibition, but could not activate lateral inhibition. Outputs from multiple BCs were essential for activation of lateral inhibition. Pharmacological examinations revealed that composition of transmitter receptors and localization of Na+ channels were different between two inhibitory pathways, suggesting that different amacrine cells may mediate each inhibition. Depending on visual inputs, each inhibition could be driven independently. Model simulation showed that reciprocal and lateral inhibition cooperatively reduced BC outputs as well as background noise, thereby preserving high signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, we conclude that excitatory BC output is efficiently regulated by the dual operating mechanisms of feedback inhibition without deteriorating the quality of visual signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zintl compound CaAl2Si2 peritectically decomposes to a new ternary cubic Laves phase Ca(Al,Si)2 and an Al--Si eutectic at temperatures above 750 °C under a pressure of 13 GPa. The ternary Laves phase compound can also be prepared as solid solutions Ca(Al1-xSix)2 (0.35 ≤ x ≤ 0.75) directly from the ternary mixtures under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The cubic Laves phase structure can be regarded as a type of clathrate compound composed of face-sharing truncated tetrahedral cages with Ca atoms at the center, Ca@(Al,Si)12. The compound with a stoichiometric composition CaAlSi exhibits superconductivity with a transition temperature of 2.6 K. This is the first superconducting Laves phase compound composed solely of commonly found elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study which describes the method of synthesis of seven-oxo-five-deoxystrigol, a seven-oxygenated strigolactone analog, by two,two-dimethylcyclohexane-l,three-dione. The study concluded that the synthesis of seven-oxo-five-deoxystrigol would be applicable for the synthesis of such naturally occurring compounds.

Abstract: The Zintl compound CaAl2Si2 is peritectically decomposed to a mixture of Ca2Al3Si4 and aluminum metal at temperatures above 600°C under a pressure of 5GPa. The new ternary compound Ca2Al3Sl4 crystalizes with the space group Cmc21 and the lattice parameters a=5.8846(8), b=14.973(1), and c=7.7966(5)Å. The structure is composed of aluminum silicide framework [Al3Si4] and layer structured [Ca2] network interpenetrating with each other. The electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) shows the formation of solid solutions Ca2Al3−x Si4+x (x<0.6). The layer structured [Ca2] sub-network is isomorphous with black phosphorus. The new ternary compound shows superconductivity with a transition temperature (T c ) of 6.4K. The band structure calculation suggests that the superconductivity should occur through the conduction bands mainly composed of 3p orbitals of the aluminum silicide framework. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Titanium nitride chloride (TiNCl), a band semiconductor with the a-form layered structure, becomes a superconductor with a transition temperature Tc &ap; 18.0 K by electron doping via alkali-metal intercalation. Upon cointercalation of various kinds of organic solvent molecules with alkali atoms, the superconducting layered crystals are swelled to different extents adjusting to the size of the molecules, and the Tc decreases linearly down to 6.5 K as a function of I/d, where d is the interlayer separation (basal spacing) of the expanded nitride layers, implying the importance of the Coulomb interlayer coupling for superconductivity. This is in strong contrast to a previous finding that the Tc of the electron-doped ZrNCl and HfNCl with the &bgr;-form layered structure rather increases with the increase of d upon a similar cointercalation of solvent molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal macrophages (Mϕ) play significant roles in maintaining homeostasis by the efficient elimination of foreign particles in the large intestine. However, functional complement receptors have not been fully identified. In this study, we showed that a complement receptor of the Ig superfamily (CRIg, also known as Z39Ig), a receptor for complement fragments (C3b and iC3b), was expressed on a subset of intestinal Mϕ in murine and human large intestine. When abilities of uptake of antigens of murine CRIg+ Mϕ were examined, intestinal CRIg+ Mϕ displayed less endocytic and similar phagocytic abilities compared to resident peritoneal F4/80+CRIg− Mϕ and F4/80+CRIg+ Mϕ. Additionally, we found that a significant portion of C3b-dependent phagocytosis by large intestinal Mϕ involves CRIg, emphasizing the importance of efficient mechanisms to eliminate foreign particles in the large intestine. On the other hand, intestinal Mϕ from 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-treated mice had decreased CRIg expression but increased CD11b expression, implying some contribution to the removal of immune complexes. This study will shed new light on opsonization and phagocytosis by large intestinal Mϕ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Pb-based 1212 layered cuprates containing sulfur have been synthesized in the (PbS) Sr (YCa) CuO system. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the almost single-phase samples are obtained within a region of 0.0≤ x≤0.5. The crystal structure of each sample has a tetragonal symmetry with the typical lattice constants a=0.3837 nm and c=1.186 nm. As Ca content x is increasing, the semiconductor-like behavior is suppressed. But after only annealing under ambient O pressure, none of the samples show any trace of superconductivity. On the other hand, when the samples are annealed under high O pressure of about 13.6 MPa, they show resistivity dropping phenomenon in a region of 0.5≤ x≤0.7. Among them, the lowest resistivity sample with x=0.6 has an onset temperature of the resistivity dropping at about 22.5 K. Moreover, this sample shows a diamagnetic signal at about 21.5 K. These phenomena are attributed to superconductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have carried out point contact tunneling measurements by contacting degenerated GaAs semiconductor to polycrystalline samples of NdFeAsOF with T=44−51±1.2. The obtained conductance curves have plural structures included in energy region of the superconducting gap. These structures are seen at almost the same bias positions on every measurement. And as temperature increases, the structures are smeared out. Thus, the structures are attributed to multiple gap structures. The gap values are Δ=6.3±0.3 meV, Δ=12.5±0.5 meV and 2 Δ/ k T=3.1±0.3, 2 Δ/ k T=6.2±0.7. Separately from these multiple gap structures, some fine structures are seen in outer energy region of the gap structures. We have calculated d I/d V and T from using conventional s-wave Eliashberg equations by appropriately assuming α F( ω). The phonon positions of the calculated d I/d V curve are in quite good agreement with that of experimental result. Moreover, the calculated T reproduces the experimental one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We already reported on the synthesis of new Pb-based 1212 layered cuprates containing sulfur in the (PbS)Sr(Y,Ca)CuO system. There none of the samples showed superconductivity until after annealing under high O pressure. More recently, we have discovered that the samples could be substituted by Ba for Sr up to x=0.6 in the composition of (PbS)(SrBa)(YCa) CuO. Then if the Ba-substitution is performed for Sr, some of the almost-single phase samples are found to show resistivity drops and magnetic anomalies without annealing under high O pressure. Among the samples, a sample with the nominal composition of (PbS)(SrBa)(YCa) CuO is found to show the highest onset temperatures of a resistivity drop at about 35 K and a magnetic anomaly at about 31.5 K. These are higher than the highest values for the superconducting Ba-free sample of (PbS)Sr (YCa)CuO which was annealed under high O pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trehalose is a disaccharide of glucose found in diverse organisms and is suggested to act as a stress protectant against heat, cold, desiccation, anoxia, and oxidation. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of Caenorhabditis elegans with trehalose starting from the young-adult stage extended the mean life span by over 30% without any side effects. Surprisingly, trehalose treatment starting even from the old-adult stage shortly thereafter retarded the age-associated decline in survivorship and extended the remaining life span by 60%. Demographic analyses of age-specific mortality rates revealed that trehalose extended the life span by lowering age-independent vulnerability. Moreover, trehalose increased the reproductive span and retarded the age-associated decrease in pharyngeal-pumping rate and the accumulation of lipofuscin autofluorescence. Trehalose also enhanced thermotolerance and reduced polyglutamine aggregation. These results suggest that trehalose suppressed aging by counteracting internal or external stresses that disrupt protein homeostasis. On the other hand, the life span-extending effect of trehalose was abolished in long-lived insulin/IGF-1-like receptor ( daf-2) mutants. RNA interference-mediated inactivation of the trehalose-biosynthesis genes trehalose-6-phosphate synthase-1 ( tps-1) and tps-2, which are known to be up-regulated in daf-2 mutants, decreased the daf-2 life span. These findings indicate that a reduction in insulin/IGF-1-like signaling extends life span, at least in part, through the aging-suppressor function of trehalose. Trehalose may be a lead compound for potential nutraceutical intervention of the aging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gap junctions are frequently observed in the adult vertebrate retina. It has been shown that gap junctions function as passive electrotonic pathways and play various roles, such as noise reduction, synchronization of electrical activities, regulation of the receptive field size, and transmission of rod signals to cone pathways. The presence of gap junctions between bipolar cells has been reported in various species but their functions are not known. In the present study, we applied dual whole-cell clamp techniques to the adult goldfish retina to elucidate the functions of gap junctions between ON-type bipolar cells with a giant axon terminal (Mb1-BCs). Electrophysiological and immunohistochemical experiments revealed that Mb1-BCs were coupled with each other through gap junctions that were located at the distal dendrites. The coupling conductance between Mb1-BCs under light-adapted conditions was larger than that under dark-adapted conditions. The gap junctions showed neither rectification nor voltage dependence, and behaved as a low-pass filter. Mb1-BCs could generate Ca2+ spikes in response to depolarization, especially under dark-adapted conditions. The Ca2+ spike evoked electrotonic depolarization through gap junctions in neighboring Mb1-BCs, and the depolarization in turn could trigger Ca2+ spikes with a time lag. A brief depolarizing pulse applied to an Mb1-BC evoked a long-lasting EPSC in the postsynaptic ganglion cell. The EPSC was shortened in duration when gap junctions were pharmacologically or mechanically impaired. These results suggest that the spread of Ca2+ spikes through gap junctions between bipolar cells may play a key role in lateral interactions in the adult retina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifespan can be lengthened by genetic and environmental modifications. Study of these might provide valuable insights into the mechanism of aging. Low doses of radiation and short-term exposure to heat and high concentrations of oxygen prolong the lifespan of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. These might be caused by adaptive responses to harmful environmental conditions. Single-gene mutations have been found to extend lifespan in C. elegans, Drosophila and mice. So far, the best-characterized system is the C. elegans mutant in the daf-2, insulin/IGF-I receptor gene that is the component of the insulin/IGF-I signaling pathway. The mutant animals live twice as long as the wild type. The insulin/IGF-I signaling pathway regulates the activity of DAF-16, a FOXO transcription factor. However, the unified explanation for the function of DAF-16 transcription targets in the lifespan extension is not yet fully established. As both of the Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) isoforms ( sod-2 and sod-3) are found to be targets of DAF-16, we attempted to assess their functions in regulating lifespan and oxidative stress responsivity. We show that the double deletions of sod-2 and sod-3 genes induced oxidative-stress sensitivity but do not shorten lifespan in the daf-2 mutant background, indicating that oxidative stress is not necessarily a limiting factor for longevity. Furthermore, the deletion in the sod-3 gene lengthens lifespan in the daf-2 mutant. We conclude that the MnSOD systems in C. elegans fine-tune the insulin/IGF-I-signaling based regulation of longevity by acting not as anti-oxidants but as physiological-redox-signaling modulators. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 (Suppl. 1): S59–S69. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We carried out point contact tunneling measurements by simply contacting degenerate GaAs semiconductor to polycrystalline Ba1− xK xFe2As2 with Tc=31.1±1.0 K. The gap related structure was easily obtained. The gap value 2 Δ determined from peak-to-peak voltage was 18.0 meV, and 2 Δ/ kB Tc was 6.8. Small structures were observed at V∼±23 mV in the conductance curve separately from the gap edge structure. These values are included in phonon energy region and correspond to a peak of phonon density of states. Thus, the structures are attributed to phonon structure. We calculated d2 I/d V2 and Tc, Δ in using Eliashberg equations by assuming α2 F( ω) from neutron phonon spectrum. The first phonon structure in calculated d2 I/d V2 is comparable to experimental one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are frequently found in glioblastomas and a high degree of macrophage infiltration is associated with a poor prognosis for glioblastoma patients. However, it is unclear whether TAMs in glioblastomas promote tumor growth. In this study, we found that folate receptor β (FRβ) was expressed on macrophages in human glioblastomas and a rat C6 glioma implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. To target FRβ-expressing TAMs, we produced a recombinant immunotoxin consisting of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain Fv portions of an anti-mouse FRβ monoclonal antibody and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Injection of the immunotoxin into C6 glioma xenografts in nude mice significantly depleted TAMs and reduced tumor growth. The immunotoxin targeting FRβ-expressing macrophages will provide a therapeutic tool for human glioblastomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In Caenorhabditis elegans, the downregulation of insulin-like signaling induces lifespan extension (Age) and the constitutive formation of dauer larvae (Daf-c). This also causes resistance to oxidative stress (Oxr) and other stress stimuli and enhances the expression of many stress-defense-related enzymes such as Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) that functions to remove reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. To elucidate the roles of the two isoforms of MnSOD, SOD-2 and SOD-3, in the Age, Daf-c and Oxr phenotypes, we investigated the effects of a gene knockout of MnSODs on them in the daf-2 (insulin-like receptor) mutants that lower insulin-like signaling. In our current report, we demonstrate that double deletions of two MnSOD genes induce oxidative-stress sensitivity and thus ablate Oxr, but do not abolish Age in the daf-2 mutant background. This indicates that Oxr is not the underlying cause of Age and that oxidative stress is not necessarily a limiting factor for longevity. Interestingly, deletions in the sod-2 and sod-3 genes suppressed and stimulated, respectively, both Age and Daf-c. In addition, the sod-2/sod-3 double deletions stimulated these phenotypes in a similar manner to the sod-3 deletion, suggesting that the regulatory pathway consists of two MnSOD isoforms. Furthermore, hyperoxic and hypoxic conditions affected Daf-c in the MnSOD-deleted daf-2 mutants. We thus conclude that the MnSOD systems in C. elegans fine-tune the insulin-like-signaling based regulation of both longevity and dauer formation by acting not as antioxidants but as physiological-redox-signaling modulators. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: It has been shown that the 3G5 antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody 3G5 (mAb 3G5) is a useful marker of pericytes in normal human skin. However, most 3G5 antigen-expressing cells in capillary vessels were stained negatively for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a prominent pericyte marker. This study was designed to determine whether the expression of the 3G5 antigen is restricted to specific stages of pericyte development, or if it is expressed in other cells rather than pericytes in capillary vessels. Methods: 3G5 antigen-expressing cells were detected in normal human skin, granulating tissues from decubitus ulcers and inflammatory psoriatic skin with extensive angiogenesis using double immunofluorescent staining with mAb 3G5 and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to various pericyte markers, tryptase and chymase. Furthermore, using immunoelectron microscopy, 3G5 antigen-expressing cells were observed in the granulating tissues. Results: The immunoelectron microscopic findings and double immunofluorescent staining (using mAb 3G5 and either anti-tryptase or anti-chymase mAbs) showed that 3G5 antigen-expressing cells were mast cells in normal skin, granulating tissues and psoriatic skin. Conclusions: The results indicated that 3G5 antigen is a marker of mast cells, but not of pericytes in normal and diseased skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Three kinds of Al-pillared montmorillonite clay minerals (AlPMON) ion-exchanged with cobalt(II), nickel(II), or copper(II) ions were prepared (abbreviated as CoAlPMON, NiAlPMON, or CuAlPMON, respectively). For the 673-K- and 873-K-treated samples, carbon monoxide (CO) adsorption measurement was performed at room temperature under an atmosphere of low CO pressure. The 873-K-treated CuAlPMON sample exhibited more efficient adsorption properties for CO molecules, in comparison with both-temperatures-treated CoAlPMON and NiAlPMON samples and the 673-K-treated CuAlPMON sample. In addition, irreversibly adsorbed CO was present only on the CuAlPMON sample that had been treated at 873 K; the sites responsible for strong CO adsorption were formed in the sample after the pretreatment at the higher temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Copper ion-exchanged montmorillonite clays, which had been prepared by ion exchange in an aqueous solution of CuCl2 at a temperature above 323 K, exhibited the characteristic IR band in the region 3360–3310 cm−1. No such bands were observed for the samples prepared by using different ion-exchange solutions and at different temperatures. From the spectroscopic observations, it was revealed that the ion-exchanged copper ions (Cu2+) are in the form of dimerized species by bridging two hydroxyls, [], in montmorillonite. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To identify mitochondrial haplogroups that confer resistance against or susceptibility to metabolic syndrome, we performed a large-scale association study on 1,337 unrelated Japanese individuals, including 871 subjects with metabolic syndrome and 466 control subjects. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, using the cutoff point for obesity as a BMI of ≥25 kg/m² instead of waist circumference. The genotypes for 25 polymorphisms in the coding region of the mitochondrial genome were determined, and the haplotypes were classified into 10 major haplogroups, i.e., F, B, A, N9a, M7a, M7b, G1, G2, D5, and D4. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the haplogroup N9a was significantly associated with resistance against metabolic syndrome in women with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.21 (95% CI 0.07-0.58, P = 0.0042). Women with haplogroups G1 and D5 tended to be resistant against metabolic syndrome with an OR of 0.22 (0.06-0.68, P = 0.0129) for G1 and with an OR of 0.32 (0.10-0.96, P = 0.0469) for D5, respectively. These results indicate that mitochondrial haplogroup N9a may be a protective factor against metabolic syndrome in Japanese women. Diabetes 56:518-521, 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successive electrochemical reduction system using hydrogen-permeable Pd foil electrodes with Pd black catalyst was applied to reduction of nitrate ion. It was revealed that the second metals co-deposited to Pd black catalyst showed an excellent selectivity for decomposition of NO-3 to N2, and was stable for at least 200 days. This system employing a compact and a simple electrolysis cell is expected to be an alternative or a supplement to conventional biological treatments for nitrate removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prolonged cold ischemia is thought to exacerbate ischemia–reperfusion injury and graft coronary artery disease (GCAD). We investigated the effect of varying lengths of cold ischemia on inflammation and apoptosis during ischemia–reperfusion injury and correlated this with the degree of GCAD in rat cardiac allografts. Methods: PVG rat (RT1c) hearts subjected to 30, 60, 90, 120, or 150 minutes of cold ischemia were heterotopically transplanted into ACI rats (RT1a). Grafts were procured after 4 hours of reperfusion and analyzed for superoxide generation, myeloperoxidase activity, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2) production, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and caspase-2, -3, -8, -9 activities. Additional transplanted animals received cyclosporine A (7.5 mg/kg/day) for 10 days as chronic rejection models. Indices of GCAD were determined at 90 days. Results: A direct linear correlation was found between cold ischemic time, ischemia–reperfusion injury, and GCAD. Superoxide generation, myeloperoxidase activity, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1/CCL2 production, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and caspase-2, -3, -8, and -9 activities increased with ischemic time, peaking at 120 minutes and plateauing at 150 minutes. GCAD, assessed by the percentage of luminal narrowing, the intima/media ratio, and the percentage of diseased vessels, worsened with increased ischemic time, peaking at 120 minutes and plateauing at 150 minutes. All tested variables in both the acute and chronic phases were significantly increased with 120-minute ischemia compared with 30-minute ischemia. Conclusions: These data indicate that the degree of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammatory response in cardiac allografts during ischemia–reperfusion injury depends on the duration of cold ischemia. More important, that prolonged cold ischemia correlates with increased GCAD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The genome of a radiation-resistant bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans, contains one uvsE gene and two uvrA genes, uvrA1 and uvrA2. Using a series of mutants lacking these genes, we determined the biological significance of these components to UV resistance. The UV damage endonuclease (UvsE)-dependent excision repair (UVER) pathway and UvrA1-dependent pathway show some redundancy in their function to counteract the lethal effects of UV. Loss of these pathways does not cause increased sensitivity to UV mutagenesis, suggesting either that these pathways play no function in inducing mutations or that there are mechanisms to prevent mutation other than these excision repair pathways. UVER efficiently removes both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6 –4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6 –4PPs) from genomic DNA. In contrast, the UvrA1 pathway does not significantly contribute to the repair of CPDs but eliminates 6 –4PPs. Inactivation of uvrA2 does not result in a deleterious effect on survival, mutagenesis, or the repair kinetics of CPDs and 6 –4PPs, indicating a minor role in resistance to UV. Loss of uvsE, uvrA1, and uvrA2 reduces but does not completely abolish the ability to eliminate CPDs and 6 –4PPs from genomic DNA. The result indicates the existence of a system that removes UV damage yet to be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ferrimagnetic microspheres 20–30μm in diameter are useful as thermoseeds for inducing hyperthermia in cancers, especially for tumors located deep inside the body. The microspheres are entrapped in the capillary bed of the tumors when they are implanted through blood vessels and heat cancers locally by their hysteresis loss when placed under an alternating magnetic field. In the present study, preparation of magnetite (Fe3O4) microspheres 20–30μm in diameter was attempted by melting powders in high-frequency induction thermal plasma, and by precipitation from aqueous solution. The microspheres prepared by melting powders in high-frequency induction thermal plasma were composed of a large amount of Fe3O4 and a small amount of wustite (FeO), and those subsequently heat treated at 600°C for 1h under 5.1×103Pa were fully composed of Fe3O4 1μm in size. The saturation magnetization and coercive force of the heat-treated microspheres were 92emug–1 and 50Oe, respectively. The heat generation of the heat-treated microspheres was estimated to be 10Wg–1, under 300Oe and 100kHz. The microspheres prepared by precipitation from aqueous solution consisted of β-FeOOH, and those subsequently heat treated at 400°C for 1h in a 70% CO2+30% H2 atmosphere consisted of Fe3O4 crystals 50nm in size. The saturation magnetization and coercive force of the heat-treated microspheres were 53emug–1 and 156Oe, respectively. The heat generation of the heat-treated microspheres was estimated to be 41Wg–1, under 300Oe and 100kHz. The latter microspheres are believed to be promising thermoseeds for hyperthermic treatment of cancer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]