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Pneumonia contributed to nearly 3 million deaths worldwide in 2016 and 56,000 deaths in the United States alone in 2017, and as such, it is imperative for physicians to understand the causes, subtypes, associated risk factors and treatment options. This article will address each of these, as well as special consideration for the osteopathic approach to care.

Background New York City (NYC) became the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The Bronx, with the highest rates of poverty and violent crime of all NYC boroughs and a large Black and Hispanic population, was at increased risk of COVID-19 and its sequelae. We aimed to identify temporal associations among COVID-19 and trauma admission volume, demographics, and mechanism of injury (MOI). Methods A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was conducted from a Level II trauma center in the Bronx. January 1st–September 30th for both 2019 (Pre-COVID) and 2020 (COVID) were compared. Pre-COVID and COVID cohorts were subdivided into EARLY (March–May) and LATE (June–September) subgroups. Demographics and trauma outcomes were compared. Results Trauma admissions were similar between Pre-COVID and COVID. During COVID, there was an increased percentage of Black patients (Black Hispanic 20.1% vs 15.2% and Black Non-Hispanic 39.4% vs 34.1%, P < .05), younger patients (26–35 years old: 22.6% vs 17.6%, P < .05), and out-of-pocket payors (6.0% vs 1.6%, P < .05). Trauma severity outcomes were mixed—some measures supported increased severity; others showed no difference or decreased severity. During COVID, there was a rise in total penetrating injuries (27.4% vs 20.8%, P < .05), MVC (13.2% vs 7.1, P < .05), and firearm injuries (11.6% vs 6.0%, P < .05). Additionally, during LATE COVID, there was a resurgence of total penetrating, total blunt, MVC, falls, cyclists/pedestrians struck, and firearm injuries. Discussion Our results emphasize MOI variations and racial differences of trauma admissions to a Level II trauma center in the Bronx during COVID-19. These findings may help trauma centers plan during pandemics and encourage outreach between trauma centers and community level organizations following future healthcare disasters.

Longitudinal morphological growth data of apes are incredibly difficult to obtain. Long life histories, combined with practical and ethical issues of obtaining such long-term data have resulted in few longitudinal data sets in chimpanzees of known chronological ages. One classic, long-term growth study of chimpanzees was that of Drs Nissen and Riesen initiated at the Yale Laboratories of Primate Biology in 1939. Through that study, whole-body radiological images were taken on a regular basis from a "normative" group of chimpanzees from birth to adulthood. Here we have digitized the known remaining radiographs from that growth study, many of which are deteriorating, and uploaded the data set to the free, online database MorphoSource. The database comprises 3,568 X-ray images of 15 of the 16 chimpanzee subjects in the normative group and 1 individual from an experimental group. Herein, we briefly review the historical context of this study and specific details of the data set.