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BackgroundInjury causing wounds is a frequent event. Inadequate or inappropriate treatment of injuries can threaten individual health. However, little is known about wound care knowledge, attitudes, and practices and mobile health (mHealth) use in the home environment in Taiwan. ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate wound care knowledge, attitudes, and practices and mHealth technology use among social network users. MethodsA cross-sectional survey on social media platforms was conducted on adults aged 20 years and older. Data were collected from social network users in the home environment. ResultsA total of 361 participants were enrolled. The mHealth technology use of participants was positively correlated with wound care knowledge (r=.132, P=.01), attitudes (r=.239, P

Abstract The colloidal borescope, using colloidal particle motion, is used to monitor the flow velocities and directions of groundwater. It integrates advanced techniques such as microscopy, high-speed photography, and big data computing and enjoys high sensitivity at the micron level. However, In the same well, the groundwater flow velocity monitored by colloidal hole mirror is varies greatly from that obtained by conventional hydrogeological monitoring, such as pumping test. In order to solve this problem, the stability catcher and stratified packer are designed to control the interference of the vertical flow in drilling, and to monitor the flow velocity and direction of groundwater velocity at the target aquifer and target fracture. Five wells with different aquifers and different groundwater types were selected for monitoring in south-central China. The instantaneous velocity and direction are converted into east–west component and north–south component, the average velocity and direction is calculated according to the time of 10 min, and the particle trajectory diagram is established. Based on these results, it proposed a concept of cumulative flow velocity. Using curve-fitting equations, the limits of cumulative flow velocities as the monitoring time tends to infinity were then calculated as the actual flow velocities of the groundwater. The permeability coefficient of aquifer is calculated by using the fissure ratio of aquifer, hydraulic slope and flow velocity, and compared with the permeability coefficient obtained by pumping test. The results are as follows: (1) The variation coefficient of the instantaneous flow velocity measured at the same depth in the same well at different times is greater than that of the time average flow velocity and greater than that of the cumulative flow velocity. The variation coefficient of the actual velocity is the smallest, indicating that the risk of using the actual flow velocity is lower. (2) The variation coefficient of the flow rate monitored at different depths in the same well is mainly controlled by the properties of the aquifer. The more uniform water storage space in the aquifer, the smaller the variation coefficient. (3) The comparison between the permeability coefficient obtained by monitoring and the permeability coefficient obtained by pumping test shows that the flow of structural fissure water controlled by planar fissure is more surface flow, and the results are consistent. When the groundwater flow is controlled by pores and solution gaps, the flow channel is complicated, which is easy to produce turbulent flow, and the result consistency is poor. (4) According to different research accuracy requirements, different monitoring and calculation methods can be selected for different aquifers and groundwater types. Researches show that, the permeability coefficient calculated for the actual flow velocity in well DR01 is the same as that calculated for the pumping test. The aquifer characteristics reflected by the coefficient of variation of the actual flow velocity in the same aquifer are more realistic. The pumping test method obtains the comprehensive parameters of a certain aquifer, and this method can be used to monitor a certain fissure. In this paper, the new technology developed for monitoring, and the new algorithm established for data processing, can accurately obtain the flow velocity and direction of groundwater, using capsule hole mirror monitoring method. The key parameters of hydrogeology can be obtained by using one well, which can reduce the time and cost input and improve the work efficiency.

In the last two decades, several process-based models had been developed to describe the transport and fate of contaminants in subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF CWs) under a variety of conditions. These models have become valuable tools to better design, control, and optimize the SSF CW system. Moreover, they can aid investigations on the effects of variables of interest on the system. While excellent review papers on these models have been published, the ability of the existing process-based models to simulate the nitrogen transformations in the SSF CWs have not been highlighted. Consequently, a critical review of the simulation of nitrogen transformation processes is desirable. This paper presents an overview of the available models that are capable of modelling the nitrogen dynamics in the SSF CWs. The existing process-based models can be mainly categorized as process-dedicated models and Gujer matrix models. A process-dedicated model is a feasible tool for design purposes. Meanwhile, the Gujer matrix model delivers valuable insights into scientific studies. In this paper, the existing models are summarized and critically discussed with regards to their capability and practicality in simulating the nitrogen dynamics in SSF CWs. Organic nitrogen, ammonium, and nitrate are the common nitrogen compounds considered in the process-based models of SSF CWs. Meanwhile, nitrite was frequently considered together with nitrate, owing to its low concentration in the effluent of SSF CWs. By comparison, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, plant uptake, and ammonium adsorption are the typical nitrogen transformation and degradation processes found in the existing models, whereas ammonia volatilization processes are rarely found in the literature. Oxygen and organic matter are the major limiting reactants of nitrogen transformation and degradation processes in the modelling, and other factors such as microbial population, temperature, and pH are also considered. The recommendations and future research directions on the influence of microorganism distribution, resting period, oxygen release, ammonium adsorption, and plants are outlined. Key words: subsurface flow constructed wetland, process-based model, nitrogen dynamics, process-dedicated model, Gujer matrix model. Au coursdes deux dernieresdecennies, plusieurs modelesfondessur lesprocessus ont ete developpes pour decrire le transport et le devenir des contaminants dans les terres humides construites a circulation sous surface (THC CSS) dans une variete de conditions. Ces modeles sont devenus des outils precieux pour mieux concevoir, controler et optimiser le systeme de THC CSS. En outre, ils peuvent faciliter les recherches sur les effets des variables d'interet sur le systeme. Bien que d'excellents articles de synthese sur ces modeles aient ete publies, la capacite des modeles existants fondes sur les processus a simuler les transformations de l'azote dans les THC CSS n'a pas ete mise en evidence. Par consequent, une revue critique de la simulation des processus de transformation de l'azote est souhaitable. Cet article presente une vue d'ensemble des modeles disponibles qui peuvent modeliser la dynamique de l'azote dans les THC CSS. Les modeles existants fondes sur les processus peuvent etre classes en deux categories : les modeles destines aux processus et les modeles a matrice de Gujer. Un modele destine au processus est un outil realisable a des fins de conception. Quant au modele a matrice de Gujer, il fournit des informations precieuses pour les etudes scientifiques. Dans cet article, les modeles existants sont resumes et font l'objet d'une discussion critique quant a leur capacite et a leur utilite pour simuler la dynamique de l'azote dans les THC CSS. L'azote organique, l'ammonium et le nitrate sont les composes azotes les plus couramment pris en compte dans les modeles fondes sur les processus des THC CSS. Par ailleurs, le nitrite a souvent ete pris en compte avec le nitrate en raison de sa faible concentration dans l'effluent des bassins des THC CSS. D'autre part, l'ammonification, la nitrification, la denitrification, l'absorption par les plantes et l'adsorption de l'ammonium sont les processus typiques de transformation et de degradation de l'azote que l'on retrouve dans les modeles existants, tandis que la volatilisation de l'ammoniac est rarement mentionnee dans la litterature. L'oxygene et la matiere organique sont les principaux reactifs limitant les processus de transformation et de degradation de l'azote dans la modelisation, et d'autres facteurs tels que la population microbienne, la temperature et le pH sont egalement pris en compte. Les recommandations et les futures directions de recherche sur l'influence de la distribution des microorganismes, la periode de repos, la liberation d'oxygene, l'adsorption d'ammonium et les plantes sont soulignees. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : terre humide construite a circulation sous surface, modele fonde sur le processus, dynamique de l'azote, modele destine au processus, modele a matrice de Gujer., Introduction The subsurface flow constructed wetland (SSF CW), utilizes wetland plants, porous medium, and microbes to remove organic and nitrogen contaminants from wastewater (Liu et al. 2018). The SSF CW [...]