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En este escrito elaboramos una valoración crítica del conjunto de artículos vinculados a la Psicología del Trabajo y las Organizaciones (PTO), publicados en la Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología (reps) durante sus 40 años de existencia. Esta valoración integra el análisis documental de 44 artículos con temáticas de la PTO, identificados de la lista provista por el equipo editor internacional de la reps. Para la valoración crítica realizamos un análisis de contenido con información cualitativa y cuantitativa de tres categorías generales y las subcategorías correspondientes. Mediante un análisis matricial evaluamos las categorías generales de: 1) caracterización de las autorías y de los artículos, 2) aproximaciones metodológicas y 3) aportaciones al campo de la PTO. Utilizamos el programado Atlas T.I V8, que permitió ilustrar un análisis de frecuencias y coocurrencias de las categorías y subcategorías. En el artículo integramos los resultados, la discusión y además presentamos conclusiones, limitaciones y recomendaciones. Incluimos recomendaciones para continuar el desarrollo de la PTO en la reps desde una diversidad de acercamientos teóricos y metodológicos.

En los últimos años han surgido iniciativas normativas que imponen obligaciones empresariales, bajo el auspicio del principio de diligencia debida, fundamentalmente en el contexto de las cadenas globales de suministro, tendentes a prevenir la presencia de formas contemporáneas de esclavitud. El presente documento pretende facilitar una aproximación desde el derecho internacional, el derecho de la Unión Europea y el derecho comparado a distintos modelos de implementación del principio de diligencia debida en las cadenas globales de suministro con el propósito de perfilar un diagnóstico sobre cuales son las propuestas más adecuadas.

This work proposes a series of strategies and tools for the design and characterization of natural treatment systems of wastewater (NTSW) applied in livestock farms, considering the parameters of flow rate (Q), conductivity (EC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the waste generated, farm location, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and removal/reduction rate targets. The high organic load of the effluent generated in these farms has an important environmental impact, which is amplified in insular or isolated territories. The application of such treatment systems has demonstrated their suitability in these environments, but their design lacks proper characterization and sizing tools for their adequate operation. The proposed tools in this work are based on a collection of experimental data over a ten-year period of application of NTSW in real farms. This work contributes to facilitate the design and implementation of NTSW in farms located in isolated, island, or similar-size environments. Finally, as a practical application, an inventory and implementation of the tool developed for livestock farms on the island of Gran Canaria (Spain) is carried out.

The tribological, electrochemical and tribo-electrochemical behavior of bare AISI D2 was studied. The tribological aspects were tested by pin on disc with an aluminum oxide ball as counter body, the electrochemical tests were performed in an aqueous solution of citric acid and the tribo-electrochemical evaluation was through a combination of both tests. AISI D2 steel presented abrasive wear in dry and wet conditions, such type of wear occurred due to stick-slip motion, moreover, in wet conditions the alloy corroded at corrosion current values around 10-6 A/cm2. The damage produced over the wear track was larger under wet conditions than for the dry conditions.

This study was aimed at determining whether an in vivo subcutaneous exposure to n-butylparaben (n-ButP) during one complete spermatogenic cycle could be harmful to the reproductive system of young male rats. Animals were subcutaneously given 0, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg/day of n-ButP with vehicle (peanut oil). Body and organ weights, n-ButP excretion, biochemical parameters, sperm and spermatid count, sperm motility, viability, maturity and morphology were examined. Results showed that after a completed spermatogenic cycle, although n-ButP did not induce dose-related changes in the different biochemical parameters, a significant decrease of triacylglicerides (TAG) –due to the vehicle-was found. Furthermore, no effects of n-ButP on body weight gain and relative organ weight changes were noted. Regarding sexual organs, prostate relative weight was significantly increased at the high dose of n-ButP. On the other hand, a significant increase of abnormal sperm morphology due to n-ButP exposure, accompanied by different alterations in sexual organs histopathology, was found. The current results indicate that subcutaneous exposure of n-ButP in young male rats induced toxic effects on the reproductive system, which could affect the capacity of fertilization of animals.

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) during pregnancy can result in negative health effects in later generations, including sex changes and feminization. The present study assessed the feminization effects on male offspring rats of three EDCs: Dienestrol (DIES), Linuron (LIN), and Flutamide (FLU). Sexually mature female rats were exposed from gestation day (GD) 6 until postnatal day (PND) 21 to: 0.37, 0.75, 1.5, 3.12 or 6.25 μg/kg/day of DIES, 1.5, 3, 6, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg/day of LIN, 3.5, 6.7, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg/day of FLU, and the following mixtures: FLU + DIES (mg/kg/day+μg/kg/day), 3.5 + 0.37, or 3.5 + 3, 25 + 0.37, or 25 + 3; FLU + LIN (mg/kg/day + mg/kg/day), 3.5 + 12.5, or 25 + 12.5; and DIES + LIN (μg/kg/day + mg/kg/day), 0.37 + 12.5, or 3 + 12.5. Anogenital distance (AGD), nipple retention (NR) and cryptorchidism were evaluated. FLU produced a decrease of AGD, an increase of NR, and an increase of cryptorchidism at the highest dose. None of these three endpoints were significantly affected by LIN or DIES treatments alone. Combinations of FLU + LIN and FLU + DIES increased NR, and decreased AGD, while DIES + LIN did not produce any effects in male pups. Results show that FLU is able to induce feminization in male pups, while binary combinations of LIN and DIES did not modify the effects produced by FLU.

[EN] In recent years, new teaching methodologies have entered in the high education scenario: blended learning, problem-based learning, learning-oriented assessment, flip teaching, teamwork and effective oral and written communication are new pedagogical tools used in new instruction strategies. A key issue to guide the application of these new methodologies is the assessment of students performance. One broadly used tool for measure the student¿s performance in introductory physics is the Brief Electricity and Magnetism Assessment (BEMA), designed specifically as a standardized instrument to evaluate students¿ qualitative understanding of electricity and magnetism (E&M) key concepts. The reliability and discriminatory capability of BEMA has been previously studied. In this paper, BEMA is used to analyse the performance of E&M students. The E&M course analyzed is included in two different Bachelor¿s Degrees: Industrial Electronics and Automation Engineering (DIEA) and Aerospace Engineering (DA) both in Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Spain. They are semester traditional curriculums in which the use of traditional textbooks and screencast have been combined, including flip teaching methodologies. BEMA pre- and post-instruction tests were carried out at the beginning and end of the course respectively. To deepen understanding of student learning in the E&M course, correlations of pre- and post-instruction scores have been investigated, identifying the main gain and variance. The relevant information obtained through the BEMA test will allow instructors to monitor the use of new methodologies and teaching tools., This work has been supported by the Universitat Politècnica de València through the Project of Innovation and Educational Improvement Program (Projects PIME/2018/B26 and PIME/2018/B25 Convocatoria de Proyectos de Innovación y Convergencia).

[EN] This paper presents a qualitative study on the evaluation work performed by students of two courses, Physics and Electricity, included in the first year of Electronic and Automatic Engineering Degree (School of Design Engineering) at the Universitat Politècnica de València. The teaching methodologies used include continuous and formative assessment. The activity analyzed, based on peer assessment, consists of a problem to be solved by students. The solution is reflected in a document to be evaluated by other students and instructors. In order to guide students in the evaluation process, a rubric was provided, which includes aspects to consider related to the assessment to be performed. In addition, effective communication transversal competence was assessed. Both tasks, problem resolution and evaluation, were performed in teams. Each team was made up of six members. The teams were the same in the two courses since they are consecutive, taught in first and second semester (one academic year). Each team had to solve six problems and evaluate six resolutions (from other teams) throughout both courses, without repeating the evaluated team (144 evaluations were analysed). The study has been developed in three parts; in the first one, it is analysed how the evaluation work of the teams evolved throughout the academic year. In the second part, the evaluations carried out by two different teams on the same problem resolution were compared, and finally, in the last part, the assessment made by students was compared with the one made by experienced instructors, both using the same rubric for the assessment. The results of the study show that students carry out thoughtful and rigorous assessment work. It was also found that evaluations of the same work carried out by different teams resulted in very close ratings, which supported the credibility of the evaluations. Therefore, we can conclude that methodologies based on peer assessment encourage the active participation of students and enhance their learning., This work has been supported by the Universitat Politècnica de València through the Project of Innovation and Educational Improvement Program (Projects PIME/2018/B26 and PIME/2018/B25 Convocatoria de Proyectos de Innovación y Convergencia).

This study was aimed at determining if oxidative stress imbalance in testes of rats occurs after n-butylparaben (n-ButP) exposure. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were subcutaneously treated with n-ButP during one spermatogenic cycle (57 days) at 0 (control-oil), 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg/d with peanut oil as vehicle. A non-vehicle control group was also included. Antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase) and levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione were measured in testes. Lipid peroxidation and H2O2 concentrations were also assessed. Results showed an increase of oxidative stress in oil-treated groups, excepting 600 mg/kg/d, suggesting oxidative stress due to peanut oil. A possible antioxidant effect due to n-ButP and its metabolites was suggested at 600 mg/kg/d, the only group not showing oxidative stress. An increase of calcium concentration in testes was also observed. On the other hand, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed and the concentrations of n-ButP and its metabolites were simulated in plasma and testes. The peak concentration (Cmax) in testes was found slightly higher than that in plasma. The current results indicate that peanut oil can cause oxidative stress while high doses of n-ButP can act as antioxidant agent in testes.

This study was aimed at determining whether dienestrol (DIES) affects reproduction in male offspring of rats following oral maternal exposure during gestation and lactation. Pregnant rats were treated from GD 6 to PND 21. Animals received 0 (control-vehicle), 0.75, 1.5, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 50, 75 µg/kg bw/d of DIES. A control group -without vehicle- was also included. High DIES concentrations caused abortions at 75 and 50 µg/kg bw/d, while at 12.5 µg/kg bw/d had still miscarriages. Ten male rats per group were kept alive until PND 90 to ensure sexual maturity. Body and organ weights, anogenital distance (AGD) at PNDs 21 and 90, biochemical and sperm parameters like motility, viability, morphology, spermatozoa and resistant spermatid counts, and histopathology for sexual organs and liver were determined. An increase in organ weight (liver and sexual organs) and a decrease in AGD due to vehicle were found. A reduction of sperm motility and viability, and an increase of abnormal sperm morphology were caused by DIES, which provoked a dose-dependent prostatitis. Maternal exposure to DIES induced toxicity on the reproductive system of the male offspring, which could affect the capacity of fertilization.

[EN] In the European Higher Education Area, the concept of `education¿ can be defined as a process that facilitates learning. The process will culminate successfully if our students have really learned and not necessarily because we have taught them. Taking into account the educational environment in which we are immersed, the learning process must be turned into a process where the students become aware of their goals and the teacher is transformed into a guide that escorts the students towards the achievement of the objectives. The organization of teaching in this environment involves developing new conceptualizations and methodologies, which can be applied jointly to classical methodologies, acting in a complementary and also synergistic manner. Currently, all academic institutions use virtual campus platforms for educational purposes. At the Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain), this virtual system can be used as a repository of academic material but also has tools for the development of applications based on e-learning. In the present paper, an e-learning platform has been designed for students of electronic engineering that guide the learners to understand theoretical concepts, integrate theory and practice, and apply knowledge and skills to develop a viable solution to specific problems. The importance of defining and assessing learning outcomes, that is, the competences that students should have acquired and can use, have also been considered. To achieve this goal, a problem-based learning approach has been used so the students learn to identify and interpret data and design strategies to solve problems applying concepts of analysis of electrical circuits. First, the most relevant competences that the students must achieve has been analysed (`Knowledge and use of the principles of theory of circuits and electric machines¿, `Applied knowledge of electrical engineering¿ and `Analysis and resolution of problems¿). Based on them, a battery of tests and tasks has been designed, in order to reinforce the theoretic concepts and analyse and solve problems. The `Test & Quizzes¿ tool of the system has been used to develop the e-learning platform, in which selfevaluation has been also integrated in order to become an effective instrument for learning. The focus has been put on the design of the strategy in relation to the competences that students should acquire, the experience gained during the development of the e-learning platform and the students¿ satisfaction after the implementation., This project is supported by Universitat Politècnica de València through the Project of Innovation and Educational Improvement Program (PIME 2018-2019/B26).

Effects of oral exposure to silver nanoparticles on the sperm of rats It has been demonstrated that exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can induce toxicological effects in rodents. In this study, we investigated whether sub-chronic oral exposure to different doses of polyvinil pyrrolidone (PVP)-coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs) (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) could induce harmful effects on epididymal sperm rat parameters. Sperm motility, viability and morphology were examined. Moreover, a histological evaluation of testis and epididymis was also performed. High doses of PVP-AgNPs showed higher sperm morphology abnormalities, while a progressive, but not significant effect, was observed in other sperm parameters. The current results suggest that oral sub-chronic exposure to PVP-AgNPs induces slight toxicological effects in sperm rat parameters. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.

Background and purpose Myasthenia gravis (MG) may become life-threatening if patients have respiratory insufficiency or dysphagia. This study aimed to determine the incidence, demographic characteristics, risk factors, response to treatment and outcome of these life-threatening events (LTEs) in a recent, population-based sample of MG patients. Methods A retrospective analysis of MG patients who presented with an LTE between 2000 and 2013 was performed. Participants were identified from a neuromuscular diseases registry in Spain that includes 648 patients with MG (NMD-ES). Results Sixty-two (9.56%) patients had an LTE. Thirty-two were classified as class V according to the MG Foundation of America, and 30 as class IVB. Fifty per cent were previously diagnosed with MG and median duration of the disease before the LTE was 24 months (3–406). The most common related factor was infection (n = 18). All patients received intravenous human immunoglobulin; 11 had a second infusion and six had plasma exchange. Median time to feeding tube removal was 13 days (1–434). Median time to weaning from ventilation was 12 days (3–176), and it was significantly shorter in late onset MG (≥50 years) (P = 0.019). LTEs improved

The Agenda for development for after 2015 was approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations and within it the 17 Sustainable Development Goals are included.The eighth objective of sustainable development has as its headline: "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all".The reverse of decent work is represented by forced labor. Forced labor is a flagrant violation of human rights and in many cases a crime. Thus, it is necessary to approach this phenomenon to diagnose its incidence in our societies and adopt whatever measures are necessary to put an end to this execrable phenomenon.; La Agenda para el desarrollo para después de 2015 fue aprobada por la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas y dentro de la misma se incardinan los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.El octavo objetivo de desarrollo sostenible tiene por rubrica: "Promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, inclusivo y sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todos".El reverso del trabajo decente está representado por el trabajo forzoso. El trabajo forzoso es una flagrante violación de derechos humanos y en muchos casos un delito. Así, se hace preciso aproximarnos a este fenómeno para diagnosticar su incidencia en nuestras sociedades y adoptar cuantas medidas sean necesarias para acabar con ese execrable fenómeno.

A common characteristic of Roma as a cultural group is that they do not allow their elderly to die alone. Nevertheless, rooted in a mainstream cultural perspective of health provision services, public institutions usually do not allow Roma people to be with their loved ones in their last moments. Following the communicative methodology, we conducted a communicative case study on the death of the most relevant female Roma leader in Catalonia. She was accompanied by more than two hundred family members and friends in her room and corridor at an important hospital in Barcelona. We performed our research in the 2 years following her death to obtain the reflections of the Roma members involved. These reflections revealed the egalitarian dialogue forged between these Roma members and the hospital personnel, which enabled the former to embrace their culture and support their loved ones before death. Because this dialogue was possible and fruitful, the acknowledgment of cultural diversity and the improvement of the quality of services offered to Roma might also be possible in other health institutions.

El presente trabajo fue realizado en la Empresa APRONAM S.A. del Cantón Chone, donde se detectó un deficiente proceso de gestión administrativa y financiera. Se desarrolló una investigación de campo, modalidad bibliográfica y cuasi experimental, teniendo como objetivo: Elaborar un manual de procedimientos de Gestión Administrativa y Financiera de la empresa APRONAM S.A. del Cantón Chone, determinándose que no existen un manual de procedimientos definido para realizar los procesos de gestión administrativa y financiera, por lo que se propone elaborar un manual de procedimientos de gestión administrativa y financiera para optimizar estos procesos, para ello se han aplicado, leyes, reglamentos, estatutos y disposiciones emanadas por los organismos de control como son el Servicio de Rentas Internas, la Superintendencia de Bancos, Superintendencia de Compañías, aplicando las Normas Ecuatorianas de Contabilidad y Normas Ecuatorianas de Auditoria, para que la empresa cuente con flujogramas que faciliten conocer y seguir los procesos para optimizar los procedimientos con la intención de que las actividades que se realizan día a día las ejecute el personal con eficiencia y efectividad optimizando tiempo y recursos. Palabras claves: Manual de procedimientos administrativo, financiero, contable, flujogramas Manual of procedures of administrative and financial management of the company APRONAM S.A. of the Canton Chone, Ecuador The present work was carried out at the company APRONAM S.A. Canton Chone, where was detected a poor administrative and financial management process. It was developed a bibliographic and quasi- experimental research field. The aim of this research was: To develop a manual of procedures of administrative management and financial of the company APRONAM S.A. in the Canton Chone, so that there is not a manual of procedures defined to perform administrative and financial management processes, therefore intends to develop a manual of procedures for managing administrative and financial to optimize these processes for that reason it was applied, laws, regulations, statutes and provisions emanated by the control agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service, the Superintendence of Banks, Superintendence of Companies, Ecuadorian Accounting Standards, Ecuadorian Standards of Financial Audit so the company has flowcharts that facilitate to know and follow the processes to optimize procedures with the intention that staff activities performed daily in the company are implemented efficiently and effectively which allow to optimize time and resources. Keywords: Manual of procedures, administrative, financial, accounting, flowcharts &nbsp