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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of computed tomography (CT) findings for characterizing pleural effusions with the use of attenuation values., Material/methods: One hundred and twenty eight patients with pleural effusions on thoracic CT who underwent thoracentesisis within two weeks were studied. Pleural effusions were classified as exudates or transudates according to the Light's criteria. A region of interest was placed for the measurement of Hounsfield Unit (HU) values in the area of the greatest amount of effusion on each slice of the three slices used. CT features that were evaluated for distinguishing pleural exudates from transudates included pleural nodules, pleural thickening and loculation., Results: Thirty three (26%) of the 128 pleural effusions were transudates and 95 (74%) were exudates. The mean HU values of the exudates (8.82±7.04) were significantly higher than those of the transudates (2.91±8.53), (p<0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between transudate and exudate patients in terms of pleural thickness, pleural nodules and loculation (p>0.05)., Conclusions: HU values can help in differentiating exudative pleural effusions from transudative pleural effusions. Because of overlapping HU values, correlation with clinical findings is essential., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest There is no conflict of interest.

Background/aim: We aimed to detect the incidence of breast arterial calcification (BAC) in patients that underwent mammography and to reveal the relationship of BAC with cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular risk factors, parity, and breastfeeding., Materials and Methods: A total of 1195 female patients were included in this study. Cases that were positive for BAC during mammography were recorded. The relationship of BAC with age, body mass index, parity, breastfeeding, menopause, smoking, alcohol consumption, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, and histories of hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary artery disease (CAD), and cerebral vascular diseases were investigated., Results: Overall, 97 of 1195 cases were positive for BAC. In univariate analysis, age, educational status, parity, breastfeeding, menopause, hyperlipidemia, and DM, HT, and CAD histories were found to be separate risk factors that had an effect on the development of BAC. The effects of age, parity, and breastfeeding history were maintained in the logistic regression analysis (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.024, respectively; P < 0.05 was significant), while the significance of the other analyzed variables was lost (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: We found that BAC is associated with age, parity, and breastfeeding but not with cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular risk factors.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of renal parenchyma with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage and serum creatinine levels., Materials and Methods: One hundred and ten patients who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging of the upper abdomen for different reasons were retrospectively studied. A region of interest (ROI) was placed on the renal parenchyma for measurement of ADC values of both kidneys, without any preference for cortex or medulla. Three circular ROIs were placed-one each in the upper pole, interpolar region and lower pole of both kidneys. The mean ADC values were recorded for each patient and the relationship between ADC values and stage of CKD and serum creatinine levels were evaluated., Results: Statistically significant difference was determined between the ADC values of the cases according to CKD stages (p < 0.001). Paired comparisons performed to determine the group that caused the difference revealed that median ADC values of healthy subjects who formed the control group was statistically significantly higher than that of the cases with stage 3, stage 4 and stage 5 CKD (p: 0.008; p: 0.008; and p: 0.002, respectively). Sensitivity and specificity were found to be 75.44% and 69.81%, respectively in detecting stage 3, stage 4 and stage 5 CKD among the cases with ADC values of 1151 and lower., Conclusion: ADC values can play a role in the evaluation of renal dysfunction. However, population-and protocol-based cut-off ADC values are needed to identify renal dysfunction and to distinguish between different stages of CKD.

We present the clinical results and ultrasonographic findings of 61 trigger digits treated with percutaneous A1 pulley release. An endoscopic carpal tunnel knife was used for the release in the outpatient department. The mean follow-up period was 3.5 months. A total of 55 digits (90%) had complete relief of their triggering postoperatively. Six digits (10%) had Grade 2 triggering clinically in the early postoperative period.The complications included six cases of insufficient release (10%), scar sensitivity in one patient, short-term hypoaesthesia in three digits (5%), and flexor tendon laceration noted on postoperative ultrasonography in eight digits (13%). No neurovascular damage was noted on the postoperative ultrasonography. Ultrasonograpy provides information about tendon laceration and changes in thickness of the pulleys and confirm A1 pulley release after surgery, but it does not alter clinical decision-making. We believe that pre- and postoperative ultrasonograpy does not need to be included as a routine examination., (© The Author(s) 2014.)