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Historians have argued that Britain lost its early lead in developing mechanized formations in the interwar period due to financial pressures, interarm rivalry, poor tank design, and the misjudgments of tank enthusiasts. A systematic examination of armor doctrine, however, demonstrates that British approaches were coherent and innovative until 1935. Progress was derailed by the suppression of the "Tank Training" (1935) manual and the decision to mechanize the cavalry rather than expand the Royal Tank Corps. Coordination between manuals of arms of service and the field service regulations was abandoned, moreover, in favor of multiple training pamphlets. The result was the "Great Doctrine Disaster," which compounded false assumptions about tank design, tactics, and future war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of main battle tanks in armies goes back many years. The most crucial component is undoubtedly the weapon system. In this study, it is aimed to model the elevation dynamics of the weapon system that provides the movement of the weapon system in the vertical axis. The elevation dynamics consists of three parts: an electric motor, a driver, and a barrel. Both parts are expected to have similar vibration characteristics. The linear graph method was preferred as the modeling method. First of all, the system components and types were determined, and the linear graph, normal tree, and tree links of the system were drawn. Then the state variables, primary and secondary variables, as well as the number of branches, nodes, and sources, were determined, respectively. Elemental, continuity, and compatibility equations were written using the obtained graphs. By organizing these equations, state equations were obtained in standard form and matrix form. With the simulation studies carried out in MATLAB/Simulink, the displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses of the breech and muzzle sections were obtained. It is seen that obtained angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration results for both breech and muzzle sections are almost the same. As a result, the breech and muzzle sections have similar vibration motions and have proven to be able to work in harmony. This result shows that the barrel can be designed from two parts without additional stress and tension, which makes it difficult to focus on the target. By forming the barrel in two parts, the risk of damage can be minimized by better distributing the stress and tension occurring in the barrel during firing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the musculoskeletal risk of military personnel on a Leopard 2 A6 main battle tank crew and to identify associated factors for future prevention and mitigation strategies. A sample of 57 Portuguese military personnel, who are or were part of the Leopard 2 A6 main battle tank crew, answered a questionnaire on their perception of task performance, considering muscle demands, comfort, posture, movements, and associated symptoms. A subsample of four soldiers from the Armoured Squadron of the Portuguese Mechanized Brigade were assessed using an inertial measurement unit system and underwent a whole-body kinematic analysis coupled with a Rapid Entire Body Assessment during a simulated two-hour mission. The results indicate that soldiers accurately perceive their roles within the crew and that, overall, there is a high risk of musculoskeletal injuries in all tasks. However, tasks directly related to the crew's primary duties carry consistently high risk when considering the time spent on their tasks. This study highlights the need for targeted preventive measures to reduce the incidence and severity of injuries among the crew of the Leopard 2 A6 main battle tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient manoeuvrability of off-road tracked vehicles such as military tanks and rovers is essential in ensuring the success of military/extra-terrestrial operations. To achieve this, in-depth research on vehicle-terrain interaction is crucial. This manuscript deals with reviewing the ways to study terramechanics viz. theoretical, empirical, and field tests, and proposing the merits and demerits of each method. Under the theoretical approach, empirical, numerical, and semi-empirical methods are discussed. Under the empirical approach, the method based onthe vehicle cone index for tracked and wheeled vehicles is discussed. Under the numerical approach, advantages and disadvantages of Finite Element Method (FEM) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) are discussed. Semi-empirical method, based upon a combination of the best features of numerical and empirical approaches discusses terrain response to normal repetitive loads and shear repetitive loads for tracked as well as wheeled vehicles. Pressure sinkage relationship for terrains at various loading conditions and shear stress displacement relationship for different terrains obtained through penetration and shear tests are discussed to determine the vehicle's mobility parameters under a semi-empirical approach. Further, the Super element model, multi-body simulation model, and ride and cornering vibration model are discussed under computer simulation models. A detailed review of various models customized towards tracked vehicle-terrain interaction discussed in this manuscript helps the authors set up a laboratory for terramechanics at DIAT. Preliminary analysis along with conceptual design of the experimental setup is also discussed. In a nutshell, this paper attempts to summarize the research that has been carried out in the field of tracked vehicle-terrain inter action comprising of VCI, MMP, FEM, DEM, Super element model, Multibody technique, and Semi-empirical methods helping the authors to establish a laboratory of terramechanics for their M. Tech. program on Armament and Combat Vehicles at DIAT Pune. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following World War II, General Heinz Guderian claimed authorship of the development of Germany's Panzer arm, which he had led to successes at the war's start. In fact, Guderian had little influence on the foundation of the Reichswehr's mechanized forces. He had built on the work of Germany's first armored warfare theorist: Ernst Volckheim. One of a few German officers to command a tank in World War I, Volckheim was Germany's leading theorist of tank warfare in the 1920s. His work would reshape decisions crucial to Germany's development of armored forces in World War II. This article reassesses Volckheim's influence on German training, doctrine, and tank design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perceived and observed differences in the dynamic behavior between wheeled and tracked military vehicles should be considered when applying appropriate dynamic load effect values for bridge design and assessment. Based on available test data, tracked military vehicles appear to impose less severe dynamic load effects when compared with wheeled vehicles under similar crossing conditions. In exploring a range of crossing conditions, a review of test data was used to make a general comparison of the dynamic loading amplification between tracked and wheeled military vehicles. To expand the range of crossing conditions tested for an instrumented bridge, additional data were collected for an artificially induced roughness of the bridge surface. By combining the test results from previous studies with the results from this testing program, the relative dynamic loading amplification between tracked and wheeled military vehicles can be quantified for situations with similar crossing conditions. Given this comparison, it may be appropriate to use a dynamic load allowance (DLA) of as low as 70% of the code-specified DLA for wheeled vehicles when evaluating the capacity of bridges subjected to military tracked traffic. This is especially relevant when considering maneuver options for main battle tanks during military combat operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ε Time factor plays an important role in many issues, and the most important of these issues is the issue of transportation, when we need to transport perishable materials such as milk, medicines,blood,….. etc. or develop war plans to secure the requirements of battle of ammunition - food - and soldiers …..etc., at maximum speed, we need a careful scientific study that enables us to avoid losses, so the researchers studied transport models in the shortest possible time using the values of classic logic and the best solution for such models is a specific value subject to increase or decrease because there is nothing certain in the real reality, all the results of the studies are related to the surrounding conditions of the system under study, due to the sensitivity of these issues had to be reformulated according to a science that takes into account all the cases that the system can go through so that we can take all possible precautions that help us reduce losses and secure the required in the shortest possible time, we have in This research formulates transport models with the shortest time and we presented a special way to solve such models using neutrosophic values, based on the concept of the neutrosophic linear mathematical model, a model that has something of non-determination (indeterminacy) and we reached transport models with the shortest time that are considered a generalization of the existing models because they give us optimal neutrosophic values for time, which are unspecified values Nt * = t* ± ε where ε is indeterminism and we will take it in the form then become the matrix of times Nt* = [t * ± ε], where Nt* is any neighborhood of t *, it should be noted that in this research when viewing the example we took some transfer times neutrosophic values of the form Nt ∈ [t1, t2 ] to be able to clarify the main goal of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why were casualties on Omaha Beach on D-Day so high? Many accounts assert that the unusually high casualties suffered can be traced to the U.S. Army's refusal to employ specialized tanks developed by the British army, nicknamed "Armored Funnies." This article examines the roots of this legend and details American and British plans for employing specialized tank support for Operation Neptune in June 1944. It concludes that the U.S. Army did not refuse to employ the Armored Funnies, but that delivery of some of these specialized tanks did not occur in time due to British shortages. This episode highlights the difficulty of attempting to harmonize military equipment and tactics in time-constrained joint operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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