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Studies on measured physical fitness and oral health are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between self-reported physical activity and measured physical fitness and oral health of young men. The study population consisted of 13,564 Finnish male conscripts who had mandatory clinical oral examinations and physical fitness tests at the beginning of military service in 2011. Finally, around 10,800 conscripts had physical fitness test outcomes available and a total of 8552 conscripts answered a computer-based questionnaire on background factors. Decayed Tooth (DT) and Decayed, Missing, or Filled Tooth (DMFT) indices, outcomes of surveys and fitness tests were used in analyses by cross-tabulation and multivariable logistic regression model (odds ratios [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]) were calculated. Regularly exercising conscripts had a reduced need for dental restorative treatment than those reporting no physical activity (p < 0.0001). The proportion of participants with sound dentition (DT = 0) increased steadily with increasing physical activity (39.0–59.4%). Good measured physical fitness was a protective factor against increased dental restorative treatment need. A low prevalence of smoking and low use of alcohol and energy drinks were associated with frequent exercise, whereas consumption of sport drinks and snuff use were common among those who exercised frequently. Good measured physical fitness and self-reported physical activity are associated with reduced caries burden. There is a need for information about the harms of tobacco products and the benefits of a healthy diet, even for the increased energy needs of the physically active.

Introduction: Finland’s security policy relies heavily on its own independent national defense, which is based on conscription. In 2011, 26,492 conscripts started their military service in Finland. Of these, 1,706 interrupted their military service and 191 changed to civilian service. Conscripts who interrupt their service seem to have an increased tendency to smoking, alcohol consumption, and taking snuff, which previous studies suggest to have strong associations with the need for restorative dental treatment and with lower socioeconomic status. The aim of this study was to compare the general and oral health habits between Finnish conscripts who interrupt their service and those who completed their military service and to find out what general- and oral-health-related factors could be used in predicting interruption of service. Methods: The study population consisted of 13,819 conscripts taking an oral examination during the service. Of these, 8,449 answered a computer-based anamnestic questionnaire and 264 interrupted their service. Predisposing factors on the anamnestic questionnaire for interrupting military service were evaluated by using a binary logistic regression model. The statistically significant factors were selected to form a sum variable which finally consisted of seven predisposing questions. Odds ratio (OR) values and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each question and for the sum variable. Predictive accuracy was assessed by area under the receiver-operating curve. Results: The most obvious predisposing factor among those who interrupted their service compared to the reference group was lack of weekly physical exercise (OR = 5.80). The risk for interruption of military service was 68.6 times higher in cases where a subject exhibited six predisposing factors out of seven compared to those who had none. Conclusion: As a conclusion, a set of statistically chosen anamnestic questions could help identify conscripts who have an incr

Background: In Finland, the development of oral health in young, 19- to 21-year-old males regarding restorative treatment need seems to have slowed down according to cross-sectional conscript studies between 1976 and 2011. At the individual level, the mean number of decayed teeth (DT > 0) has also steadily continued to decline. In Finland, military service is mandatory, and around 85% of males complete it. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the oral health status of young men at the beginning of the 2020s. Methods: The data were collected in July 2021 in the eight biggest Finnish Defence force garrisons by ten calibrated dentists serving in the ranks. The inclusion criteria for this study were a year of birth between 2000 and 2002 and male gender (n = 508). Third molars were included. Restorative treatment need was evaluated using ICDAS scoring. The study was designed according to the STROBE guidelines. Results: Mean DT value was 1.13 when third molars were included and 1.03 when they were excluded. Mean DMFT value was 3.23 and 2.98, respectively. The proportion of conscripts with DT > 0 was 36.4% and 34.8%, respectively. The prevalence of caries was concentrated among a small number of conscripts. Most (76.6%) had BEWE (basic erosive wear examination) of 0–2. Conscripts in the moderate and severe ETW (erosive tooth wear) groups (BEWE 3–13) comprised 23.5% of the cohort. None of the conscripts fell into the most severe group (BEWE 14–18). Conclusions: The oral health of conscripts has improved over the last ten years, and restorative treatment need has decreased significantly. Compared to previous studies, restorative treatment need was concentrated on an even smaller proportion of conscripts.

Introduction: This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the association between three age-specific questionnaires in three age groups and restorative dental treatment need. Material and methods: Three separate questionnaires were designed on etiology of dental caries in different age groups. Randomly selected 15- (n = 36), 21- (n = 21), and 40-year-old (n = 45) subjects answered these questionnaires. Responses were compared to restorative treatment need (DT) according to the clinical oral examination, which calibrated examiner performed. Results: Responses to questionnaires were only indicative in prediction of restorative treatment need at individual level. Kappa values for 15-, 21-, and 40-year olds, between responses and restorative treatment need were 0.01, 0.44, and 0.33, respectively. Conclusion: The need for restorative care could plausible be screened with a questionnaire among the 21- and 40-year olds, but not among 15-year olds in a country with low caries prevalence. Further development of questionnaires and studies are needed.

The main aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the prevalence of dental fear among Finnish conscripts. Other aims were to study the association between dental fear and cariological status as well as their self-reported, dentition-related well-being. The study material consisted of 13,564 men and 255 women conscripts who underwent oral examinations. Of those, 8713 responded to a computer-based questionnaire. The mean number of decayed teeth (DT) was used in analyses for cariological status. Self-reported dental fear, dentition-related well-being and regular check-ups were analysed. Data were analysed with cross tables, Pearson Chi-Square tests, Fisher’s exact test and binary logistic regressive analysis. High dental fear or finding dental visits very scary was associated with DT > 2 both among women (14.6%, when DT = 0; 33.3%, when DT > 2) and men conscripts (2.3% and 10.8%, respectively). In addition, those reporting that dental health had a negative impact on their well-being and had no regular check-ups were more likely to need cariological treatment than the rest. A high education level, both one’s own and parental, was a protective factor for restorative treatment need in male conscripts. The findings of this study support the concept of a vicious cycle of dental fear and dental caries. A preventive, interactive way of work by dental teams would most likely be beneficial for dental health, avoiding the development of dental fear, and dentition-related well-being.

Dental caries is the most common oral disease that causes demineralization of the enamel and later of the dentin. Depth-wise assessment of the demineralization process could be used to help in treatment planning. In this study, we aimed to provide baseline information for the development of a Raman probe by characterizing the mineral composition of the dental tissues from large composition maps (6 × 3 mm² with 15 μm step size) using Raman microspectroscopy. Ten human wisdom teeth with different stages of dental caries lesions were examined. All of the teeth were cut in half at representative locations of the caries lesions and then imaged with a Raman imaging microscope. The pre-processed spectral maps were combined into a single data matrix, and the spectra of the enamel, dentin, and caries were identified by K-means cluster analysis. Our results showed that unsupervised identification of dental caries is possible with the K-means clustering. The compositional analysis revealed that the carious lesions are less mineralized than the healthy enamel, and when the lesions extend into the dentin, they are even less mineralized. Furthermore, there were more carbonate imperfections in the mineral crystal lattice of the caries tissues than in healthy tissues. Interestingly, we observed gradients in the sound enamel showing higher mineralization and greater mineral crystal perfection towards the tooth surface. To conclude, our results provide a baseline for the methodological development aimed at clinical diagnostics for the early detection of active caries lesions.

According to current care guidelines, it would be beneficial to evaluate the difficulty of a root canal treatment (RCT) after the decision of an indicated RCT. For this matter, several difficulty assessment forms have been developed. In this pilot study, fifth-year dental students evaluated the usefulness of the Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment Form (ECAF) presented in the Finnish Current Care Guidelines for Endodontic Treatment (2014). Another aim was to postoperatively investigate how well the evaluation by dental students using the ECAF associated with the outcome of RCT evaluated by a specialist in endodontics. The dental students’ (n = 33) and the supervisor’s assessments of the RCTs were compared postoperatively at the Dental Educational Unit, Oulu, Finland. After completing the ECAF, the students’ experiences of its use were explored with a structured form. In ECAF, patient-derived factors, such as gagging, deviant crown morphology, and complications in previous endodontic treatment, were all significantly associated with complications in RCTs by the dental students (p < 0.05). The assessments by students and the supervisor differed in 55% of cases, especially in moderately difficult cases. In the majority of these cases (71%), the students evaluated the case to be easier than the teacher. Students found the ECAF user-friendly, even if it did not demonstrate their competence in accomplishing RCTs. The ECAF appears useful for junior dentists, specifically in terms of distinguishing the least and most difficult cases. A simpler form could be useful for students and clinicians.

Aim: To evaluate the regional variation in restorative treatment need among Finnish young people based on the socioeconomic factors. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 garrisons of the Finnish Defence Forces in January and July 2011. The study population comprised 13,819 Finnish conscripts born in the beginning of 1990s, including females. A computer-based survey was done together with clinical oral examination to gather background information, e.g., educational status. Furthermore, average annual income of the conscript’s residence municipality was achieved from the Statistics of Finland. The zip code of the place of residence of each conscript was later extracted from the Mildoc® system. Georeferenced place of residence and income status were merged as information on provinces’ level in a dataset. The association between the outcome variable and explanatory variables was determined by using the generalized linear mixed model, and geomaps were constructed. Results: Mean D value was 1.41 ranging from 0.89 (Kymenlaakso) to 2.33 (Kainuu). Higher education and high-income level were protective factors for restorative treatment need. Restorative treatment need was also low in those areas with high (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.56–0.87) and medium (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.70–0.89) yearly income compared to low yearly income. The high odds for the need of restorative treatment were discovered in Northern Ostrobothnia (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.53–3.33) followed by Central Ostrobothnia (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.17–3.70), Uusimaa (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.16–2.08), and Central Finland (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.10–2.16) compared to Varsinais-Suomi. Conclusion: In conclusion, there is a significant regional variation in restorative treatment need among Finnish young people in their twenties based on the socioeconomic factors.

Objectives: Bitewing radiographs are mainly used to confirm clinical findings in caries diagnostics. The objective here was to investigate the quality of bitewing radiographs after short brush-up training and additional findings besides caries in a low-caries population. Methods: The material of this cross-sectional study comprised 377 pairs of bitewing radiographs of 19- to 20-year-olds taken by dentists. Radiography was considered indicated if one dentinal caries lesion was present on clinical examination. A senior oral radiologist evaluated quality and diagnosed the findings afterwards unaware of clinical status. The association between variables was analysed using cross tabulation and chi-squared testing. Results: Almost half of the images were of compromised quality (44.1%). Dentinal caries lesions were detected in 82.3% and enamel lesions in 73.5% of the subjects. On average, the subjects had 1.7 (SD 0.52) dentinal lesions. Fillings were found in 81.8%, fractures/cracks in 11.7%, and attrition in 7.4% of the subjects. Signs of excessive bite force were recorded in 19.4%, whereas marginal bone loss was detected in 6.4%. No significant correlation was detected between fractures, attrition, and excessive bite forces. Conclusions: Effort must be taken to ensure high quality of bitewing radiographs. In addition to caries detection, bitewing radiographs offer additional value, such as detecting excessive bite forces, tooth wear, and marginal bone loss among young adults.

Studies on the role of physical fitness, physical activity and obesity as risk factors for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are scarce. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of TMD symptoms with physical fitness, physical activity and body mass index (BMI) among Finnish conscripts. The study sample consisted of 8685 Finnish conscripts. Data on self-reported TMD symptoms were used as outcome variables. Physical activity (questionnaire), physical fitness (measured with physical tests: Cooper test, push-ups, sit-ups and standing long jump) and body mass index (BMI) were used as explanatory variables. The associations between TMD symptoms and explanatory variables were evaluated using Chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of all TMD symptoms was significantly higher among those who exercised more rarely than weekly. Pain-related TMD symptoms were also significantly more frequent among those who were overweight (BMI ≥ 25). Poor push-up results and overweight (BMI ≥ 25) were significantly associated with jaw pain and TMJ pain at jaw rest. The present study showed that good physical fitness may be a protective factor against TMD pain. Dentists should also be prepared to motivate TMD patients to physical activity and regular exercise as part of the treatment.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to get new information from several sources about the background factors of Finnish smokers, snuffers, and dual users. Profiles of young smokers and snuffers were investigated in association with restorative treatment need, oral hygiene, eating habits, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), psychological and socioeconomic factors. Material and methods: The study group comprised 3420 conscripts. The data were collected from four different sources: a health examination including an oral health screening, a computer-based questionnaire for investigating individual background factors, a psychological test assessing cognitive skills, and the Cooper test. Statistical analyses comprised cross tabulation and binary logistic regression modelling. Results: The odds for smoking were the greatest among those who had DT (Decayed teeth) > 0, used energy drinks or alcohol regularly, or whose parents were divorced. A score of ≥2900 m in the Cooper test, a higher physical exercise level, a higher own education level, and using sports drinks decreased the odds for smoking. The odds for snuffing were higher among those who ran >2500 m in the Cooper test, had a BMI of ≥25, used sports/energy drinks, or exercised regularly, and lower among those who achieved good results in the cognitive test. Using energy/sports drinks or alcohol was positively and a higher education level was negatively associated with dual use. Conclusions: Along with increasing prevalence of snuffing, heterogeneity is likely among snuffers. Good cognitive skills may prevent from smoking and snuffing.

The aim of this epidemiological study was to investigate the oral health situation and associated factors among a group of Finnish healthy males born in the early 1990s. A pilot study was carried out in two garrisons of the Finnish Defence Forces in July 2010 to evaluate and time the various parts of the protocol (n = 256 men and women). In the main study, oral health of 13,564 men and 255 women who entered the military service in 2011 was screened for restorative treatment need (DT), dental history (DMFT) and periodontal status (CPI and BOP). In this cross-sectional study, a representative sample of the entire group of draftees in 2011 was achieved by examining all conscripts in 15 out of 20 garrisons and every fifth conscript in alphabetical order randomising the subjects in the five largest garrisons. Also 8,539 men answered a questionnaire covering their smoking and snuffing habits and alcohol use as well as other behaviour and background factors. BOP was available on 6,596 conscripts. The findings suggested stagnation in the improvement or even deterioration of the caries status in young healthy males. Among the study group of young male adults, caries burden was polarised, mainly due to primary caries. Prevalence of smoking was alarmingly high (39.6%). Smoking significantly increased the odds for restorative treatment need, high BOP or high CPI and was associated with other behaviour related to poor health. Snuffing and alcohol use were not associated with caries prevalence, BOP and CPI in the study group. The importance of the place of residence to caries experience was evident, but the impact decreased when health behaviours were included in the statistical analyses. Sociodemographic factors were associated with oral health among young men. In conclusion, health behaviour of young Finnish males does not support good oral health, and therefore caries control continues to be a challenge. Both health behaviours and environmental factors are associated, Tiivistelmä Tämän epidemiologisen tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia 1990-luvulla syntyneiden perusterveiden suomalaisten nuorten miesten suun terveyden tilannetta ja siihen vaikuttavia taustatekijöitä. Pilottitutkimuksessa heinäkuussa 2010 testattiin tutkimusprotokolla ja arvioitiin sen soveltuvuus epidemiologiseen tutkimukseen. Pilottitutkimus tehtiin kahdessa Puolustusvoimien varuskunnassa, ja siihen osallistui yhteensä 256 varusmiestä Epidemiologinen tutkimus tehtiin tammikuussa ja heinäkuussa 2011 kahdessakymmenessä varuskunnassa. Kliininen tarkastus tehtiin kaikille alokkaille lukuun ottamatta viittä suurinta varuskuntaa, joissa tutkimukseen valittiin joka viides alokas. Tutkimukseen osallistui yhteensä 13 564 miestä ja 255 naista. Heiltä selvitettiin korjaavan hoidon tarve (DT) ja hoidon historia (DMFT) sekä korkein parodontaalisen hoidon tarve indeksihampaista (CPI). Ikenien vuotoindeksi (BOP) mitattiin 6 596 varusmieheltä. Kliinisen tarkastuksen lisäksi 8 539 varusmiestä vastasi kyselyyn, jolla selvitettiin muun muassa heidän tupakointi-, nuuskaus- ja alkoholinkäyttötottumuksiaan sekä muuta terveyskäyttäytymistä ja sosioekonomisia ja -demografisia taustatietoja. Tulosten perusteella suomalaisten nuorten miesten kariologinen tilanne ei ole enää parantunut vaan jopa hieman huonontunut aiempiin tutkimuksiin verrattuna. Karieskertymä on polarisoitunut tutkimusjoukossa, ja suurin osa löydöksistä oli uusia kariesleesioita. Varusmiehistä jopa 39,6 % tupakoi päivittäin. Tupakoinnin ja lisääntyneen kariologisen ja parodontaalisen hoidon tarpeen sekä huonon terveyskäyttäytymisen välillä havaittiin yhteys. Nuuskaaminen ja alkoholin käyttö eivät vaikuttaneet todettuun kariologisen ja parodontaalisen hoidon tarpeeseen tässä tutkimuksessa. Varusmiehen asuinpaikka vaikutti kariologisen hoidon tarpeeseen, mutta vaikutus väheni, kun terveyskäyttäytyminen otettiin analyyseihin mukaan. Myös varusmiehen omalla sekä hänen vanhempiensa koulutustaustalla oli vaikutusta nuorten mi