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Technology is rapidly improving.The advancements in use have enabled research in previously unexplored areas.These include military, Big Data, Robotics, Blockchain, and other fields. In these areas, we employ AI and machine learning. One might think that AI and ML are the same, but they are not. Artificial intelligence is defined as a computer or robot's ability to perform any task assigned to humans, thereby simplifying our work. Once the work is completed, one must ensure that it is accurate and precise. This was accomplished through Machine Learning, a type of AI. As previously stated, AI and ML use various settings, including the military, hospitals, banking, video games, and others. In this paper, the use of AI and ML is mainly concentrated in the military. As a result, we have focused on the developments of AI and ML in the military rather than the trends of AI and ML in other areas in this chapter. With a basic understanding of how everything works, we provide a brief overview of military operations and developments in a few countries, such as China, Russia,United States

In this era, composite materials made of natural fibers are gaining the attention and interest of researchers, scientists, and engineers due to their impeccable features in contrast to synthetic fibers. Composite materials can be easily modeled and produced in various dissimilar forms as per the need. In this study, four different composite samples were prepared using three distinct fibers; two natural-banana (B) and sisal (S) and one synthetic-glass (G), by varying the weight percentage of banana and sisal. For each sample, the stacking sequence of the fibers are (B-G-S-B), (S-B-G-S), (G-B-B-S), and (B-S-S-G), oriented at (900,+450,−450,900) and put through a uniform point load. So, a total of sixteen composite samples were evaluated for directional deformations, stresses, and rotations using ANSYS Mechanical APDL 15.0. The outcome obtained showed that the arrangement of fibers in the sequence sisal-banana-glass-sisal (S-B-G-S) at different orientations is superior in terms of toughness and distortion resistance in contrast to all the sixteen arrangements.

SummaryRNA transport and local translation provide spatial control of gene expression, and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) act as critical adapters in this multi-step process. Muscleblind-like (MBNL) RNA binding proteins, implicated in myotonic dystrophy and cancer, localize RNAs to myoblast membranes and distal neurites through unknown mechanisms. We found that MBNL forms motile and anchored granules in neurons and myoblasts, and selectively associates with kinesins Kif1bα and Kif1c through its zinc finger (ZnF) domains. Other RBPs with similar ZnFs also associate with these kinesins, implicating a motor-RBP specificity code. Live cell imaging and fractionation revealed that membrane anchoring is mediated through the unstructured carboxy-terminal tail of MBNL1. Both kinesin- and membrane-recruitment functions were reconstituted using MBNL-MS2 coat protein fusions. This approach, termed RBP Module Recruitment and Imaging (RBP-MRI), decouples RNA binding, kinesin recruitment, and membrane anchoring functions, while also establishing general strategies for studying multi-functional, modular domains of RBPs.

Green composites made up of natural fibers are being immensely used in the last few decades due to their enhanced properties and environmental aspects. The boon of natural fibers is their uninterrupted supply, non-allergic and decomposable nature. Many types of natural fibers like jute, bamboo, hemp, flax, pineapple, coir, luffa, kenaf, sisal, wood fiber, and many more had been explored for their various uses. Natural fibers are being used over manufactured fibers as strengthening for plastic and polymeric materials owing to their low cost and renewable aspects. Banana fiber is one of the copious available material which had been studied for its physicomechanical and chemical properties. A detailed study of these properties will bring out rational and worthy uses of banana fiber for various applications. This paper discusses in detail the properties, utilization, extraction, limitations, and applications of banana leaf fibers and their composites.

Drug-tolerance is an acute defense response prior to a fully drug-resistant state and tumor relapse, however there are few therapeutic agents targeting drug-tolerance in the clinic. Here we show that miR-147b initiates a reversible tolerant-state to the EGFR inhibitor osimertinib in non-small cell lung cancer. With miRNA-seq analysis we find that miR-147b is the most upregulated microRNA in osimertinib-tolerant and EGFR mutated lung cancer cells. Whole transcriptome analysis of single-cell derived clones reveals a link between osimertinib-tolerance and pseudohypoxia responses irrespective of oxygen levels. Further metabolomics and genetic studies demonstrate that osimertinib-tolerance is driven by miR-147b repression of VHL and succinate dehydrogenase linked to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pseudohypoxia pathways. Finally, pretreatment with a miR-147b inhibitor delays osimertinib-associated drug tolerance in patient-derived three-dimensional (3D) structures. This link between miR-147b and tricarboxylic acid cycle may provide promising targets for preventing tumor relapse.

Multiagent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of both are the contemporary methods of cancer treatment. With medical advancements, though cure rates have increased considerably, focus is now shifted to the potential early and late complications of the same. The aim of this study was to assess the early oral complications in pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy. Sixty-two children with cancer undergoing chemotherapy with the mean age of 7.42 ± 3.6 years were included in the study. The various types of malignancies and oral problems during chemotherapy were recorded in the subjects. The most commonly encountered malignancy was acute lymphoblastic leukemia at 35.5%. Various oral and associated complications like mucosal inflammation with ulcerations, oral pain, xerostomia, and secondary infections were commonly seen, with mucositis being the most commonly observed complication in 58.1% of the subjects undergoing chemotherapy. Clinical importance of timely medical and dental interventions by a multidisciplinary team involving a pediatric dentist at different stages of anticancer treatment is also emphasized to minimize discomfort, increase treatment compliance, and improve the quality of life of pediatric patients. How to cite this article: Gandhi K, Datta G, Ahuja S, Saxena T, Datta AG. Prevalence of Oral Complications occurring in a Population of Pediatric Cancer Patients receiving Chemotherapy. Int Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):166-171.

The Muscleblind (MBL) protein family is a deeply conserved family of RNA binding proteins that regulate alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation, RNA stability and RNA localization. Their inactivation due to sequestration by expanded CUG repeats causes symptoms in the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy. MBL zinc fingers are the most highly conserved portion of these proteins, and directly interact with RNA. We identified putative MBL homologs in Ciona intestinalis and Trichoplax adhaerens, and investigated their ability, as well as that of MBL homologs from human/mouse, fly and worm, to regulate alternative splicing. We found that all homologs can regulate alternative splicing in mouse cells, with some regulating over 100 events. The cis-elements through which each homolog exerts its splicing activities are likely to be highly similar to mammalian Muscleblind-like proteins (MBNLs), as suggested by motif analyses and the ability of expanded CUG repeats to inactivate homolog-mediated splicing. While regulation of specific target exons by MBL/MBNL has not been broadly conserved across these species, genes enriched for MBL/MBNL binding sites in their introns may play roles in cell adhesion, ion transport and axon guidance, among other biological pathways, suggesting a specific, conserved role for these proteins across a broad range of metazoan species., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (DP5 OD017865)

Biodiversity is a boon for reinforcement of sustainability and innovation for betterment of society via transformation of scientific temper. Nature has consciousness and invincible strength to bio diversified plants against protection from unforeseen turbulence is observed by researchers. Natural bamboo is a type of Bio composites found in tropical region has strength to weight ratio and aesthetics valuation more than alloy steels hence it is useful in ultra-luxurious segment of society. The purpose of the paper is to elaborate mechanism and mechanics of natural bamboo materials explicitly for determination of micro/macro rupture of fibre matrix adhesion subjected to severe shearing as efficient natural strength of tensile strength and bending strength inbuilt with bamboo by nature and failure mode is conventional in plane twisting of composite culms. The paper is useful for researchers focusing on innovation and green technology for achievement of sustainable development goals.

During neuronal development, local mRNA translation is required for axon guidance and synaptogenesis, and dysregulation of this process contributes to multiple neurodevelopmental and cognitive disorders. However, regulation of local protein synthesis in developing axons remains poorly understood. Here, we uncover a novel role for the actin-regulatory protein Mena in the formation of a ribonucleoprotein complex that involves the RNA-binding proteins HnrnpK and PCBP1 and regulates local translation of specific mRNAs in developing axons. We find that translation of dyrk1a, a Down syndrome- and autism spectrum disorders-related gene, is dependent on Mena, both in steady-state conditions and upon BDNF stimulation. We identify hundreds of additional mRNAs that associate with the Mena complex, suggesting that it plays broader role(s) in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Our work establishes a dual role for Mena in neurons, providing a potential link between regulation of actin dynamics and local translation. Keywords: Mena; ENAH; Ena/VASP; developing axon; growth cone; axon guidance; local translation; ribonucleoprotein; Dyrk1a, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant U01-CA184897), National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (Grant P30-CA14051)

SummaryTranscription of expanded microsatellite repeats is associated with multiple human diseases, including myotonic dystrophy, Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy, andC9orf72-ALS/FTD. Eliminating or reducing production of RNA and proteins arising from these expanded loci holds therapeutic benefit. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a deactivated form of the Cas9 enzyme impedes transcription across expanded microsatellites. We observed a repeat length-, PAM-, and strand-dependent reduction in the abundance of repeat-containing RNAs upon targeting dCas9 directly to repeat sequences. Aberrant splicing patterns were rescued in DM1 cells, and production of RAN peptides characteristic of DM1, DM2, andC9orf72-ALS/FTD cells was drastically decreased. Systemic delivery of dCas9/gRNA by adeno-associated virus led to reductions in pathological RNA foci, rescue of chloride channel 1 protein expression, and decreased myotonia. These observations suggest that transcription of microsatellite repeat-containing RNAs is more sensitive to perturbation than transcription of other RNAs, indicating potentially viable strategies for therapeutic intervention.

The current study is done with an objective of finding the connection between currency and commodity futures for South Asian nations (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, British India, India, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka). The research was done on the basis of secondary data taken from different sources for commodity and currency exchanges. Cointegration and Granger cause connection between the commodity and currency market for these nations have been checked. The results indicate the presence of this connection for a few nations only. The research adds on to the existing literature.

Multiagent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of both are the contemporary methods of cancer treatment. With medical advancements, though cure rates have increased considerably, focus is now shifted to the potential early and late complications of the same. The aim of this study was to assess the early oral complications in pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy. Sixty-two children with cancer undergoing chemotherapy with the mean age of 7.42 ± 3.6 years were included in the study. The various types of malignancies and oral problems during chemotherapy were recorded in the subjects. The most commonly encountered malignancy was acute lymphoblastic leukemia at 35.5%. Various oral and associated complications like mucosal inflammation with ulcerations, oral pain, xerostomia, and secondary infections were commonly seen, with mucositis being the most commonly observed complication in 58.1% of the subjects undergoing chemotherapy. Clinical importance of timely medical and dental interventions by a multidisciplinary team involving a pediatric dentist at different stages of anticancer treatment is also emphasized to minimize discomfort, increase treatment compliance, and improve the quality of life of pediatric patients. How to cite this article Gandhi K, Datta G, Ahuja S, Saxena T, Datta AG. Prevalence of Oral Complications occurring in a Population of Pediatric Cancer Patients receiving Chemotherapy. Int Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):166-171.

Spatial restriction of mRNA to distinct subcellular locations enables local regulation and synthesis of proteins. However, the organizing principles of mRNA localization remain poorly understood. Here we analyzed subcellular transcriptomes of neural projections and soma of primary mouse cortical neurons and two neuronal cell lines and found that alternative last exons (ALEs) often confer isoform-specific localization. Surprisingly, gene-distal ALE isoforms were four times more often localized to neurites than gene-proximal isoforms. Localized isoforms were induced during neuronal differentiation and enriched for motifs associated with muscleblind-like (Mbnl) family RNA-binding proteins. Depletion of Mbnl1 and/or Mbnl2 reduced localization of hundreds of transcripts, implicating Mbnls in localization of mRNAs to neurites. We provide evidence supporting a model in which the linkage between genomic position of ALEs and subcellular localization enables coordinated induction of localization-competent mRNA isoforms through a post-transcriptional regulatory program that is induced during differentiation and reversed in cellular reprogramming and cancer. Taliaferro et al. show that mRNA isoforms that contain gene-distal alternative last exons are preferentially localized to neurites. These isoforms are induced during neuronal differentiation, suggesting that a coordinated post-transcriptional program targets messages to neurites. Localization of many neuronal mRNAs depends on muscleblind proteins.

RNA binding proteins of the conserved CUGBP1, Elav-like factor (CELF) family contribute to heart and skeletal muscle development and are implicated in myotonic dystrophy (DM). To understand their genome-wide functions, we analyzed the transcriptome dynamics following induction of CELF1 or CELF2 in adult mouse heart and of CELF1 in muscle by RNA-seq, complemented by crosslinking/immunoprecipitation-sequencing (CLIP-seq) analysis of mouse cells and tissues to distinguish direct from indirect regulatory targets. We identified hundreds of mRNAs bound in their 3′ UTRs by both CELF1 and the developmentally induced MBNL1 protein, a threefold greater overlap in target messages than expected, including messages involved in development and cell differentiation. The extent of 3′ UTR binding by CELF1 and MBNL1 predicted the degree of mRNA repression or stabilization, respectively, following CELF1 induction. However, CELF1's RNA binding specificity in vitro was not detectably altered by coincubation with recombinant MBNL1. These findings support a model in which CELF and MBNL proteins bind independently to mRNAs but functionally compete to specify down-regulation or localization/stabilization, respectively, of hundreds of mRNA targets. Expression of many alternative 3′ UTR isoforms was altered following CELF1 induction, with 3′ UTR binding associated with down-regulation of isoforms and genes. The splicing of hundreds of alternative exons was oppositely regulated by these proteins, confirming an additional layer of regulatory antagonism previously observed in a handful of cases. The regulatory relationships between CELFs and MBNLs in control of both mRNA abundance and splicing appear to have evolved to enhance developmental transitions in major classes of heart and muscle genes., Myotonic Dystrophy Foundation, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant OD017865-02), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Award 0821391), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01GM085319), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant RC2HG005624)

The present study was undertaken to evaluate and assess, through questionnaire, the knowledge of mothers with different education levels regarding the emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth.The replantation is the preferred treatment for avulsed tooth. The prognosis depends upon the handling of the periodontal ligament and speed of replantation. Mothers are commonly taking care of children and are around them when such injuries can occur. Their knowledge about emergency management of avulsed tooth is important; that can vary upon the level of education of mothers.The 800 mothers were divided into two groups of 400 each depending upon two different educational levels- primary and higher/technical education. After obtaining the consent, they filled 10 item questionnaire containing both correct and wrong answers related to emergency management of avulsed teeth. Collected data was statistically analyzed.The results indicated highly significant difference in the knowledge of mothers of two groups regarding emergency management of avulsed teeth with better knowledge and awareness in mothers with higher/technical education.Mothers with technical school education had better knowledge than mothers with primary school education. However, mothers of both the groups were severely lacking in the complete and accurate knowledge.

Since its discovery, Chikungunya fever caused by a virus (CHIKV) has ravaged most of Africa and Southeast Asia. Despite there being more than a million reported cases in India alone and the seriousness of the disease in the chronic phase, a clear understanding of the disease pathogenesis and host response remains elusive. Here, we use microarray technology and quantitative PCR method to establish the complete miRNA, snoRNA and mRNA signature of host response upon CHIKV infection in human cell line infection model, HEK293T. The results were further validated in human primary cells (dermal fibroblasts). miRNA expression profiling revealed regulation of 152 miRNAs post CHIKV infection. An interesting overlap in miRNA signature was seen majorly with HCV, HPV and HIV1 virus. The microarray data further validated by qRT-PCR revealed induction of miR-744, miR-638, miR-503 and others among the top upregulated miRNAs. Notably, we found induction of snoRNAs belonging to C/D cluster including close paralogs of U3, U44, U76 and U78 snoRNAs. Genes were found to be differentially expressed along 3 major pathways; TGF-β, endocytosis and the cell cycle pathways. qRT-PCR data confirmed strong induction of TGF-β (SMAD6, JUN, SKIL) and endocytosis pathway (CXCR4, HSPA8, ADRB1) genes while downregulation of cell cycle genes (CDC27 and CDC23). Interestingly, use of TGF-β inhibitor, SB-431542, increased CHIKV mediated cell death. Overall, this study aims at providing the first complete transcriptome signature of host response upon CHIKV infection to aid identification of possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets.