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Abstract Background Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive neoplasm with a high propensity for recurrence following intralesional curettage. The introduction of denosumab, a RANKL inhibitor, has shown potential in facilitating joint-sparing surgery. However, concerns exist regarding its impact on local recurrence rates. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined preoperative denosumab with adjuvant microwave ablation (MWA) for the treatment of high-risk GCTB. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 19 patients with high-risk GCTB who underwent preoperative denosumab treatment followed by curettage and adjuvant MWA. The primary outcome measure was the local recurrence rate, with secondary outcomes including functional status assessed by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score and safety profile of the treatment. Results In this retrospective analysis, we evaluated the outcomes of 19 patients with high-risk GCTB treated with preoperative denosumab and adjuvant MWA. The median follow-up duration was 33.1 months, 3 patients (15.8%) experienced local recurrence at a median of 21.6 months postoperatively and the local recurrence-free survival was 81.2% at two years. Notably, no patient developed lung metastasis, and all recurrences were successfully managed with repeat curettage and MWA, with a mean MSTS score of 27.3. No patient required joint replacement due to tumor recurrence, resulting in a 100% joint preservation rate. Conclusion The combination of preoperative denosumab and adjuvant MWA is a feasible and effective strategy for the management of high-risk GCTB, providing effective local control with preserved joint function. This approach may offer a surgical alternative for young patients where joint preservation is paramount.

The study of creep models for concrete is of great significance in analyzing and predicting the long-term stability of concrete structures. Based on the theory of memory-dependent derivatives, memory-dependent viscous dashpots that can describe the characteristics of decaying creep and accelerating creep are constructed based on the varying characteristics of the creep process in different stages. The Kelvin body was replaced with a stable memory-dependent dashpot and the Newtonian dashpot in the visco-plastic body was transformed into an unstable memory-dependent dashpot by drawing on the component combination form of the Nishihara model. A three-dimensional concrete creep model based on memory-dependent derivatives was established. By adjusting the model parameters of stable and unstable memory-dependent viscous dashpots, the model can simulate the creep process of concrete with different decaying creep characteristics and accelerating creep characteristics, and it has good universality. Multiple sets of experimental data on concrete creep verify that the memory-dependent concrete creep model corresponds well to the experimental data. Compared with five other concrete creep models, this model has fewer parameters and higher fitting accuracy, especially in characterizing the accelerating creep characteristics of concrete.

Transcription factors (TFs) play essential roles in transcriptional reprogramming during activation of plant immune responses to pathogens. OsSPL10 (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like10) is an important TF regulating trichome development and salt tolerance in rice. Here we report that knockout of OsSPL10 reduces whereas its overexpression enhances rice resistance to blast disease. OsSPL10 positively regulates chitin-induced immune responses including reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and callose deposition. We show that OsSPL10 physically associates with OsJAmyb, an important TF involved in jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, and positively regulates its protein stability. We then prove that OsJAmyb positively regulates resistance to blast. Our results reveal a molecular module consisting of OsSPL10 and OsJAmyb that positively regulates blast resistance.

Objective: In this study, a one-step purification method combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was established for the simultaneous detection of 54 veterinary drug residues belongs to 13 classes of ya-fish (Schizothorax prenati). Methods: 8 mL of 0.2% formic acid-acetonitrile:water solution (90:10, V/V) was added to 2.0 g sample and extracted by ultrasonication in an ice-water bath and cleaned up in one step by LPAS. The determination was performed on a C18 column with a gradient elution of methanol-0.1% formic acid-5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution, dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM), positive/negative ionization mode, and quantitative LC-MS/MS by internal standard method. By adding 54 veterinary drugs, the extraction method, extraction volume, salt addition, liquid phase and mass spectrometry conditions were optimized, and the method performance (matrix effect, detection limit, quantification limit, accuracy and precision) were verified. Results: The linear relationships between the 54 drugs and their concentrations were good within the range of 0.1~50 μg/L, coefficient of determination (R2) ≥0.992. The limits of detection (LODs) were between 0.03~2.5 μg/kg and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.1~8.3 μg/kg. The average recoveries of the 54 drugs at low (5~10 μg/kg), medium (10~20 μg/kg) and the high level (50 μg/kg) ranged from 70.45% to 118.1%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) between 0.01% and 9.9%. This method was applied to detect the drug in 50 samples of cultured ya-fish, and drugs were detected in seven of them. Enrofloxacin and danofloxacin were each detected twice, and sulfamethoxazole was detected four times, all at levels below the limit of quantification. Conclusion: The method was simple to operate, one-step purification, and had low limits, high sensitivity, good accuracy and precision, which met the technical requirements of multi-veterinary drug residue detection, and can provide technical support for the rapid and efficient detection of various veterinary drug residues in large quantities of ya-fish.

The present study aimed to modify the structure of ginger peel polysaccharides (GPPs) with Cr (III) and to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the GPPs and GPP-Cr (III) complexes and their underlying mechanisms. The response surface methodology optimized the preparation process to a GPPs-Cr (III) mass ratio of 1:0.06, a temperature of 60 °C, and a pH of 6.8, with the greatest chelation rate of 91.1%. The modification of Cr (III) increased the molecular weight and altered the glucose proportion of the GPPs, through targeting the O–H of hydroxyl groups and affecting the C–O/O–C–O structures. The GPP-Cr (III) complexes had a similar crystallinity and conformation to the parent polysaccharides, but were more thermally stable than the GPPs (in the region of < 130 °C and > 332 °C). In CuSO4-induced inflammation in zebrafish, the GPP-Cr (III) complexes (dose: 50 and 100 μg/mL) showed significantly stronger anti-inflammatory activity than the GPPs did via down-regulating the expression of relevant transcription factors and cytokines in the MyD88/NF-κB/MAPK/iNOS signaling pathway. Therefore, GPP-Cr (III) complexes might be promising dietary formulations with anti-inflammatory effects, Cr (III) supplements, or functional food components, which substantially facilitated the high-value utilization of ginger peel by-products.

Aroma is a key criterion in evaluating aromatic coconut water. A comparison regarding key aroma compounds and sensory correlations was made between Thailand Aromatic Green Dwarf (THD) and Cocos nucifera L. cv. Wenye No. 4 coconut water using E-nose and GC × GC-O-TOF-MS combined with chemometrics. Twenty-one volatile components of coconut water were identified by GC × GC-O-TOF-MS, and 5 key aroma compounds were analyzed by relative odor activity value and aroma extract dilution analysis. Moreover, the combination of the E-nose with orthogonal partial least squares was highly effective in discriminating between the two coconut water samples and screened the key sensors responsible for this differentiation. Additionally, the correlation between volatile compounds and sensory properties was established using partial least squares. The key aroma compounds of coconut water exhibited positive correlations with the corresponding sensory properties.

Abstract Background Spatial epidemiology plays an important role in public health. Yet, it is unclear whether the current university education in spatial epidemiology in China could meet the competency-oriented professional demands. This study aimed to understand the current situation of education and training, practical application, and potential demands in spatial epidemiology among public health postgraduates in China, and to assess the critical gaps in a future emerging infectious diseases (EID) pandemic preparedness and response. Methods This study was divided into three parts. The first part was a comparative study on spatial epidemiology education in international public health postgraduate training. The second part was a cross-sectional survey conducted among public health professionals. The third part was a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted among public health postgraduates at Chinese universities from October 2020 to February 2021. Data was collected by the WeChat-based questionnaire star survey system and analyzed using the SPSS software. Results International education institutions had required public health postgraduates to master the essential knowledge and capacity of spatial epidemiology. A total of 198 public health professionals were surveyed, and they had a median of 4.00 (IQR 3.13–4.53) in demand degree of spatial epidemiology. A total of 1354 public health postgraduates were surveyed from 51 universities. Only 29.41% (15/51) of universities offered spatial epidemiology course. Around 8.05% (109/1354) of postgraduates had learned spatial epidemiology, and had a median of 1.05 (IQR 1.00–1.29) in learning degree and a median of 1.91 (IQR 1.05–2.78) in practical application degree of spatial epidemiology. To enhance professional capacity, 65.95% (893/1354) of postgraduates hoped that universities would deliver a credit-course of spatial epidemiology. Conclusions A huge unmet education and training demand in spatial epidemiology existed in the current education system of public health postgraduates in China. To enhance the competency-oriented professional capacity in preparedness and response to a future pandemic, it is urgent to incorporate the teaching and training of spatial epidemiology into the compulsory curriculum system of public health postgraduates in China.

Milk thistle is one of the most popular ingredients in the liver protection products market. Silymarin is the main component of milk thistle and contains multiple isomers. There have been few studies focusing on the compositional ratios of silymarin isomers. In this study, we developed an HPLC method for the separation and quantification of silymarin isomers, thereby elucidating their compositional ratios. Through the analysis of more than 40 milk thistle extract products on the market, we found that the ratios, specifically Ratio 1 (the silybin B content to the silybin A content, SBNB/SBNA) and Ratio 2 (the sum of the contents of silybin B and isosilybin B to the sum of the contents of silybin A and isosilybin A, (SBNB + IBNB)/(SBNA + IBNA)), are highly consistent across milk thistle extracts, averaging approximately 1.58 and 1.28, respectively. Furthermore, such ratios were verified in milk thistle seed samples. This study introduces significant findings concerning the stable ratios among silymarin isomers in milk thistle extracts and seeds, thereby offering an innovative approach for quality assurance of milk thistle extracts.

Health food, which is a specific type of food, plays an important role in chronic disease prevention, health promotion and life quality improvement. In order to promote the healthy, sustainable and high-quality development of Chinese health food industry, this paper summarizes the current situation of health food standardization works in China, analyzes the existing problems, and puts forward suggestions and prospects. The top-level design of the health food standard system in China is urgently needed, and some important standards are still missing, and the standards system also fails to play its role in supporting the legal and regulatory system. To promote the healthy, sustainable, and high-quality development of the Chinese health food industry, this paper suggestes setting up and strengthening the health food standard system to meet the demand of the standardization in supply-side structural reform, to develop the important standards as soon as possible to meet the needs of high-quality development of the industry, and to improve the health food laws and regulations system and standard system of good coordination supporting mechanism to meet the "the four strictest" regulatory requirements.

Objectives A well-functioning health system ensures timely routine measles vaccinations for age-appropriate children, minimising measles risk. However, there is limited knowledge about the impact of the performance of immunisation programmes in health systems on the timeliness of measles vaccination. This study aimed to identify health system barriers to timely routine measles vaccination in rural southwest China, integrating the perspectives of township vaccination professionals and village doctors.Design, setting and participants Qualitative study among township vaccination professionals and village doctors in rural Guangxi, southwest China.Methods 20 focus group discussions (FGDs) at township level and 120 in-depth interviews (IDIs) at village level, based on a four-theme framework. We used convenience sampling to recruit 60 township vaccination professionals and 120 village doctors in 2015. Instruments used were a semistructured questionnaire and interview outlines. We collected township and village-level data focusing on themes of health resources allocation, pattern of vaccination services, management and supervision of vaccination services, and perceptions of vaccination policy. The FGDs and IDIs were audio-recorded and transcribed. Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis approach was adopted to synthesise findings into meaningful subthemes, narrative text and illustrative quotations.Results The health system barriers to timely routine vaccinations were explored across four themes. Barriers in the health resources allocation theme comprised (1) inadequacy of vaccination-related human resources (eg, lack of township vaccination professionals and lack of young village doctors), and (2) incompatible and non-identical information system of vaccination services across regions. Barriers in the pattern of vaccination services theme included inflexible vaccination services models, for example, routine vaccination services being offered monthly on fixed vaccination days, limited numbers of vaccination days per month, vaccination days being set on non-local market days, vaccination days being clustered into a specific period and absence of formal vaccination appointments. Ineffective economic incentive mechanism was identified as a barrier in the management and supervision of vaccination services theme. Low-degree participation of village doctors in routine vaccination services was identified as a barrier in the perceptions of vaccination policy theme.Conclusions We encourage policymakers and stakeholders to apply these findings to improve the timeliness of routine vaccination. Barriers to timely routine vaccination include inadequate allocation of vaccination-related resources and inflexible vaccination service delivery models. Financial and non-financial incentives should be used to retain and recruit vaccination professionals and village doctors. Strengthening information systems with unified data standards enables cross-regional data exchange. Optimising immunisation services and rationalising vaccination days could eliminate health system barriers and improve vaccination timeliness in rural China.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the major functional component in hemp and has a broad range of pharmacological applications, such as analgesic, anti-epileptic, anti-anxiety, etc. Currently, CBD is widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food. To ensure the quality and safety of the products containing CBD, more and more related sample testing is being conducted, and the demand for CBD-certified reference material (CRM) has also sharply increased. However, there is currently a lack of relevant reference materials. In this paper, a simple method for preparing CBD CRM was established based on preparative liquid chromatography using crude hemp extract as a raw material. A qualitative analysis of CBD was performed using techniques such as ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the homogeneity and stability tests, and the data were analyzed using an F-test and a T-test, respectively. Then, eight qualified laboratories were chosen for the determination of a certified value using HPLC. The results show that the CBD CRM had excellent homogeneity and good stability for 18 months. The certified value was 99.57%, with an expanded uncertainty of 0.24% (p = 0.95, k = 2). The developed CBD CRM can be used for the detection and quality control of cannabidiol products.

ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics and risk factors for major mediastinal vessel invasion in different risk grades of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) based on computed tomography (CT) imaging, and to develop prediction models of major mediastinal artery and vein invasion.MethodsOne hundred and twenty-two TET patients confirmed by histopathological analysis who underwent thorax CT were enrolled in this study. Clinical and CT data were retrospectively reviewed for these patients. According to the abutment degree between the tumor and major mediastinal vessels, the arterial invasion was divided into grade I, II, and III (< 25%, 25 – 49%, and ≥ 50%, respectively); the venous invasion was divided into grade I and II (< 50% and ≥ 50%). The degree of vessel invasion was compared among different defined subtypes or stages of TETs using the chi-square tests. The risk factors associated with TET vascular invasion were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsBased on logistic regression analysis, male patients (β = 1.549; odds ratio, 4.824) and the pericardium or pleural invasion (β = 2.209; odds ratio, 9.110) were independent predictors of 25% artery invasion, and the midline location (β = 2.504; odds ratio, 12.234) and mediastinal lymphadenopathy (β = 2.490; odds ratio, 12.06) were independent predictors of 50% artery invasion. As for 50% venous invasion, the risk factors include midline location (β = 2.303; odds ratio, 10.0), maximum tumor diameter larger than 5.9 cm (β = 4.038; odds ratio, 56.736), and pericardial or pleural effusion (β = 1.460; odds ratio, 4.306). The multivariate logistic model obtained relatively high predicting efficacy, and the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were 0.944, 84.6%, and 91.7% for predicting 50% artery invasion, and 0.913, 81.8%, and 86.0% for 50% venous invasion in TET patients, respectively.ConclusionSeveral CT features can be used as independent predictors of ≥50% artery or venous invasion. A multivariate logistic regression model based on CT features is helpful in predicting the vascular invasion grades in patients with TET.

Rf(fa), a new restoring fertility gene in rice, was previously located to a large region on Chromosome 10. The large number of genes within the region made cloning of Rf(fa) difficult. To perform the cloning and further elucidate the molecular mechanism, we reconstructed a mapping segregation population (BC1F1) of 12 000 plants. Using the population and polymorphism of simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers, we finally mapped Rf(fa) between the two SSR molecular markers MM2000 and RM25658, within a 78.87 kb region. By de novo sequencing of a restoring line of CMS-FA hybrid rice, we obtained the genomic sequence of the mapping region, which provided the basis for the prediction of the candidate gene(s) of the target gene and for the comparison of genomic sequence differences between wild and cultivated rice. Within the mapping region, the genomic sequence of the wild rice was significantly different from that of cultivated rice. There were ten genes in the final mapping region. A pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein gene was predicted as the candidate gene of Rf(fa). Our results laid a solid foundation for the final cloning and molecular mechanism analysis of the gene. The identified molecular markers tightly linked to Rf(fa) will facilitate the marker assisted selection in breeding of CMS-FA hybrid rice.

Chondroitin sulfate sodium is an acidic mucopolysaccharide extracted from animal cartilage, and has been widely used in the world as anti-osteoarthritis and health food. It is difficult to control the quality and safety of chondroitin sulfate sodium, due to the structure, physical and chemical characteristics, physiological activities of chondroitin sulfate sodium vary with the different animal species, tissues and extraction processes. There are corresponding standards for chondroitin sulfate sodium at home and abroad. Based on the raw material standards of chondroitin sulfate sodium collected in the pharmacopoeia of China, the United States, Japan and Europe, this paper analyzes and summarizes the development status and trend of quality and safety standardization of chondroitin sulfate sodium. Combined with the latest research results, the critical control points affecting the quality and safety of chondroitin sulfate sodium are further extracted, and the sources, potential exogenous pollutants and adulteration are deeply analyzed and discussed, which is conducive to accurately grasp the risk sources affecting the quality and safety of chondroitin sulfate sodium for the supervision department and production enterprises. This paper clarifies the future requirements of quality and safety standardization of chondroitin sulfate sodium, providing reference for the continuous improvement of quality and safety standard system of chondroitin sulfate sodium.

As a new concept, ''Precision Nutrition'' has no unified definition at present. In this paper, ''Precision Nutrition'' refers to ''the field of formulating dynamic nutritional recommendations, products or services based on the characteristics of individuals or sub-populations to optimize health''. It is a new direction for the development of nutrition science and health industry. The American Nutrition Association has proposed that the process of precision nutrition can be divided into four parts, including assessment, interpretation, intervention, and monitoring and evaluation. Different from traditional nutrition products and services, precision nutrition products and services can be realized in a customized way, and more and more enterprises have laid out for precision nutrition. The positioning of ''Precision Nutrition Foods'' is not clear at present. This study classifies "foods customized for sub-populations or individuals in precision nutrition solutions" as precision nutrition foods, and focuses on non-diseased sub-populations and individuals. Precision nutrition foods include customized dietary supplements, foods for special dietary uses which aim for specific physical or physiological conditions (excluding diseases and disorders), and customized meals. Firstly, the domestic and foreign laws and regulations related to the customized dietary supplements and foods for special dietary uses are reviewed and compared, and regulatory suggestions for precision nutrition foods are put forward. Further, the existing domestic national standards, industry standards, provincial standards, group standards and group guidelines related to precision nutrition foods are comprehensively reviewed. Regarding foreign standards, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) standards and guidelines of other associations/groups abroad related to precision nutrition foods are also reviewed. By comparing and analyzing the standardization situations of precision nutrition foods at home and abroad, we suggest accelerating the development of standards on testing method, product quality, and product use for precision nutrition foods, and focusing on group standards to promote future development of the precision nutrition industry.

The main building of Zone II of Zhanjiang Bay Laboratory R&D Building adopts a steel frame–core tube shear wall structure system, with a 53.4 m large-span and heavy-load-transfer truss on the fourth floor. In order to propose the optimal construction and installation scheme for the large-span and heavy-load-transfer truss, the simplified model, single model, and 3D model are utilized to compare Scheme 1 with rigid connection and Scheme 2 with elastic connection and rigid connection. After completing the construction of the underground layer and towers on both sides, in Scheme 1, the fourth-floor transfer truss is directly connected to the towers on both sides in a rigid manner. Subsequently, the support at the bottom of the transfer truss is removed, allowing for layer-by-layer construction. The transfer truss remains rigidly connected to both side towers throughout. On the other hand, in Scheme 2, initially, the transfer truss is connected to both side towers through upper chords and diagonal bars before being constructed upwards until reaching the sixth floor. Once formed as a whole with two floors above using large diagonal tie rods, lower chords of the large-span and heavy-load-transfer truss are then connected with another diagonal bar to establish a rigid connection between the transfer truss and towers; thereafter, upward construction continues. Following completion of constructing a seven-story large diagonal tie rod, whereupon removal of support at the bottom of the conversion truss occurs, subsequent layer-by-layer construction takes place accordingly. It has been observed that employing Scheme 2 can enhance stress distribution within core barrel shear walls as well as transfer trusses while ensuring deflection and stress levels meet requirements for the large-span and heavy-load-transfer truss, thereby rendering structural stress more rationalized, leading to significantly improved overall safety.

The Zhanjiang Bay Laboratory R&D Building project aims to create a favorable working, research, and living environment. Zone II of the Zhanjiang Bay Laboratory R&D Building is equipped with a large-span, heavy-load transfer truss to obtain a large space on the ground floor. The overall structure adopts a steel frame-core tube structure system. In order to reduce the deflection of the large-span, heavy-load transfer truss, eight diagonal pull rods are installed between the large-span, heavy-load transfer truss and the core tube. The Q235 cross-shaped replacement section can consume construction load energy. Adopting replacement methods can reduce the stress and damage of diagonal pull rods caused by construction loads. The structure adopts a performance-based seismic design method for seismic calculation and analysis. In addition, a special analysis was conducted on the single frame structure. The major results can be summarized as follows: during small earthquakes, all structural components are in the elastic stage; during large earthquakes, frame beams yield first, but frame columns and core tubes do not yield; even without considering out-of-plane constraints, the structure can still meet the requirements.

The R&D Building of Zhanjiang Bay Laboratory is a high-rise structure with multiple irregular items exceeding the specification limit, employing a steel frame-shear wall structural system. The outer frame consists of square steel tube concrete columns and solid-web steel beams, while the core shear wall uses a double steel plate concrete composite shear wall. This paper employs the architectural structural calculation software YJK-EP to perform a dynamic elastic-plastic time-history analysis under rare earthquake action. The shear and bending resistance of the shear wall at the maximum shear force and bending moment are checked to meet the requirements of the “Technical Specifications for Concrete Structures of High-rise Buildings”. The maximum inter-story displacement angle meets the requirements of the “Code for Seismic Design of Buildings”. The double steel plate concrete composite shear wall Wall-1, connected to a large-span and heavy-load transfer truss, was verified under significant seismic action using the ABAQUS software. The results indicate that Wall-1 can meet the design target requirements under major earthquake conditions. Finally, a dynamic nonlinear analysis method was employed using MIDAS-GEN software to study the structure’s anti-progressive collapse performance. The results show that under seven different scenarios, the maximum rotational angle of the remaining structural horizontal members is 2.02°, far less than the limit set by GSA, indicating that a progressive collapse did not occur. In the scenario where the corner column is removed, both the maximum shear and bending moment values for Wall-1 are far below its shear and bending resistance capacities, satisfying the load-bearing requirements. The removal of the corner column has a significant impact on the displacement of the columns on the same level nearby, with the peak displacement change rate reaching 702.65%.

By optimizing the chromatographic conditions and sample pretreatment conditions, a method for determination of NMN content in NMN capsules and NMN tablets matrix was established based on high performance liquid chromatography, and the methodology was verified. The results showed that, the method with range of 5~500 μg/mL had a good linear relationship. The limit of detection (LOD, S/N=3) of NMN was 1.0 mg/kg, while the limit of quantitative (LOQ, S/N=10) was 3.0 mg/kg. The precision of the instrument was 0.3%. For NMN tablet samples, the stability of the method was 1.7% and the repeatability was 1.8%, while for NMN capsule samples, the stability of the method was 0.6%, and the repeatability RSD value was 0.6%. The recovery of NMN in NMN tablets and NMN capsules was between 90.9% and 108.9% with the RSD all no more than 1.9%. In conclusion, this method had good reproducibility, precision, stability and repeatability, could give accurate and reliable results, and could be used for the accurate determination of NMN in actual samples. Through the detection of 6 kinds of commercially available NMN products, NMN was detected in all samples, but the actual contents of some products were less than their nominal content. It was found that some products had the problem of false reporting of NMN content. This study would lay a methodological foundation for formulating the detection method standard of NMN content in NMN related dietary supplement products, and was of far-reaching significance for improving the quality of NMN related products and promote the convenient supervision of related industries.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and spinal degenerative disorders (SDD) are common diseases that frequently coexist. However, both traditional observational studies and recent Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have demonstrated conflicting evidence on the association between T2DM and SDD. This comparative study explored and compared the association between T2DM and SDD using observational and MR analyses. Methods: For observational analyses, cross-sectional studies (44,972 participants with T2DM and 403,095 participants without T2DM), case-control studies (38,234 participants with SDD and 409,833 participants without SDD), and prospective studies (35,550 participants with T2DM and 392,046 participants without T2DM with follow-up information until 2022) were performed to test the relationship between T2DM and SDD using individual-level data from the U.K. Biobankfrom 2006 to 2022. For MR analyses, the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms with SDD susceptibility obtained using participant data from the U.K. Biobank, which had 407,938 participants from 2006 to 2022, and the FinnGen Consortium, which had 227,388 participants from 2017 to 2022, and genetic predisposition to T2DM obtained using summary statistics from a pooled genome-wide association study involving 1,407,282 individuals were examined. The onset and severity of T2DM are not available in the databases being used. Results: Participants with T2DM were more likely to have SDD than their counterparts. Logistic regression analysis identified T2DM as an independent risk factor for SDD, which was confirmed by the Cox proportional hazard model results. However, using single-nucleotide polymorphisms as instruments, the MR analyses demonstrated no causal relationship between T2DM and SDD. The lack of such an association was robust in the sensitivity analysis, and no pleiotropy was seen. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the association between T2DM and SDD may be method-dependent. Researchers and clinicians should be cautious in interpreting the association, especially the causal association, between T2DM and SDD. Our findings provide fresh insights into the association between T2DM and SDD by various analysis methods and guide future research and clinical efforts in the effective prevention and management of T2DM and SDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]