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Although an increasing number of studies have examined issues relating to the preservation and development of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), there has been limited research on how tourists perceive ICH. Moreover, UNESCO asserts that the concept of "authenticity" is not applicable to ICH, and so far, no valid instrument for measuring tourists' subjective perceptions of ICH has been developed, even though their perceptions play a very important role in the preservation and development of ICH. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a measurement scale for ICH image, using both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Participant observation, semi-structured in-depth interviews, secondary data collection, and a literature review were conducted to generate the initial scale items, and then the main surveys were conducted to collect data for the model tests. Four dimensions were extracted by exploratory factor analysis: transmission, localization, vitality, and association. The reliability and validity of the measurement model were demonstrated through confirmatory factor analysis. We further determined that the transmission, vitality, and association of ICH image have a positive impact on tourists' revisit intention. The paper highlights the crucial role of ICH image in sustainable tourism development. The theoretical and managerial implications of the study are discussed, followed by suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel injection and distribution play an important role in the formation and migration of hot streaks in gas turbine combustors and determine the exit temperature uniformity especially for modern low emission combustors that have little or no primary and dilution air flows. To better understand the underlying mechanism of the formation and evolution of hot streak, both experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out in a centrally staged tri-sector model combustor. Flow, spray, and flame have been investigated by particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence. The exit temperature distributions are also measured and analyzed with both laser diagnostics and simulation results. The results show that increasing fuel-to-air ratio (FAR) or fuel staging ratio enhances the formation of high temperature hot streak and leads to high overall temperature distribution factor and radial temperature distribution factor at the combustor exit. It is found that the high temperature zone is formed through the non-premixed combustion of pilot stage and resides in the shear layer of pilot stage and primary circulation zone. Increasing FAR at low power conditions and increasing SR at high power conditions promote the formation of a large hot streak area through pilot stage combustion and thus deteriorate the uniformity of temperature distribution at the combustor exit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]