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Indiscriminate drug administration may lead to drug therapy results with varying effects on patients, and the proposal of personalized medication can help patients to receive effective drug therapy. Conventional ways of personalized medication, such as pharmacogenomics and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), can only be implemented from a single perspective. The development of pharmacometabolomics provides a research method for the realization of precise drug administration, which integrates the environmental and genetic factors, and applies metabolomics technology to study how to predict different drug therapeutic responses of organisms based on baseline metabolic levels. The published research on pharmacometabolomics has achieved satisfactory results in predicting the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and the discovery of biomarkers of drugs. Among them, the pharmacokinetics related to pharmacometabolomics are used to explore individual variability in drug metabolism from the level of metabolism of the drugs in vivo and the level of endogenous metabolite changes. By searching for relevant literature with the keyword pharmacometabolomics on the two major literature retrieval websites, PubMed and Web of Science, from 2006 to 2023, we reviewed articles in the field of pharmacometabolomics that incorporated pharmacokinetics into their research. This review explains the therapeutic effects of drugs on the body from the perspective of endogenous metabolites and pharmacokinetic principles, and reports the latest advances in pharmacometabolomics related to pharmacokinetics to provide research ideas and methods for advancing the implementation of personalized medication.

Abstract People often change their evaluations upon learning about their peers’ evaluations, i.e., social learning. Given sleep’s vital role in consolidating daytime experiences, sleep may facilitate social learning, thereby further changing people’s evaluations. Combining a social learning task and the sleep-based targeted memory reactivation technique, we asked whether social learning-induced evaluation updating can be modulated during sleep. After participants had indicated their initial evaluation of snacks, they learned about their peers’ evaluations while hearing the snacks’ spoken names. During the post-learning non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, we re-played half of the snack names (i.e., cued snack) to reactivate the associated peers’ evaluations. Upon waking up, we found that the social learning-induced evaluation updating further enlarged for both cued and uncued snacks. Examining sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) activity revealed that cue-elicited delta-theta EEG power and the overnight N2 sleep spindle density predicted post-sleep evaluation updating for cued but not for uncued snacks. These findings underscore the role of sleep-mediated memory reactivation and the associated neural activity in supporting social learning-induced evaluation updating.

Under the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, the penetration rate of renewable energy continues to rise, whose volatility, intermittency, and uncertainty pose significant challenges to the safe and stable operation of the power system. As a typical application of the sharing economy in the field of energy storage, shared energy storage (SES) can maximize the utilization of resources by separating the “ownership” and “usage” of energy storage resources, which provides a new solution to the problem of imbalance between supply and demand caused by the large-scale integration of renewable energy into the grid, and has broad development prospects. The business model of SES is explored based on value positioning, cost modeling, and profitability strategies, and a detailed summary of SES trading varieties, operational structure, and engineering applications is discussed. Finally, the future trend of shared energy storage is discussed and envisioned.

Subgroup 4 (Sg4) members of the R2R3-MYB are generally known as negative regulators of the phenylpropanoid pathway in plants. Our previous research showed that a R2R3-MYB Sg4 member from Camellia sinensis (CsMYB4a) inhibits expression of some genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, but its physiological function in the tea plant remained unknown. Here, CsMYB4a was found to be highly expressed in anther and filaments, and participated in regulating filament growth. Transcriptome analysis and exogenous auxin treatment showed that the target of CsMYB4a might be the auxin signal pathway. Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid 4 (AUX/IAA4), a repressor in auxin signal transduction, was detected from a yeast two-hybrid screen using CsMYB4a as bait. Gene silencing assays showed that both CsIAA4 and CsMYB4a regulate filament growth. Tobacco plants overexpressing CsIAA4 were insensitive to exogenous α-NAA, consistent with overexpression of CsMYB4a. Protein-protein interaction experiments revealed that CsMYB4a interacts with N-terminal of CsIAA4 to prevent CsIAA4 degradation. Knock out of the endogenous NtIAA4 gene, a CsIAA4 homolog, in tobacco alleviated filament growth inhibition and α-NAA insensitivity in plants overexpressing CsMYB4a. All results strongly suggest that CsMYB4a works synergistically with CsIAA4 and participates in regulation of the auxin pathway in stamen.

ObjectiveTo investigate the molecular and biological characteristics of Vibrio vulnificus （V. vulnificus）isolated from Guangzhou.MethodsThirty-eight strains of V. vulnificus were collected from Guangzhou， and whole-genome sequences were obtained. The population structure of V. vulnificus was inferred by utilizing 50 publicly available genome sequences obtained from NCBI. FineSTRUCTURE software was employed for this analysis. Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors were identified using CARD， ResFinder， and VFDB databases.ResultsFour well-supported phylogenetic groups or lineages （L1-L4） were identified， and all genomes of the strains in Guangzhou were classified into L1 （47%） and L2 （53%）. The predominant ST were ST357， ST157， ST136， ST139， ST345， ST303， and so on， which showed regional aggregation. Multiple genome identification of V. vulnificus revealed 11 drug resistance genes： acrF， CRP， catB9， rpoC， ugd， and others. MCR genes related to polymyxin resistance were identified in V. vulnificus for the first time. The species also carries 23 virulence genes in five classes encoding flagellin， type Ⅱ secretory system protein， capsular polysaccharide， RtxA toxin， iron overload， and other virulence-related genes.ConclusionVibrio vulnificus in Guangzhou undergoes highly homologous recombination and carries a variety of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence-related genes. Therefore， monitoring and management of Vibrio vulnificus should be strengthened.

IntroductionCoastal nations heavily rely on their sea areas to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development. Sea areas offer abundant marine ecosystem products and services that are difficult to substitute with industrial goods. Although considerable research has been performed to evaluate the contribution offrom the marine ecosystems to human well-being, systematic and measurable indices are lacking.MethodsTo address this knowledge gap, ecosystem service theory was used to establish a framework for assessing the gross ecosystem product (GEP) of a sea area, which represents the total monetary value of final ecosystem products directly and indirectly used by people within a specific administrative jurisdiction in one year. To evaluate marine GEP, three primary indices, i.e., material products, regulating products, and cultural products, were employed, and they consist of eight secondary indices. Material products in the sea area include aquatic products and oxygen products; regulating products include carbon sequestration, climate regulation, waste treatment, and coastal protection; and cultural products include leisure and recreation, and seascape-added value. The marine GEP was calculated for the administrative sea areas of Changdao County, which is located in the Yellow Sea-Bohai Sea transitional zone.Results and discussionOur analysis indicated that from 2017 to 2019, the marine GEP in Changdao ranged between 32.59 and 33.35 billion Chinese yuan (CNY). Regulating products contributed two-thirds of this total value. However, over the three-year period, the marine GEP underwent a 5.64% decrease in Changdao. Specifically, the value of material products increased by 38.85% while that of regulating and cultural products decreased by 9.16% and 15.87%, respectively. Notably, the spatial distribution of ecosystem product values in Changdao displayed two prominent trends: (1) higher values along the coastal sea areas of islands and lower values in offshore sea areas; and (2) higher values in coastal areas of southern islands and lower values in coastal areas of northern islands. Marine GEP may serve as a comprehensive indicator for assessing the sustainability of marine ecosystem. Combining the assessment of both marine and terrestrial GEP facilitates an understanding of how marine and terrestrial ecosystems interact in coastal regions. Furthermore, the combined use of marine GEP and GDP helps better evaluate and sort the level of green development of coastal nations and regions.

Plant flavonoids have various physiological functions beneficial to human health, but their content in plants is not high and usually exists in form of flavonoid glycosides with low bioavailability. This study used ultrasonic assisted ethanol extraction to extract flavonoids from common and tartary buckwheat, the total flavonoid content increased significantly. After treated with β-glucosidase, flavonoid aglycones of common and tartary buckwheat increased by 27.51 % and 29.58 % respectively. Blood glucose of diabetic mice was significantly reduced by 38.20–47.20 % after receiving extracts for 4 weeks, of which tartary buckwheat extract treated with β-glucosidase had the best efficacy (47.20 %), which was 94.70 % of metformin hydrochloride group. The extracts could effectively restore serum and liver biochemical indicators and organ index, which may be related to regulating IRS-1/PI3K/AKT-1/mTOR and PI3K/AKT-1/GSK-3β signaling pathways. Our findings suggested that buckwheat extracts rich in flavonoid aglycones and glycosides could significantly improve hypoglycemic effect and alleviate insulin resistance in T2DM.

Abstract Wounds can lead to skin and soft tissue damage and their improper management may lead to the growth of pathogenic bacteria at the site of injury. Identifying better ways to promote wound healing is a major unmet need and biomedical materials with the ability to promote wound healing are urgently needed. Here, we report a thermosensitive black phosphorus hydrogel composed of black phosphorus nano-loaded drug silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel for wound healing. The hydrogel has temperature-sensitive properties and enables the continuous release of SSD under near-infrared irradiation to achieve synergistic photothermal and antibacterial treatment. Additionally, it exerts antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus. In a rat skin injury model, it promotes collagen deposition, boosts neovascularization, and suppresses inflammatory markers. In summary, the excellent thermosensitivity, biocompatibility, and wound-healing-promoting qualities of the reported thermosensitive hydrogel make it suitable as an ideal wound dressing in the clinic.

[Objective] The oil and gas conveyed in transmission pipelines are highly flammable and explosive. During natural disasters,these pipelines are susceptible to technological accidents such as fire, explosion, and environmental pollution, i.e. Natural Hazards Triggering Technological Accidents(Natech). Rapid and accurate identification of weak segments of oil and gas pipelines in Natech events is particularly critical for disaster prevention and mitigation and emergency decision-making of pipelines. [Methods] Vulnerability is often employed as a metric to assess the safety risk level of complex systems. It can also be used to characterize the disparity in the safety levels of oil and gas pipeline during Natech events. Based on the characteristic parameters of oil and gas pipeline segmentation and initial natural disasters, as well as the functional model method commonly used in vulnerability assessment research, a vulnerability assessment model for oil and gas pipeline in Natech events was created. The design concept of a vulnerability assessment system for oil and gas pipeline segments in Natech events was proposed from the aspects of system architecture design, database design, and function module design, and the functions of the assessment system were realized based on the B/S architecture, ArcGIS technology, Editable Table technology, Localstorage technology, and Lay-UI component technology. [Results] The new assessment system was used in an oil pipeline project in South China. The practical results show that the vulnerability assessment system of oil and gas pipeline in Natech events can not only quickly solve the vulnerability assessment results to simplify the application process of the vulnerability assessment method, but also help users identify the root causes of vulnerability differences according to the data acquisition module, providing a clear solution for reducing the vulnerability level of pipeline segments, visually displaying the vulnerability assessment results, and effectively improving the production efficiency of the vulnerability zoning map. [Conclusion] The research results provide a reference for the prevention and control of Natech events of oil and gas pipelines, the identification of key vulnerable targets, and the development of information systems.

Understanding how individual memories are reactivated during sleep is essential in theorizing memory consolidation. Here, we employed the targeted memory reactivation (TMR) paradigm to unobtrusively replaying auditory memory cues during human participants' slow-wave sleep (SWS). Using representational similarity analysis (RSA) on cue-elicited electroencephalogram (EEG), we found temporally segregated and functionally distinct item-specific neural representations: the early post-cue EEG activity (within 0 to 2,000 ms) contained comparable item-specific representations for memory cues and control cues, signifying effective processing of auditory cues. Critically, the later EEG activity (2,500 to 2,960 ms) showed greater item-specific representations for post-sleep remembered items than for forgotten and control cues, indicating memory reprocessing. Moreover, these later item-specific neural representations were supported by concurrently increased spindles, particularly for items that had not been tested prior to sleep. These findings elucidated how external memory cues triggered item-specific neural representations during SWS and how such representations were linked to successful long-term memory. These results will benefit future research aiming to perturb specific memory episodes during sleep.