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Abstract Despite advancements in occupational health and safety (OHS) management, high-risk industries in China continue to report a significant number of fatal accidents, underscoring systemic challenges in protecting the well-being of workers while supporting economic development. This study analyzed 22 years of historical data on OHS incidents, labor dynamics, and economic growth in China’s high-risk industries via multiple regression and network analysis methods. The findings reveal hierarchical influence relationships, with coal mine fatalities emerging as critical upstream factors and transportation fatalities and national labor force dynamics emerging as key downstream factors. Notably, the study reveals a negative correlation between GDP and fatal workplace incidents: for every 0.461 trillion CNY increase in GDP, production safety accident deaths decrease by one. Conversely, each safety accident resulted in 1.052 coal mine fatalities and 0.153 cases of occupational disease. These results offer a novel quantitative perspective on the interplay between economic growth and workplace safety. The study’s models provide practical guidance for enhancing the effectiveness of OHS prevention and control efforts, contributing to sustainable economic and public health outcomes.

With the development of primary care in China, nearly 400 000 general practitioners will be trained in China in the next 10 years. The training of competent general practitioners is of vital importance, which requires general practice (GP) educators to explore a large number of evidence-based GP education concepts, methods, and contents that are applicable to China. At present in China, the quality of GP educational intervention studies is poor, and most faculty and researchers in GP lack training in educational intervention studies. The purpose of this paper was to introduce the process of educational intervention research in GP from design to publication, which consists of four stages with 13 steps: constructing research questions (generating research inspiration, literature review, incorporating a theoretical/conceptual framework, refining research questions), research design (trial design, intervention, outcome evaluation), research implementation (establishing a research team, obtaining research resources, applying for ethical approval, program execution), and publication and evaluation (article writing, reflection and evaluation). This paper provides research methods and ideas for educational researchers and practitioners in GP to conduct educational intervention studies, which will contribute to the generation of high-quality educational research "evidence", further improvement of the quality of GP education training, and the training of competent general practitioners.

A thorough understanding of the information dissemination process in Online Social Networks (OSNs) is crucial for enhancing user behavior analysis. While recent studies usually focus on assessing the emotional intensity of individual tweets or predicting their popularity, they frequently overlook how these tweets impact sentiment trends over time. The explosive and inflammatory nature of deliberate tweets is difficult to perceive by prediction or sentiment methods. To address this gap, we propose the multi-view Information Propagation State Awareness (IPSA) model, which aims to simultaneously assess and forecast both the popularity and sentiment strength throughout the information propagation process. Our approach begins by segmenting the information propagation into distinct time windows. Within each window, the IPSA model designs an encoder module to capture multi-view influence factors from structure, content, and time series data. Specifically, the encoder module includes a graph encoder layer based on graph attention networks to represent the backbone propagation structure formed by key nodes in the reply chain. Meanwhile, the sentiment encoder layer, utilizing an attention mechanism, extracts emotional factors present in the reply chain. Besides, we introduce a residual information prediction method that enhances the model’s precision in perceiving both popularity and sentiment intensity for each time window. Our comparative experiments, conducted on two datasets and benchmarked against State-of-the-Art (SOTA) methods, demonstrate that the IPSA model excels in predicting popularity and assessing future emotional trends in information propagation.

Impellers are crucial components in centrifugal compressors, and their precision and performance determine the compressor’s work efficiency. The traditional impeller error compensation method only compensates for dimensional errors without considering aerodynamic performance, which leads to a performance loss after compensation. This study proposes a novel optimal compensation method for centrifugal impellers that comprehensively considers the aerodynamic performance and dimensional accuracy. First, a nonlinear mapping relationship between the key geometric parameters of the blade and the aerodynamic performance was established. Then, using on-machine measurement data, the impeller machining error was calculated, and a mirror compensation surface was generated. Finally, based on the mapping model, the second-generation non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm was used to optimize the control points of the mirror compensation surface, and thereby obtain the optimal compensation surface. The experimental results showed that, after optimal compensation, the impeller dimensional error was reduced by 90.17 %, the total pressure ratio increased by 2.89 %, and the isentropic efficiency increased by 7.29 %. Compared to the traditional mirror compensation method, the dimensional accuracy, total pressure ratio, and isentropic efficiency were improved by 28.57 %, 1.56 %, and 4.24 %, respectively. Therefore, this compensation method can simultaneously improve the dimensional accuracy and aerodynamic performance of impellers.

Abstract Flat bands have empowered novel phenomena such as robust canalization with strong localization, high-collimation and low-loss propagation. However, the spatial symmetry protection in photonic or acoustic lattices naturally forces flat bands to manifest in pairs aligned at an inherently specific angle, resulting in a fixed bidirectional canalization. Here, we report an acoustic flat-band metasurface, allowing not only unidirectional canalization at all in-plane angles but also robust tunability in band alignment. The twist, tilt, and skew angles of the bilayer metasurface can be flexibly controlled to break both in-plane and out-of-plane spatial symmetries. These features can thereby turn arbitrary twist angles between bilayers into ‘magic angles’, while maintaining all unidirectional canalization and band alignment tunability. This work may significantly contribute to pushing twisted moiré physics into higher dimensions and facilitate the application of advanced acoustic or optical devices.

Abstract SMAD3, a protein-coding gene, assumes a pivotal role within the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway. Notably, aberrant SMAD3 expression has been linked to various malignancies. Nevertheless, an extensive examination of the comprehensive pan-cancer impact on SMAD3’s diagnostic, prognostic, and immunological predictive utility has yet to be undertaken. Bioinformatics methods were employed to systematically investigate the potential carcinogenic impact of SMAD3. We extensively harnessed data from authoritative sources, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), cBioPortal, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), UALCAN, and various other databases. Our study encompassed a comprehensive analysis of the following aspects: differential SMAD3 expression and its association with prognosis across diverse cancer types, gene mutations, immune cell infiltration, single-cell sequencing analysis, DNA methylation patterns, and drug sensitivity profiles. In vitro experiments were conducted with the primary objective of appraising both the expression profile and the precise functional attributes of SMAD3 within the milieu of Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (LIHC). Our findings revealed significant variations in SMAD3 expression between cancerous and adjacent normal tissues. High levels of SMAD3 expression were consistently associated with unfavorable prognoses across multiple cancer types,. Additionally, our analysis of SMAD3 methylation patterns in human cancers unveiled a favorable prognosis linked to elevated DNA methylation levels in pan-cancer. Furthermore, we identified positive associations between SMAD3 expression and RNAm6A methylation-related genes in the majority of cancers. Moreover, SMAD3 expression displayed substantial correlations with immune cell infiltration. Notably, immune checkpoint genes exhibited significant associations with SMAD3 expression across diverse cancers. Single-cell sequencing results elucidated the pan-cancer single-cell expression landscape of SMAD3. Within specific cancer subtypes, SMAD3 expression exhibited a noteworthy positive association with distinctive facets of malignancy. Finally, in our comprehensive analysis of drug sensitivity, we discerned a catalog of prospective therapeutic agents. In our comprehensive analysis across multiple cancer types, we observed a significant disparity in SMAD3 expression compared to normal tissues, and this findings suggest that SMAD3 holds promise as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target against various cancers. Difference displayed a noteworthy association with patient prognosis.

Abstract While recent studies have indicated a potential link between incense burning and respiratory diseases, there is a lack of data specifically focused on diabetic patients. To explore the relationship between indoor incense burning and impaired lung function among Chinese individuals with diabetes, a comprehensive cross-sectional study was undertaken, enrolling 431 adults diagnosed with diabetes. Information on incense burning and characteristics was collected using a structured questionnaire. The outcome of the study, impaired lung function, was assessed using spirometry. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed. In the fully adjusted model, participants exposed to indoor incense burning exhibited 130% higher odds of impaired lung function compared to those not exposed, as indicated by an odds ratio (OR) of 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97, 5.16; P = 0.05). Notably, this association was statistically significant only in men (OR = 3.39; 95%CI: 1.07, 9.82; P = 0.03). Our study has elucidated an association between exposure to indoor incense burning and impaired lung function in individuals with diabetes, independently of demographic factors. These findings underscore the importance of considering indoor environmental factors, such as incense burning, in the comprehensive management and care of diabetic individuals.

Abstract Multilayer ceramic capacitor as a vital core-component for various applications is always in the spotlight. Next-generation electrical and electronic systems elaborate further requirements of multilayer ceramic capacitors in terms of higher energy storage capabilities, better stabilities, environmental-friendly lead-free, etc., where these major obstacles may restrict each other. An effective strategy for energy storage performance global optimization is put up here by constructing local polymorphic polarization configuration integrated with prototype device manufacturing. A large energy density of 20.0 J·cm−3 along with a high efficiency of 86.5%, and remarkable high-temperature stability, are achieved in lead-free multilayer ceramic capacitors. The strategy provides a feasible routine from nano, micro to macro regions in manipulating local polarizations, domain-switching barriers and breakdown strength, illustrating its great potential to be generally applicable in the design of high-performance energy storage multilayer ceramic capacitors.

Abstract Early detection and assessment of polyps play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Polyp segmentation provides an effective solution to assist clinicians in accurately locating and segmenting polyp regions. In the past, people often relied on manually extracted lower-level features such as color, texture, and shape, which often had problems capturing global context and lacked robustness to complex scenarios. With the advent of deep learning, more and more medical image segmentation algorithms based on deep learning networks have emerged, making significant progress in the field. This paper provides a comprehensive review of polyp segmentation algorithms. We first review some traditional algorithms based on manually extracted features and deep segmentation algorithms, and then describe benchmark datasets related to the topic. Specifically, we carry out a comprehensive evaluation of recent deep learning models and results based on polyp size, taking into account the focus of research topics and differences in network structures. Finally, we discuss the challenges of polyp segmentation and future trends in the field.

Abstract The realization of room-temperature-operated, high-performance, miniaturized, low-power-consumption and Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible mid-infrared photodetectors is highly desirable for next-generation optoelectronic applications, but has thus far remained an outstanding challenge using conventional materials. Two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures provide an alternative path toward this goal, yet despite continued efforts, their performance has not matched that of low-temperature HgCdTe photodetectors. Here, we push the detectivity and response speed of a 2D heterostructure-based mid-infrared photodetector to be comparable to, and even superior to, commercial cooled HgCdTe photodetectors by utilizing a vertical transport channel (graphene/black phosphorus/molybdenum disulfide/graphene). The minimized carrier transit path of tens of nanometers facilitates efficient and fast carrier transport, leading to significantly improved performance, with a mid-infrared detectivity reaching 2.38 × 1011 cmHz1/2W−1 (approaching the theoretical limit), a fast response time of 10.4 ns at 1550 nm, and an ultrabroadband detection range spanning from the ultraviolet to mid-infrared wavelengths. Our study provides design guidelines for next-generation high-performance room-temperature-operated mid-infrared photodetectors.

Abstract Recent efforts to reduce battery costs and enhance sustainability have focused on eliminating Cobalt (Co) from cathode materials. While Co-free designs have shown notable success in polycrystalline cathodes, their impact on single crystalline (SC) cathodes remains less understood due to the significantly extended lithium diffusion pathways and the higher-temperature synthesis involved. Here, we reveal that removing Co from SC cathodes is structurally and electrochemically unfavorable, exhibiting unusual voltage fade behavior. Using multiscale diffraction and imaging techniques, we identify lithium-rich nanodomains (LRNDs) as a heterogeneous phase within the layered structure of Co-free SC cathodes. These LRNDs act as critical tipping points, inducing significant chemo-mechanical lattice strain and irreversible structural degradation, which exacerbates the voltage and capacity loss in electrochemical performance. Our findings highlight the considerable challenges of developing Co-free SC cathodes compared to polycrystalline ones and emphasize the need for new strategies to balance the interplay between cost, sustainability, and performance.

Improvements in surgical techniques have led to 90% success in the surgical repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). However, anatomical reattachment of the retina does not ensure complete recovery of visual function. The incidence of metamorphopsia remains the most common postoperative complaint, from 24% to 88.6%. Currently, the risk factors of metamorphopsia are categorized into macular involvement, retinal shift, outer retinal folds, subretinal fluid, secondary epiretinal membrane, outer retinal layer damage, and surgical approach. The associations of metamorphopsia with postoperative best-corrected visual acuity and postoperative vision-related quality of life were still controversial. The most popular methods for assessment of metamorphopsia remain the Amsler grid and M-Charts. Most treatments cannot progress beyond the management of negative visual sensations, through methods such as occlusion therapy and aniseikonia-correcting spectacles. The main treatment approach involves RRD prevention and the management of risk factors that can lead to postoperative metamorphopsia after RRD repair. Additional research concerning metamorphopsia treatment, further upgrades of auxiliary inspection methods, and more accurate microstructural assessments are needed to address this common complication.

AIM: To investigate the effect of 0.01% low-concentration atropine (LA) on quantitative contrast sensitivity function (qCSF) in children with myopia. METHODS: This paired case-control study included 90 eyes of 58 children who were sex-, age-, and refraction-matched and equally divided into two groups: the 0.01% LA group had undergone 6mo use of daily 0.01% atropine and control group was naïve to LA. Routine ophthalmic examinations and qCSF test without refractive correction were performed. Two groups were compared in monocular and binocular qCSF parameters, including the area under logCSF, CSF acuity, and contrast sensitivity (CS) at 1.0-18.0 cycle per degree (cpd). RESULTS: In the monocular comparison, the CSF acuity of the LA group was significantly higher than that of the control group (7.58±5.51 vs 6.37±4.22 cpd, P

In practice, network operators tend to choose sparse communication topologies to cut costs, and the concurrent use of a communication network by multiple users commonly results in feedback delays. Our goal was to obtain the optimal sparse feedback control matrix $ K $. For this, we proposed a sparse optimal control (SOC) problem governed by the cyber-physical system with varying delay, to minimize $ ||K||_0 $ subject to a maximum allowable compromise in system cost. A penalty method was utilized to transform the SOC problem into a form that was constrained solely by box constraints. A smoothing technique was used to approximate the nonsmooth element in the resulting problem, and an analysis of the errors introduced by this technique was subsequently conducted. The gradients of the objective function concerning the feedback control matrix were obtained by solving the state system and a variational system simultaneously forward in time. An optimization algorithm was devised to tackle the resulting problem, building on the piecewise quadratic approximation. Finally, we have presented of simulations.

Abstract Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) has been demonstrated to be divided into three geographical stocks from south to north along the coast of China, including Nanhai, Mindong, and Daiqu. Although multiple versions of L. crocea have been published, no high-quality Nanhai and Daiqu genomes have been assembled, hampering the assessment of the fine-scale genetic structure and adversely affecting wild stock conservation, fishery management, and germplasm exploitation of large yellow croaker. To fill the gap, we sequenced the genomes of three L. crocea stocks using a combination of PacBio and Hi-C technologies. We assembled each genome (~712 Mb) into 24 chromosomes with a contig N50 of 19.46–29.71 Mb and an integration efficiency of 88.13–92.80%. Furthermore, 26,851–28,133 protein-coding genes were predicted. The reference genomes of three geographical stocks of L. crocea provide vital resources for future research on the conservation and utilization of genetic diversity.

Abstract To enhance the current clinical understanding and improve the diagnosis and treatment of Actinotignum schaalii infections, we have presented here a report of the case of recurrent infections at a periumbilical scar, induced by Actinotignum schaalii and complicated by abscess formation in a 50-year-old woman with persistent festering at the site of a periumbilical scar after laparoscopy 9 years ago, with subsequent ruptures over the past 2 years. Physical examination revealed a radial fold scar with localized redness and slight swelling of the skin below the navel. Although no significant increase in the local skin temperature was noted, tenderness was present. A rupture at the site was also observed, and gentle compression produced a small amount of odorless and yellowish viscous pus. Anerobic culturing of the pus for 3 days revealed gray-white, non-hemolytic, spore-free, gram-positive, slightly curved rod-shaped bacteria. These bacteria were identified as A. schaalii using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The patient was subsequently treated with a 1-month course of oral amoxicillin, combined with debridement and drainage. Her condition improved with regular dressing changes. However, during follow-up 6-month later, the patient presented with a recurrence of the local infection at the scar site, again accompanied by abscess formation and rupture. Notably, the wound size was smaller, and after a 1-week treatment with silver ion, without any systemic antibiotic administration, her condition improved. Next, triamcinolone acetonide combined with lidocaine was injected into the scar three times. No further local infections were observed at the scar site during the subsequent 12-month follow-up.

Abstract Multi-modal medical images are important in tumor lesion detection. However, the existing detection models only use single-modal to detect lesions, a multi-modal semantic correlation is not enough to consider and lacks ability to express the shape, size, and contrast degree features of lesions. A Cross Modal YOLOv5 model (CMYOLOv5) is proposed. Firstly, there are two networks, auxiliary network is consisted by dual-branch structure to extract semantic information from PET and CT, backbone network is consisted by YOLOv5 to extract semantic information from PET/CT. Secondly, Cross-modal Features Fusion (CFF) is designed in auxiliary network to fuse PET functional information and CT anatomical information. Self-Adaptive Attention Fusion (AAF) is designed in backbone network to fuse and enhance three-modal complementary information. Thirdly, Self-Adaptive Transformer (SAT) is designed in feature enhance neck. Using Transformer with deformable attention mechanism to focus on lung tumor region. Using MLP with channel attention mechanism to enhance features representation ability of lung tumor region. Finally, Reparameter Residual Block (RRB) and Reparameter Convolution operation (RC) are designed to fully learn richer PET, CT and PET/CT feature. Comparative experiments are conducted on clinical lung tumor PET/CT multi-modality dataset, the effectiveness of CMYOLOv5 is verified by Precision, Recall, mAP, F1, FPS, and training time, experimental results are 97.16%, 96.41%, 97.18%, 96.78%, 96.37 and 3912 s. CMYOLOv5 has high precision in the detection of irregular lung tumors, which is superior to the existing advanced methods.

Abstract Background Conventional treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, have many limitations in the prognosis of glioma patients. Atorvastatin (ATOR) has a significant inhibitory effect on glioma malignancy. Thus, ATOR may play a key role in the search for new drugs for the effective treatment of gliomas. Methods U87 cells were treated with different doses of ATOR and transfected. Viability was assessed using MTT, proliferative ability was determined using the colony formation test, Bax and Bcl-2 were identified using Western blot, apoptosis was identified using flow cytometry, and U87 cell migration and invasion were detected using the Transwell assay. Glucose uptake, lactate secretion, and ATP production in U87 cell culture medium were quantified. The positive rates of IFN-γ and TNF-α in CD8T were measured through flow cytometry. Subcutaneous injection of U87 cells was carried out to construct an in vivo mouse model of gliom, followed by HE staining to assess the effects of ATOR and miR-125a-5p on tumor development. Results ATOR blocked the viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of U87 cells through the miR-125a-5p/TXLNA axis, and suppressed glycolysis and immune escape of glioma cells. Furthermore, overexpressing miR-125a-5p enhanced the anti-tumor effect of ATOR in vivo. Conclusion ATOR blocks glioma progression by modulating the miR-125a-5p/TXLNA axis, further demonstrating that ATOR provides an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of glioma.

Abstract Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel condition, and colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), as one of the most prevalent malignant tumors of the digestive tract, has been indicated by research to have a close association with CD. This study employs bioinformatics techniques to uncover the potential molecular links between CD and COAD. In this study, two data series related to CD were identified from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database under specific criteria, and relevant COAD gene data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were conducted. A diagnostic model was established using machine learning. The accuracy of the diagnosis was validated using methods such as the construction of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and nomograms. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was also employed to enrich the relevant pathways and biological processes. This study identified three genes through machine learning selection: DPEP1, MMP3, and MMP13. The ROC curves demonstrated that the machine learning model constructed with these three genes has a high level of accuracy, confirming their potential as biomarkers. Furthermore, GSEA elucidated that the pathways associated with these three key genes are closely related to cytokines and other factors. This study has identified key biomarker genes for CD and COAD: DPEP1, MMP3, and MMP13, providing additional molecular mechanism associations between the two diseases. It also offers more connections and pathways for reference regarding the progression of CD to COAD.

Abstract Objectives Our study aims to explore the clinical characteristics of Omicron infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients (PLTRs), after the national COVID-19 outbreak. Additionally, we will investigate changes in vaccine coverage and parental attitudes towards vaccinating their children after this current outbreak. Methods We conducted a web-based questionnaire survey to gather information on Omicron infection, vaccination status, and guardian attitude among PLTRs. Besides, utilized valid questionnaire and long-term follow-up information processing techniques, and performed statistical analysis of relevant parameters. Results 528 valid questionnaires were collected, among which, 251 responses replied Omicron infection status. The Omicron infection rate in Chinese PLTRs was 56.2% (141/251), similar to the report in the normal population (around 60%). 99.3% of infected PLTRs presented mild symptoms, mostly with fever (78.0%), followed by Cough (76.6%), with a mean RTPCR conversion time of 7 days; the overall PLTRs’ vaccination rate in this study was 13.3%, similar to that of our previous study (9.4%). Besides, we found no significant differences of either infection rate or clinical symptoms between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Moreover, the study showed 61.6% of guardians supported COVID-19 inoculation despite the outbreak of Omicron status. Conclusions The symptoms of Omicron infection in Chinese PLTRs were relatively mild, vaccine immunization had a limited effect on PLTRs’ defense against Omicron infection, besides, their guardians supported the inoculation policy with a caution. Clinical trial registration http://www.chictr.org.cn , identifier ChiCTR2200055968.

Abstract Background Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare but the most aggressive type of thyroid carcinoma. Nevertheless, limited advances were made to reduce mortality and improve survival over the last decades. Therefore, identifying novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ATC patients is still needed. Materials and methods RNA sequencing data and corresponding clinical features were available from GEO and TCGA databases. We integrated WGCNA and PPI network analysis to identify hub genes associated with ATC development, and RT-qPCR was employed for data verification. Univariate and LASSO Cox regression analyses were used to generate prognostic signatures. Results Based on PPI and WGCNA, 6 hub genes were identified, namely KIF2C, PBK, TOP2A, CDK1, KIF20A, and ASPM, which play vital roles in ATC development. Subsequently, RT-qPCR experiments showed that most of these genes were significantly upregulated in CAL-62 cells compared to Nthy-ori 3–1 cells. Moreover, a prognostic signature featuring GPSM2, FGF5, ASXL3, CYP4B1, CLMP, and DUXAP9 was generated, which was also verified by RT-qPCR results and proved as an independent predictor of poorer prognosis of ATC. Additionally, a nomogram incorporating the risk score and clinicopathological parameters was further constructed for accurate prediction of 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probabilities of ATC. Conclusions Our study identified 6 key genes critical to ATC development and constructed a prognostic signature. These findings provide reliable biomarkers and a relatively comprehensive tumorigenesis profile of ATC, which may inform future strategies for clinical diagnosis and pharmaceutical design.

The structure changes and hydrogen permeation behavior of Titanium alloy TA17 in simulated water environment of small modular reactor (SMR) at 320 °C for 8000h was investigated. We found a corrosion layer consist of TiO2 and FeTiO3 with a good hydrogen permeation resistance. The structure and hydrogen permeation resistance change with the increase of corrosion period. At the first corrosion period of 3000h, FeTiO3 grows rapidly with an exponential parameter of 0.663 fitted by parabolic law. As the initial TiO2 layer destroyed, the deuterium permeation flux increases. After the thickness of FeTiO3 reaches a limit at corrosion time of 4000h, there exists a dynamic balance between the growth and the dissolution of FeTiO3, result in a small fluctuant deuterium permeation flux at corrosion periods of 5000–8000h. The deuterium permeation flux of the corrosion layer can be two orders of magnitude lower to that of Titanium alloy TA17 substrate. The formation process of corrosion layer and its effect on hydrogen permeation resistance are discussed in detail.

Abstract This study aimed to identify the specific site of pulmonary vein conduction recovery after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) for improved outcomes and reduced recurrence. Patients who underwent RFA for AF at our institution were included. The ablation procedure was guided by the ablation index (AI) and left, and right atrial pressures were monitored before and after ablation. Additionally, the recovery time of the sinoatrial node under Burst 400/300 ms stimulation was examined. Among 60 repeat procedure patients, 48 had paroxysmal and 12 had persistent AF. The recovery sites were 36.6% in the left anterior superior, 35% in the right anterior superior, 20% in the left anterior inferior, 20% in the right anterior inferior, 13.3% in the right top, and 11.6% in the left top. Preoperative and postoperative left and right atrial pressures were significantly higher in the persistent AF group compared with the paroxysmal AF group (P

Abstract Hepatitis B is one of the public health priorities worldwide, especially in the Southwest China. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between genotypes and drug resistance mutations among HBV patients in Southwest China, with the objective of providing guidance for clinical antiviral treatment. A total of 4266 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated in the Qianjiang Hospital of Chongqing University were included in our study from 2014 to 2020. Both genotypes and drug-resistant mutations of CHB patients were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genotype B and genotype C were the main HBV genotypes in our study. We found 54 mutation patterns, including 9 single-site mutations and 45 multiple-site mutations, accounting for 57.64% and 42.36%, respectively. rtM204I/V/S (485/1936) was the most common single-site mutation type, and rtL180M + rtM204I/V (482/1936) was the most common multiple-site mutation type. 1372 CHB patients were resistant to LAM + LDT, and 342 CHB patients were resistant to ADV. There was only 1 CHB patient who exhibited resistance to LAM + LDT + ADV + ETV, with a specific mutation pattern of rtA181T + rtT184L + rtM204V. Our study demonstrated trends in genetic mutations and drug resistance in CHB patients to enable timely adjustment of antiviral treatment strategies.

Abstract Allergic rhinitis (AR) resulted in impairing human health and quality of life seriously. There is currently no definitive remedy for AR. Recent studies have shown that autophagy may regulate airway inflammation. Our comprehension of autophagy and its molecular mechanism in the field of AR condition remains incomplete. Our research endeavors to bridge this knowledge deficit by investigating the correlation between AR and autophagy. The AR-related gene expression profile GSE50223 was screened and downloaded. The “limma” package of R software was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes associated with autophagy. GO, KEGG, and Gene set enrichment analyses were conducted. A PPI network of differentially expressed autophagy-related genes were established and further identified through the CytoHubba algorithm. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was employed to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of the hub genes and to examine the relationship between autophagy-related genes and AR. Finally, qRT-PCR was carried out to confirm the chosen autophagy-related genes using clinical samples. 21 autophagy-related genes in allergic rhinitis were identified. BECN1, PIK3C3, GABARAPL2, ULK2, and UVRAG were considered as significant differentially expressed autophagy-related genes. However, additional molecular biological experiments will be necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanism connecting autophagy and AR.

Abstract Repairing bone defects is a complex cascade reaction process, as immune system regulation, vascular growth, and osteogenic differentiation are essential. Thus, developing a tissue-engineered biomaterial that caters to the complex healing process of bone regeneration remains a major clinical challenge. In the study, Ca2+-TA-rGO (CTAG)/GelMA hydrogels were synthesized by binding Ca2+ using metal chelation to graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets reduced by tannic acid (TA-rGO) and doping them into gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels. TA and rGO exhibited biocompatibility and immunomodulatory properties in this composite, while Ca2+ promoted bone formation and angiogenesis. This novel nanocomposite hydrogel demonstrated good mechanical properties, degradability, and conductivity, and it could achieve slow Ca2+ release during bone regeneration. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that CTAG/GelMA hydrogel modulated macrophage reprogramming and induced a shift from macrophages to healing-promoting M2 macrophages during the inflammatory phase, promoted vascular neovascularization, and facilitated osteoblast differentiation during bone formation. Moreover, CTAG/GelMA hydrogel could downregulate the NF-κB signaling pathway, offering new insights into regulating macrophage reprogramming-osteogenic crosstalk. Conclusively, this novel multifunctional nanocomposite hydrogel provides a multistage treatment for bone and orchestrates macrophage reprogramming-osteogenic crosstalk to boost bone repair. Graphical Abstract

Joint replacement surgery, essential for managing joint diseases, requires improvements in tribocorrosion performance to ensure surgical success and longevity of joint implants. Transition-metal light-element (TMLE) compound coatings, known for their high hardness and chemical stability, have been extensively researched and applied for surface protection of joint implants. However, these coatings typically lack a lubrication phase, leading to high friction coefficients and severe corrosion wear, which makes long-term effective protection challenging. A promising approach is to utilize the natural lubricating proteins present in body fluids, which are continuously available and can thus address long-term service issues of TMLE coatings. In this work, we utilized micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology to develop an underlying morphology, then conformally deposited a TiB2 layer, resulting in a cratered dual-layer TiB2/MAO coating. This unique cratered dual-layer structure not only preserves the high hardness and wear resistance of TiB2 but also aims to (1) absorb wear particles to prevent abrasive wear and (2) increase surface energy to optimize protein lubrication capacity. Consequently, the TiB2/MAO coating exhibits low friction coefficients and wear rates in protein-containing simulated body fluids. Furthermore, the dual-layer TiB2/MAO coating demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. This dual-layer coating design synergistically combines the superior intrinsic properties of material with unique structural construction, while also harnessing continuously available external proteins as lubricants to further optimize performance, thereby introducing an advanced strategy for developing protective coatings for implant materials.

Currently, little is known about the characteristics of oxide films on Ti alloys exposed to the secondary circuit water environment of small modular reactors (SMRs). In this study, multiple microstructural characterization techniques were employed to meticulously characterize the oxide film characteristics of the TA16 alloy after 6000 h and 8000 h of exposure to a simulated SMR secondary circuit water environment. The results indicate that the oxide films on the 6000 h specimen are composed of a microcrystalline anatase TiO2 interior layer and a coarse-grained anatase TiO2 exterior layer, while the oxide film on the 8000 h specimen typically consists of a microcrystalline anatase TiO2 inner layer, an NiFe2O4 middle layer, and a coarse-grained anatase TiO2 outer layer. As the corrosion time is extended to 8000 h, the presence of NiFe2O4 oxide particles can be attributed to oxide deposition by the 316L stainless steel autoclave used in the corrosion experiments, which results in the migration of Ni and Fe ions onto the surface of the Ti alloy.

Abstract Soil microbial growth, a vital biogeochemical process, governs both the accrual and loss of soil carbon. Here, we investigate the biogeography of soil microbiome potential growth rates and show that microbiomes in resource-rich (high organic matter and nutrients) and acid-neutral soils from cold and humid regions exhibit high potential growth. Conversely, in resource-poor, dry, hot, and hypersaline soils, soil microbiomes display lower potential growth rates, suggesting trade-offs between growth and resource acquisition or stress tolerance. In addition, the potential growth rates of soil microbiomes positively correlates with genome size and the number of ribosomal RNA operons but negatively correlates with optimum temperature, biomass carbon-to-phosphorus and nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios. The spatial variation of microbial potential growth rates aligns with several macroecological theories. These findings not only enhance our understanding of microbial adaptation to diverse environments but also aid in realistically parameterizing microbial physiology in soil carbon cycling models.

Abstract Upgrades to advanced scientific user facilities such as next-generation x-ray light sources, nanoscience centers, and neutron facilities are revolutionizing our understanding of materials across the spectrum of the physical sciences, from life sciences to microelectronics. However, these facility and instrument upgrades come with a significant increase in complexity. Driven by more exacting scientific needs, instruments and experiments become more intricate each year. This increased operational complexity makes it ever more challenging for domain scientists to design experiments that effectively leverage the capabilities of and operate on these advanced instruments. Large language models (LLMs) can perform complex information retrieval, assist in knowledge-intensive tasks across applications, and provide guidance on tool usage. Using x-ray light sources, leadership computing, and nanoscience centers as representative examples, we describe preliminary experiments with a Context-Aware Language Model for Science (CALMS) to assist scientists with instrument operations and complex experimentation. With the ability to retrieve relevant information from facility documentation, CALMS can answer simple questions on scientific capabilities and other operational procedures. With the ability to interface with software tools and experimental hardware, CALMS can conversationally operate scientific instruments. By making information more accessible and acting on user needs, LLMs could expand and diversify scientific facilities’ users and accelerate scientific output.

In this paper, we investigated a nonlinear continuous-time switched time-delay (NCTSTD) system for glycerol fed-batch bioconversion to 1, 3-propanediol with unknown time-delay and system parameters. The measured output data was uncertain, while the first moment information about its distribution was available. Our goal was to identify these unknown quantities under the environment of uncertain measurement output data. A distributionally robust parameter estimation problem (i.e., a bi-level parameter estimation (BLPE) problem) subject to the NCTSTD system was presented, where the expectation of the discrepancy between the output of the NCTSTD system and the uncertain measured output data with respect to its probability distributions was included in the cost functional. By applying the duality theory, the BLPE problem was transformed into a single-level parameter estimation (SLPE) problem with non-smooth term approximated by a smoothing technique and its error analysis was given. Then, the gradients of the cost function of the SLPE problem were derived. A hybrid optimization algorithm was proposed for solving the SLPE problem. The paper concluded by presenting the simulation results.

To investigate the effect of salt stress on the germination of sesame, a mixed salt solution of sodium chloride and calcium chloride was used as the culture medium to analyze the changes and correlations in growth characteristics, total phenolic content, total flavone content, antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activity during the germination process of sesame. The results showed that salt stress could promote sesame germination and the accumulation of phenol and flavone, and improve the ABTS+ free radicals scavenging rate and the iron ion reduction ability of sesame. The effect of salt stress on antioxidant enzyme activity varied by enzyme species, and the treatment had a more obvious promoting effect on SOD and CAT activities compared with APX and POD activities. The correlation analysis results demonstrated that the total phenol of sesame cultured under salt stress was positively correlated with its total flavonoids, ABTS+ free radical scavenging rate, iron ion reducing ability, and POD enzyme activity. The correlation between total phenol and iron ion reducing ability, SOD activity and DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, POD activity and iron ion reducing ability of sesame was enhanced by salt stress treatment. This study could lay a foundation for further deciphering the physiological mechanism of salt stress on sesame germination, and provide theoretical basis for the development of sesame functional foods.

Abstract Like many traditional Chinese herbal medicines, preparations from Radix Dipsaci are at risk of contamination by harmful mycotoxins; however, there have been no reports of actual contamination. In this study, we developed an analytical method to simultaneously detect eight mycotoxins in Radix Dipsaci and estimate the exposure risk for consumers. We have developed an analytical method utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to accurately determine the levels of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, ZEN, T-2 and ST mycotoxins in 45 batches of Radix Dipsaci sourced from major medicinal herb markets across five regions in China. We also analyzed migration of mycotoxins from the raw herbs into water decoction. Based on these results and data on human consumption of the herbal medicine, we estimated risk of exposure and acceptable exposure limits to mycotoxins in the Radix Dipsaci using the “margin of exposure (MOE)” method. Of the 45 batches of Radix Dipsaci, 48.89% contained at least one of the eight mycotoxins, 24.44% contained one, 17.78% contained two and 6.67% contained three. The most frequent mycotoxins were aflatoxin B1, present in 35.56% of batches (at 0.25–34.84 μg/kg); aflatoxin G1, 15.56% (1.99–44.05 μg/kg); and ochratoxin A, 22.22% (16.11–143.38 μg/kg). These three mycotoxins transferred from the raw herb into water decoction at respective rates of 20.20%, 29.14%, and 24.80%. The 95th percentile values of the MOE risk factors for health effects of AFB1 were below 10,000 at high doses but above 10,000 at low doses of Radix Dipsaci long-term treatment. With the reduction in duration of exposure years, the MOE values of AFB1 and AFG1 gradually reverted to within the acceptable range. The mean, 50th, and 95th percentile values of the MOE risk factors for health effects of OTA exceeded 10,000 regardless of whether consumers received a low or high dose of Radix Dipsaci treatment for durations ranging from 1 to lifetime. Based on this exposure and a typical human diet, we have estimated the respective 20-year exposure limits for Radix Dipsaci to be 5.821 μg/kg, 4.035 μg/kg, and 56.073 μg/kg for the three mycotoxins under consideration. Contamination with multiple mycotoxins is frequently observed in Radix Dipsaci, and the three most prevalent contaminants have been found to leach into water decoctions, thereby posing a potential health hazard for individuals consuming this herbal preparation. This work highlights the need to monitor herbal medicines for mycotoxin contamination in order to protect consumers.

Abstract Background Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is the standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the optimal radiotherapy regimen, particularly in terms of total dose and planned range of irradiation field, remains unclear. This phase III clinical trial aimed to compare the survival benefits between different radiation doses and different target fields. Methods This trial compared two aspects of radiation treatment, total dose and field, using a two‐by‐two factorial design. The high‐dose (HD) group received 59.4 Gy radiation, and the standard‐dose (SD) group received 50.4 Gy. The involved field irradiation (IFI) group and elective nodal irradiation (ENI) group adopted different irradiation ranges. The participants were assigned to one of the four groups (HD+ENI, HD+IFI, SD+ENI and SD+IFI). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and the secondary endpoints included progression‐free survival (PFS). The synergy indexwas used to measure the interaction effect between dose and field. Results The interaction analysis did not reveal significant synergistic effects between the dose and irradiation field. In comparison to the target field, patients in IFI or ENI showed similar OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.80‐1.23, p = 0.930) and PFS (HR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.82–1.25). The HD treatment did not show significantly prolonged OS compared with SD (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.72–1.11, p = 0.318), but it suggested improved PFS (25.2 months to 18.0 months). Among the four groups, the HD+IFI group presented the best survival, while the SD+IFI group had the worst prognosis. No significant difference in the occurrence of severe adverse events was found in dose or field comparisons. Conclusions IFI demonstrated similar treatment efficacy to ENI in CCRT of ESCC. The HD demonstrated improved PFS, but did not significantly improve OS. The dose escalation based on IFI (HD+IFI) showed better therapeutic efficacy than the current recommendation (SD+ENI) and is worth further validation.

Abstract Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most prevalent and lethal malignancies affecting the female reproductive system, due to its tendency for metastasis and recurrence. This study identified the overexpression of LINC01320 (or long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 1320) in tissues of ovarian cancer through the analysis of patient samples and online datasets. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that silencing of LINC01320 expression led to inhibition of proliferation and metastasis of OC cells. RNA pull-down followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (RNA pull-down-LC-MS/MS) revealed that LINC01320 interacted with purine-rich element binding protein B (PURB), a transcriptional repressor. Furthermore, the RNA-seq analysis identified damage-specific DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2) as a major common target of LINC01320 and PURB. Mechanistically, LINC01320 could recruit PURB to the promoter region of DDB2 to repress DDB2 transcription; thus, promoting the expression of NEDD4L and impeding the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway, and ultimately facilitating the progression of OC. Finally, rescue experiments confirmed the involvement of the DDB2/NEDD4L/TGF-β axis in LINC01320-mediated OC progression. In conclusion, this study unveils for the first time the pivotal function of the LINC01320/PURB/DDB2/NEDD4L/TGF-β axis and explores its prospective clinical implications in OC.

China is a hotspot of relict plant species that were once widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Recent research has demonstrated that the occurrence of long-term stable refugia in the mountainous regions of central and south-western China allowed their persistence through the late Neogene climate fluctuations. One of these relict lineages is Dipteronia, an oligotypic tree genus with a fossil record extending to the Paleocene. Here, we investigated the genetic variability, demographic dynamics and diversification patterns of the two currently recognized Dipteronia species (Dipteronia sinensis and D. dyeriana). Molecular data were obtained from 45 populations of Dipteronia by genotyping three cpDNA regions, two single copy nuclear genes and 15 simple sequence repeat loci. The genetic study was combined with niche comparison analyses on the environmental space, ecological niche modeling, and landscape connectivity analysis. We found that the two Dipteronia species have highly diverged both in genetic and ecological terms. Despite the incipient speciation processes that can be observed in D. sinensis, the occurrence of long-term stable refugia and, particularly, a dispersal corridor along Daba Shan-west Qinling, likely ensured its genetic and ecological integrity to date. Our study will not only help us to understand how populations of Dipteronia species responded to the tectonic and climatic changes of the Cenozoic, but also provide insight into how Arcto-Tertiary relict plants in East Asia survived, evolved, and diversified.

Abstract Emergent superconductivity at the LaAlO3/KTaO3 interfaces exhibits a mysterious dependence on the KTaO3 crystallographic orientations. Here by soft X-ray angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we directly resolve the electronic structure of the LaAlO3/KTaO3 interfacial superconductors and the non-superconducting counterpart. We find that the mobile electrons that contribute to the interfacial superconductivity show strong k ⊥ dispersion. Comparing the superconducting and non-superconducting interfaces, the quasi-three-dimensional electron gas with over 5.5 nm spatial distribution ubiquitously exists and shows similar orbital occupations. The signature of electron-phonon coupling is observed and intriguingly dependent on the interfacial orientations. Remarkably, the stronger electron-phonon coupling signature correlates with the higher superconducting transition temperature. Our observations help scrutinize the theories on the orientation-dependent superconductivity and offer a plausible and straightforward explanation. The interfacial orientation effect that can modify the electron-phonon coupling strength over several nanometers sheds light on the applications of oxide interfaces in general.

Abstract Coherent X-ray scattering (CXS) techniques are capable of interrogating dynamics of nano- to mesoscale materials systems at time scales spanning several orders of magnitude. However, obtaining accurate theoretical descriptions of complex dynamics is often limited by one or more factors—the ability to visualize dynamics in real space, computational cost of high-fidelity simulations, and effectiveness of approximate or phenomenological models. In this work, we develop a data-driven framework to uncover mechanistic models of dynamics directly from time-resolved CXS measurements without solving the phase reconstruction problem for the entire time series of diffraction patterns. Our approach uses neural differential equations to parameterize unknown real-space dynamics and implements a computational scattering forward model to relate real-space predictions to reciprocal-space observations. This method is shown to recover the dynamics of several computational model systems under various simulated conditions of measurement resolution and noise. Moreover, the trained model enables estimation of long-term dynamics well beyond the maximum observation time, which can be used to inform and refine experimental parameters in practice. Finally, we demonstrate an experimental proof-of-concept by applying our framework to recover the probe trajectory from a ptychographic scan. Our proposed framework bridges the wide existing gap between approximate models and complex data.

With large-scale distributed photovoltaic (DPV) access to the distribution network, the problems of node voltage overruns and increased network losses, as well as the traditional centralized control with low reliability, high computational and communication pressure, and poor scalability, can no longer meet the requirements of distribution network operation and control in the context of the increasing DPV penetration. To this end, a collaborative optimal control strategy for PV distribution networks based on distributed model predictive control (DMPC) is proposed for fast recovery of voltage overruns and reduction of network losses. Firstly, based on the analysis of voltage overruns in distribution networks containing distributed PV, a voltage control model of the PV system is established and a distributed model predictive controller is designed. The controller solves for the control quantities of each region through the state and prediction information in the system, while considering the coupling information of adjacent control regions to achieve the cooperative optimization of the control objectives. Secondly, the distributed PV active and reactive power output constraints as well as capacity limitations are considered, and the objective function is transformed into a quadratic constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) problem to solve the control commands to achieve the optimal control of the PV distribution network. Finally, the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed optimal control strategy are verified through the simplified topology of actual distribution lines in a region of Gansu Province as an example simulation.

Abstract Acetone serves as an important solvent and building block for the chemical industry, but the current industrial synthesis of acetone is generally accompanied by the energy-intensive and costly cumene process used for phenol production. Here we propose a sustainable route for acetone synthesis via propane wet reforming at a moderate temperature of 350 oC with the use of platinum-tin nanoparticles supported on γ-aluminium oxide (PtSn/γ-Al2O3) as catalyst. We achieve an acetone productivity of 858.4 μmol/g with a selectivity of 57.8% among all carbon-based products and 99.3% among all liquid products. Detailed spectroscopic and controlled experiments reveal that the acetone is formed through a tandem catalytic process involving propene and isopropanol as intermediates. We also demonstrate facile ketone synthesis via wet reforming with the use of different alkanes (e.g., n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, and n-octane) as substrates, proving the wide applicability of this strategy.

The helium (He) content in the natural gas of the Neogene Yancheng Formation in the Huangqiao area of Subei Basin ranges from 1.05% to 1.40%, which is generally higher than the industrial grade, indicating a crust and mantle composite type of helium resource. However, current research on the main controlling factors of helium enrichment and the evaluation of exploration targets from this source is relatively weak. Therefore, the study systematically analyzed the helium genesis, source, and trapping characteristics of typical helium-rich gas reservoirs in the Huangqiao area. It focused on the influence of mantle-derived faults on the transport and accumulation of helium-rich gas reservoirs and the trapping conditions within the Yancheng Formation. An enrichment model for helium-rich gas reservoirs in the Yancheng Formation of the Huangqiao area was proposed. The results show that: (1) The Nanxinjie deep fault in the Huangqiao area was active during the sedimentation of the Yancheng Formation, resulting in upwelling of mantle-derived materials, accompanied by volcanic activities and migration of CO2, N2, and helium along the fault to shallow layers. (2) The burial depth of the Yancheng Formation in the Huangqiao area ranges from 370 to 400 m. The thickness of the bottom sandstone of the Yancheng Formation is about 40 m, capped with 10 to 40 m of mudstone. The reservoir and cap combination is favorable for enrichment, and the helium-rich layers pinch out from east to west. (3) The Yancheng Formation in the Huangqiao area exhibits a monoclinal structure as a whole, with the bottom interface displaying angular unconformity with the underlying strata. Through seismic calibration and interpretation, the lithological and stratigraphic composite trap area of the helium-rich gas layer was outlined. The helium-rich gas reservoir of the Yancheng Formation in the Huangqiao area is characterized by fault-communicated mantle transport, sandstone reservoirs, mudstone cap layers, as well as lithological and stratigraphic composite traps for enrichment. This understanding is significant for the evaluation of favorable helium exploration targets in the Huangqiao area.

Improvements in stocks and stability of forest soil organic carbon can be achieved through the management of tree species. Given the long lifespan of trees and their role as the keystone species in forested ecosystems, decisions regarding tree species management can have a significant impact on soil carbon balance, with effects that may persist for decades. Here, a common garden experiment involving five temperate tree species in northeast China was conducted to quantify the influence of tree species on soil carbon dynamics, including its fractions (mineral-associated organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and microbial necromass carbon), microbial properties (biomass and activities), and the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition (Q10). We observed that the decomposition of high-quality litter by soil microbes resulted in increased microbial biomass but decreased microbial biomass-specific enzyme activities and respiration. Although there was no significant difference in soil carbon among tree species, the sources of soil carbon varied among species. Specifically, tree species producing high-quality litter contributed to elevated microbial and fungal necromass carbon. Microbial necromass carbon was positively correlated with soil mineral-associated organic carbon, although tree species had no significant effect on mineral-associated organic carbon. The Q10 increased with longer litter turnover time, as well as with higher microbial biomass-specific oxidase activity and respiration, but decreased with greater litterfall production, microbial biomass, and microbial necromass carbon. Overall, our findings indicate that fast-decaying tree litter increases soil microbial necromass carbon and decreases Q10. This is the first study to establish a connection between Q10 with microbial necromass carbon using experimental data. Moreover, the tree species-specific origins of soil carbon and their influence on Q10 should be considered when managing forests as carbon sinks in the context of future global warming.

The occurrence and development of tumor is mediated by a wide range of complex mechanisms. Subsequent to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) holds the distinction of being the third identified gasotransmitter. Alternation of H2S level has been widely demonstrated to induce an array of disturbances in important cancer cell signaling pathways. As a result, the effects of H2S-catalyzing enzymes in cancers also attract widspread attention. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) is privileged to be one of them. In fact, 3-MST is overexpressed in many tumors including human colon cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, and bladder urothelial carcinoma. But it is also lowly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we focus on the generation of endogenous H2S and polysulfides, facilitated by 3-MST. Additionally, we delve deeply into the potential role of 3-MST in tumorigenesis and development. The impact of 3-MST inhibition on the development of tumors and its potential for tumor therapy are also highlighted.

The mechanisms by which low light modulates source-sink dynamics, affecting starch synthesis and formation of underground storage organs in geophyte, remain unclear. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted under natural light (NL) and low light (LL, 50% of NL intensity) conditions. LL resulted in a 23.66% and 21.23% reduction in corm yield in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Saffron plants under LL had larger, longer leaves with a higher proportion of dry weight (DW) compared to those under NL. Despite the marked inhibition of photosynthetic capacity, initial DW, sucrose and glucose concentrations in leaves were comparable to those under NL. Carbohydrate analysis revealed that starch concentration in the mother corms under LL decreased by 18.00% relative to NL, while sucrose and glucose concentrations increased by 28.44% and 68.44%, respectively. At the corm expansion stage, sucrose concentration in leaves and daughter corms under LL conditions was 17.32% and 54.08% higher than under NL, but glucose and starch concentrations in daughter corms were 22.08% and 10.22% lower, respectively. Additionally, the activity of invertase (INV), sucrose synthase in the decomposition direction (SUS) and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) in daughter corms were reduced under LL. LL also affected phytohormones concentrations, with increased levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA1) in LL leaves and daughter corms, and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) levels. Transcriptome and quantitative PCR analyses showed that LL upregulated the expression of genes involved in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in leaves, while downregulating CsSUS, CsINV1, CsAGPS1, CsZEP, and CsNCED, which are key to sucrose hydrolysis, starch synthesis, and ABA biosynthesis. Exogenous GA3 application further inhibited SUS, INV and AGPase activities in daughter corms, indicating that high GA concentrations impair carbohydrate metabolism in these organs. In conclusion, LL decreases saffron corm yield by promoting the allocation of reserves from mother corms to leaves at the seedling stage. By the period of the daughter corms enlargement, elevated GA1 and IAA levels and reduced ABA concentration promote leaf growth while inhibiting carbohydrate metabolism in daughter corms, thereby reducing sucrose transport from leaves to daughter corms and suppressing corm yield formation.

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a member of the genus Tobamovirus, causes severe damage on pepper worldwide. Despite its impact, the pathogenicity mechanisms of PMMoV and the pepper plant’s response to infection remain poorly understood. Here, we compared the transcriptomic changes in a susceptible pepper inbred line 21C241 with a resistant inbred line 21C385 seedlings, following systemic PMMoV infection using RNA sequencing. Our results revealed that PMMoV induced more pronounced mosaic symptoms and higher viral accumulation levels in the susceptible line 21C241 compared to the resistant line 21C385. We identified 462 and 401 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the systemically-infected leaves of the susceptible and resistant lines, respectively, when compared to their healthy counterparts. The majority of these DEGs were involved in photosynthesis and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, with 28 DEGs exhibiting distinct expression patterns between the two lines. Notably, the expression level of the chlorophyll a-b binding protein 13 (CAB13) was significantly up-regulated in resistant line 21C385 following PMMoV infection. Functional analysis through silencing of CAB13 in pepper and Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrated a reduction in PMMoV accumulation, suggesting that CAB13 plays a positive role in facilitating PMMoV infection in pepper plants. Taken together, our findings highlight the distinct gene expression profiles between susceptible and resistant pepper lines in response to PMMoV infection and confirm the proviral role of CAB13. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance and susceptibility in pepper plants and may inform future strategies for disease management.