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Childhood obesity has become a global public health issue. The incidence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children has rapidly increased with the increase in obesity. Thus, NAFLD has become one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in children. Currently, there are no officially approved drugs for the treatment of NAFLD in children. Lifestyle changes, including dietary and exercise interventions, are first-line treatment options for NAFLD in children in the absence of effective drugs. This article reviews the latest progress of these years in dietary and exercise interventions in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD in obese children.

Objectives: To explore the enhanced sensitization effect of peritumoral electroacupuncture (PEA) on doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy in mice with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)., Methods: Eighteen female Balb/c mice were randomly divided into the model, DOX, and EA+DOX groups, with 6 mice in each group. TNBC cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of mice to establish the breast cancer-bearing mice model. Mice of the DOX and EA+DOX groups were injected intraperitoneally with DOX solution at 4 mg/kg once a week for 4 weeks. For mice of the EA+DOX group, 4 filiform needles were inserted surrounding tumor tissues, followed by giving the mice with EA (1 mA, 2 Hz/100 Hz) stimulation for 3 min, once a week for 4 weeks. During the intervention, the tumor volume was measured every two days, and at the end of intervention, the weight of the tumor tissue was measured. The expression of Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in tumor tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression levels of iron redox protein 1 (FDX1), lipoic acid synthase (LIAS), aconitase 2 (ACO2) and NADH：ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V1 (NDUFV1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase(DLAT), dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase(DLST) in tumor tissues were detected by Western blot. The content of copper ions, pyruvic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid, succinic acid in tumor tissues was detected by copper ion kit, and the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor tissues of mice was detected by fluorescence method., Results: Compared with the model group, the tumor volume and weight, the expression levels of Ki67 and PCNA in tumor tissues were decreased ( P <0.05, P <0.01) in the DOX and EA+DOX groups. The improvement of the above indicators was more significant in the EA+DOX group than that in the DOX group ( P <0.05, P <0.01). Compared with the model and DOX groups, the contents of ROS, copper ions, pyruvic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid were increased ( P <0.05, P <0.01), while the contents of succinic acid, and the expressions of FDX1, LIAS, ACO2 and NDUFV1, DLAT, DLST proteins were decreased ( P <0.01) in the EA+DOX group., Conclusions: The combination of PEA and DOX can effectively control the growth rate of tumors in mice with TNBC, which may contribute to its function in enhancing the chemotherapy efficacy of DOX on TNBC by promoting cuproptosis.

Background: Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) are prodromal characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD). The first-degree relatives (FDR) of PD patients had a higher risk of PD and also had more NMS., Objective: To delineate NMS in FDR of patients with different clinical types of PD., Methods: A total of 98 PD probands were recruited; 256 siblings of them were enrolled in the FDR group. Various scales were used to assess NMS, including depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, insomnia, constipation, excessive daytime sleepiness, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and restless legs syndrome (RLS). The incidences of NMS were further compared between the FDR groups of PD with different types., Results: The FDR of early-onset PD (EOP) showed a higher incidence of moderate to severe depression (OR = 4.08; 95% CI: 1.12-14.92; P =0.033), anxiety (OR = 4.22; 95% CI: 1.87-9.52; P =0.001), and excessive daytime sleepiness (OR = 3.40; 95% CI: 1.00-11.48; P =0.049) than the FDR of late-onset PD (LOP). It was also found that RBD (OR = 11.65; 95% CI: 3.82-35.54; P < 0.001), constipation (OR = 4.94; 95% CI: 1.85-13.21; P =0.001), sleep disorders (OR = 4.51; 95% CI: 1.73-11.78; P =0.002), cognitive impairment (OR = 3.55; 95% CI: 1.62-7.77; P =0.002), and anxiety (OR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.32-4.71; P =0.005) were more frequent in FDR of tremor-dominant PD (TDP) than in FDR of non-tremor-dominant PD (NTDP)., Conclusions: The siblings of patients with EOP and TDP have more NMS, presuming that they have a higher risk in the PD prodromal stage. Whether they have a greater possibility to progress into PD requires further investigation.

Invasion and metastasis are critical pathological and mortal processes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Novel drugs, targeting the two cancer migration stages, will augment the treatment options for ESCC therapy and improve overall survival. A novel natural macrolide F806 specifically promotes apoptosis of various ESCC cells. However, whether F806 can inhibit metastasis of ESCC cells needs further evaluation. Here, our data showed that F806 inhibits dynamic F-actin assembly and then suppresses the migration of ESCC cells in vitro and their invasion and metastasis in vivo. The correlation between cancer migration and actin cytoskeleton assembly was consistent with the ability of F806 to prevent the aggregation of Paxillin, an essential protein for focal adhesion formation through binding to the ends of actin filaments. Furthermore, F806 downregulated the expression and activity of the Rho family proteins cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), RAC family small GTPase 1 (RAC1), and RAS homolog family member A (RHOA). Taken together, these results suggest that F806 can suppress cancer invasion and metastasis via interrupting the assembly of migration components involving F-actin.

Background: Ezrin, links the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, and plays an important role in the development and progression of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the roles of ezrin S66 phosphorylation in tumorigenesis of ESCC remain unclear., Methods: Distribution of ezrin in membrane and cytosol fractions was examined by analysis of detergent-soluble/-insoluble fractions and cytosol/membrane fractionation. Both immunofluorescence and live imaging were used to explore the role of ezrin S66 phosphorylation in the behavior of ezrin and actin in cell filopodia. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion of ESCC cells were investigated by proliferation and migration assays, respectively. Tumorigenesis, local invasion and metastasis were assessed in a nude mouse model of regional lymph node metastasis., Results: Ezrin S66 phosphorylation enhanced the recruitment of ezrin to the membrane in ESCC cells. Additionally, non-phosphorylatable ezrin (S66A) significantly prevented filopodia formation, as well as caused a reduction in the number, length and lifetime of filopodia. Moreover, functional experiments revealed that expression of non-phosphorylatable ezrin (S66A) markedly suppressed migration and invasion but not proliferation of ESCC cells in vitro, and attenuated local invasion and regional lymph node metastasis, but not primary tumor growth of ESCC cells in vivo., Conclusion: Ezrin S66 phosphorylation enhances filopodia formation, contributing to the regulation of invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

PD-L1 is a member of the B7 family co-inhibitory molecules and plays a critical role in tumor immune escape. In this study, we found a polymorphism rs10815225 in the PD-L1 promoter region was significantly associated with the occurrence of gastric cancer. The GG homozygous frequency was higher in the cancer patients than that in the precancerous lesions, which was higher than that in the health controls. This polymorphism locates in the binding-site of Sp1 transcription factor (SP1). The expression level of PD-L1 mRNA in the GG homozygous cancer patients was apparently higher than that in the GC heterozygotes. Luciferase reporter results showed that SP1 bonded to rs10815225 G-allelic PD-L1 promoter instead of C-allelic. Upregulation and knockdown of SP1 resulted in elevation and attenuation of PD-L1 in SGC-7901 cells, respectively. The chromatin immunoprecipitation results further confirmed the binding of SP1 to the promoter of PD-L1. Additionally, rs10815225 was found to be in disequilibrium with a functional polymorphism rs4143815 in the PD-L1 3'-UTR, and the haplotypes of these two polymorphisms were also markedly related to gastric cancer risk. These results revealed a novel mechanism underlying genetic polymorphisms influencing PD-L1 expression modify gastric cancer susceptibility.

This study investigated the distribution of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin receptor (NGALR) in human embryonic, fetal and normal adult tissues. Tissue microarray technology was used to perform immunohistochemical examination on human embryos, fetuses at 4-22 weeks of gestation and adult tissue specimens. Results demonstrated that during the development of the nervous system, NGALR was prevalent in the neural tube and cerebrum, and NGAL was only detected in the stellate cells of the cerebrum and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. NGAL and NGALR were expressed in the lung alveolar epithelium and in the gastrointestinal tract in embryos, but were almost undetectable in later developmental stages. In the embryonic adrenal glands, the two proteins demonstrated moderate positivity in the cortex and the medulla. In adults, NGAL was particularly present in the cells of the inner and outer layers of the cortex and was absent in the medulla, while NGALR exhibited strong positivity in the cortex and the medulla. Evident expression of NGAL and NGALR was observed throughout development in the neutrophil-rich sites, the renal tubule epithelium and certain gland epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract, but was undetectable in the heart, liver and thyroid gland. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the expression of NGAL and NGALR was time-specific and highly tissue‑specific. Correlations between their expression in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis should be examined.

Rhizoma coptidis, a broadly used medicinal plant, originates from the dried rhizomes of three species in Chinese pharmacopoeia, namely, Coptis chinensis Franch, Coptis deltoidea C. Y. Cheng et Hsiao, and Coptis teeta Wall. In this study, a novel approach using (1)H NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis was introduced to differentiate the three species and identify potential metabolic markers for better controlling the quality of rhizoma coptidis. A broad range of metabolites including alkaloids, sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and fatty acids present in rhizoma coptidis were detected by means of (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the (1)H NMR data set showed a clear separation between all samples by PC1 and PC3, and some metabolites that could be responsible for the discrimination of the three species were identified. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to statistically verify the significance of differences in metabolite levels between species. By combining PCA and ANOVA, significantly higher contents of palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine, columbamine, and fatty acids together with lower contents of jateorrhizine were found in Coptis chinensis, whereas Coptis deltoidea and Coptis teetA showed the highest levels of sucrose and chlorogenic acid, respectively. This study indicates that metabolites of rhizoma coptidis vary with the species and the proposed method is suitable for metabolic fingerprinting analysis to check the genuine origin of rhizoma coptidis., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Ezrin, which cross-links the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, was involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. Here, to investigate the distribution of ezrin, tissue microarray technology was employed to perform immunohistochemical experiments on human embryos, fetuses at 4 to 22 weeks' gestation, and adult tissue specimens. Results showed that ezrin was widely expressed in the gastrointestinal tract throughout the human developmental stages studied. At 6 to 8 weeks' gestation, ezrin was found in epithelial cells, and this staining pattern was particularly pronounced in the brush border of mature absorptive cells lining the villus in later developmental stages and adult tissues. Throughout neural development, ezrin was only expressed in the neural tube at 4 weeks' gestation. Ezrin was also detected in the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland at 8 to 12 weeks' gestation, whereas its immunoreactivity was increased from the zona glomerulosa through the zona reticularis and was essentially undetectable in the adrenal medulla of adult tissues. Significant expression of ezrin was seen throughout development in the kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and cells of stratified squamous epithelia. However, ezrin was undetectable in lung, liver, heart, and blood vessels. These results demonstrated that the expression pattern of ezrin was highly time specific and tissue specific.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a refractory tumor with increasing incidence. In the present study, we established six mesothelioma cell lines possessing two allele deletions of the p16(INK4A) gene and one allele deletion of the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene, MM16, MM21, MM26, MM35, MM46 and MM56, from pleural effusion fluids or surgically resected tumors of Japanese patients. MM21, MM26 and MM46 cells failed to develop tumors in BALB/c-nude mice following subcutaneous inoculation. MM16 and MM35 cells slowly generated tumors at the site of subcutaneous inoculation in BALB/c-nude mice, but lost the expression of mesothelioma-related markers such as calretinin, D2-40 and Wilms' tumor 1 in the subcutaneous tumors. On the other hand, MM56 cells rapidly generated tumors with the expression of calretinin and D2-40 in BALB/c-nude mice following subcutaneous inoculation. In addition, orthotopic implantation of MM56 cells into BALB/c-nude mice developed diffusely growing thoracic tumors by 3 weeks after implantation. Pleural effusions were observed in these mice 4 weeks after implantation. Thoracic tumors invaded aggressively into the chest wall 5 weeks after implantation and often metastasized into the lung, rib, peritoneum and pericardial cavity. On the pleural surface, MM56 cells were growing as single or multiple cell layers with the reactive mesothelium of recipient mice. These results indicate that MM56 cells can behave in a manner characteristic of human malignant pleural mesothelioma in the thoracic cavity of BALB/c-nude mice. The in vivo model using MM56 cells may be useful for studying the biological behavior of malignant pleural mesothelioma and developing its diagnostic and therapeutic strategies., (© 2011 Japanese Cancer Association.)

Aim: To explore useful prognostic factors for mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) in the colon and rectum., Methods: MAC was divided into low- and high-grade types based on the degree of structural differentiation; low-grade MAC arisen from well to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and papillary carcinoma, and high-grade MAC from poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and signet ring cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the expression of 2 types of MUC1 (MUC1/DF and MUC1/CORE), MUC2, 2 types of MUC5AC (MUC5AC/CHL2 and HGM), MUC6, CDX2, and CD10 was examined in 16 cases of MAC consisting of 6 low- and 10 high-grade types., Results: MUC1/DF3 was expressed in 3 of 6 low-grade MAC (50%) and 10 of 10 high-grade MAC (100%). MUC1/CORE was expressed in 1 of 6 low-grade MAC (16.7%) and 7 of 10 high-grade MAC (70%). MUC2 was expressed in all MAC regardless of the grade. MUC5AC was expressed in 6 of 6 low-grade MAC (100%) and 4 of 10 high-grade MAC (40%). HGM was expressed in 5 of 6 low-grade MAC (83.3%) and 6 of 10 high-grade MAC (60%). Expression of MUC6 and CD10 was undetected in all MAC regardless of the grade. CDX2 was expressed in 5 of 6 low-grade MAC (83.3%) and 7 of 10 high-grade MAC (70%). Taken together, MUC1/DF3 was expressed significantly more frequently in high-grade MAC than in low-grade, and MUC5AC/CHL2 was expressed significantly more frequently in low-grade MAC than in high-grade., Conclusion: It is proposed that MUC1/DF3 and MUC5AC/CHL2 immunostaining is useful to discriminate high-grade MAC from low-grade MAC.

Objective: Mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the branch duct type (IPMN-BD) differ in biological and clinical behaviors, but MCN is often misdiagnosed as IPMN-BD. The purpose of this study was to find useful markers for the differential diagnosis of MCN and IPMN-BD., Methods: Immunohistochemically, the expression of the 2 types of mucin (MUC) 1 (MUC1/DF3 and MUC1/CORE), MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, human gastric mucin (HGM), caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2), CD10, cytokeratin (CK) 7, and CK20 was examined in 7 cases of MCN and 16 cases of IPMN-BD., Results: Expression frequencies in MCN and IPMN-BD were 100% versus 44% for MUC1/DF3, 86% versus 31% for MUC1/CORE, 57% versus 19% for MUC2, 86% versus 100% for MUC5AC, 57% versus 88% for MUC6, 86% versus 100% for HGM, 57% versus 0% for CDX2, 71% versus 0% for CD10, 100% versus 69% for CK7, and 86% versus 6% for CK20., Conclusions: Mucin 1/DF3, MUC1/CORE, CDX2, CD10, and CK20 were expressed significantly more frequently in MCN than in IPMN-BD. In particular, CD10 and CK20 showed marked differences in immunohistochemical sensitivity and specificity between MCN and IPMN-BD. It is therefore proposed that CD10 and CK20 may be used for the differential diagnosis of MCN and IPMN-BD.

Purpose: Fascin, an actin-bundling protein, is markedly upregulated in several epithelial tumors and its expression often correlates with high-grade, extensive invasion, and distant metastasis. However, reports about fascin expression in endocrine tumors remain rare. The aim of the present study was to assess the diagnostic significance of fascin in thyroid neoplasms., Methods: Thyroid samples from 177 cases were examined for fascin and Ki-67 expression by immunohistochemistry., Results: Fascin immunoreactivity was negative in normal follicles and nodular goiter. Fascin immunostaining was positive in 62.1% (41/66) of thyroid carcinomas and 26.4% (19/72) of thyroid adenomas; the difference being significant (P < 0.0001). In thyroid papillary carcinoma, upregulation of fascin was associated with both the Ki-67 labeling index and the occurrence of lymph node metastasis., Conclusion: Fascin may be a novel marker to distinguish thyroid carcinoma from benign lesions and may be involved in the proliferation and metastasis of papillary carcinoma.

Objective: To express the soluble recombinant Schistosoma japonicum SjPP proteins in TN5B1-4 cells., Methods: The total RNA was extracted from adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum. The whole coding sequence of SjPP gene was synthesized by RT-PCR and cloned into donor plasmid. The recombinant donor pFastBac-SjPP was transformed into E.coli DH10Bac forming Bacmid-SjPP which was transfected into insect cell with cational lipofectin. The fusion protein SjPP was analyzed with SDS-PAGE and Western blotting., Results: The infective recombinant baculovirus Bacmid-SjPP was obtained and SjPP protein was expressed in insect cells., Conclusion: The recombinant protein SjPP has been expressed in insect TN5B1-4 cells with proper antigenicity.

This study investigates the distribution of fascin in human embryonic, fetal, and normal adult tissues. Tissue microarray technology was used to perform immunohistochemical experiments on human embryos and fetuses at 4-22 weeks of gestation and adult specimens. Fascin was widely expressed in the nervous system. At 4 weeks of gestation, fascin was present in the neural tube. At 8-12 weeks of gestation, homogenous gene expression was seen in cells of the cerebellum and gastrointestinal tract. In later developmental stages and in adults, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and glandular epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract showed no expression. Fascin was expressed in the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland at 8-12 weeks of gestation, whereas immunoreactivity decreased from the zona glomerulosa through the zona reticularis and was essentially negative in the adrenal medulla of adults. Significant expression of fascin was seen throughout development in neurons, follicular dendritic cells of lymphoid tissue, basal layer cells of stratified squamous epithelia, mesenchyme, and vascular endothelial cells. Simple columnar epithelia of the biliary duct, colon, ovary, pancreas, and stomach were all negative for fascin expression. These results show that expression of fascin is time specific and highly tissue specific. Parallels between fascin expression in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis are discussed.

Wnt proteins together with their downstream effectors forms a set of important signal pathways. The Wnt signal pathway is important in a wide variety of development processes including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell polarity and apoptosis. Wnt4 is a key regulator of gonadal differentiation in humans and mice, playing a pivotal role in early embryogenesis. With RACE technique based on a EST identified in our lab, a novel gene including a complete open reading frame was cloned and named Sjwnt4 (GenBank accession No. DQ643829). Sequence analyses showed that SjWnt4 had a typical characteristics of Wnt family proteins, sharing 43% similarity to Dugesia japonica and 37% to human Wnt4. The ORF of Sjwnt4 contains 1311 nucleotides, encoding 436 amino acid with 49.6 kD molecular weight. Real-time PCR analysis from the worms of various stages of S. japonicum revealed that the mRNA level of Sjwnt4 is highest in the 19 days schistosomula, followed by 44 days female worms, 14 days schistosomula, 31 days adult worms and 44 days male worms, suggesting a stage-and-gender differential express. The Sjwnt4 cDNA fragment was subcloned into a modified expression vector pGEX-4T-2 and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells, and the production of recombinant Sjwnt4 protein fused to a GST tag was analysed. In the presence of IPTG, the 76kD fusion protein was expressed in included bodies. Western-blotting revealed that the fusion protein could be recognized by the rabbit serum specific to Schistosoma japonicum adult worm antigen preparation. The study provides important basis for investigating the regulation mechanism of the Wnt signaling pathway during the development especially gonadal differentiation processes of Schistosoma japonicum.

Lung and colon tumors were induced in A/J, C3H, and A/J X C3H (AC3) mice by administering 16 mg/kg vinyl carbamate followed by 6 weekly doses of 12 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM). Beginning 1 week after carcinogen treatment, the mice received chemopreventive agents, dexamethasone or piroxicam, at 0.1 and 75 mg/kg in the diet, respectively. Both AOM and vinyl carbamate induces lung tumors, but only AOM induced colon tumors. The strain sensitivity for both colon and lung tumors was A/J > AC3 > C3H mice. Dexamethasone and piroxicam reduced the multiplicity of colon and lung tumors in A/J and AC3 mice, demonstrating the advantage of a combined colon and lung bioassay. The ability of budesonide, a drug that prevents mouse lung tumors, to modulate DNA methylation in vinyl carbamate-induced lung tumors was also determined. Budesonide administered for only 7 days prior to sacrifice caused a dose-dependent (0.6 to 2.4 mg/kg diet) reversal in tumors of DNA hypomethylation and hypomethylation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II gene in the differentially methylated region (DMR) 2 region of exons 4 to 5. Longer treatment with budesonide reversed hypomethylation when administered up to the time of sacrifice. These results indicate that reversal of the hypomethylation of DNA and of specific genes in lung tumors may be applicable as a surrogate end-point biomarker for chemoprevention.

A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was established for determination of intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) in burned rats. The analysis was carried out on a Hypersil C4 column (30 nm, 5 microns, 4.6 mm i.d. x 250 mm) with gradient elution of acetonitrile-trifluoroacetic acid-water solution at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detected by a UV detector at 214 nm. The volume proportion of trifluoroacetic acid in water is 0.1% and the volume proportion of acetonitrile in mobile phase ranged from 19.5% to 42.0%. The linear range of the method was 1 mg/L-100 mg/L with relative coefficient of 0.9989. The minimum detection limit was 0.5 mg/L. The recovery of ITF added ranged between 93.95% and 105.90%. The intra-day and inter-day RSD of ITF were less than 5.33% and 6.10% respectively. This method is precise, accurate and can be used for the determination of ITF in intestinal mucosal of burned rats. Therefore, it is helpful in the research of comparing the effects of enteral feeding and parenteral nutrition on ITF expression.

To investigate the early in vivo response of hepatic stellate cells in biliary fibrosis, we examined rat livers during the first 7 days after bile duct ligation using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy. At day 1 after bile duct ligation, alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblasts appeared and then increased in number around the proliferating bile ductules. With time, the destruction of the external limiting plate became accentuated because of the invasion of the proliferating bile ductules and periductural fibrosis. At day 7, stromal cells containing fat droplets appeared in the fibrous tissue adjacent to the periportal parenchyma; these are termed denuded hepatic stellate cells. In the fibrous tissue disconnected from the liver parenchyma, the denuded hepatic stellate cells were replaced by myofibroblast-like cells. Meanwhile, the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 on biliary epithelial cells increased. These results indicate the dual origin of myofibroblasts in experimental biliary fibrosis, the periductural and periductal fibroblasts in the initial stage, and the denuded hepatic stellate cells in the subsequent stage. These two types of stromal cells may undergo myofibroblastic transformation by the transforming growth factor-beta1 secreted by the proliferating biliary epithelial cells.

There was a statistically significant increase in whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte filterability index and hematocrit in diabetics with "Qi Yin deficiency and blood stasis" syndrome. After treatment with "Yi Qi Yang Yin Hou Xue" prescription there was a statistically significant improvement in hemorheological properties and a slight decrease in fasting blood glucose.