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When we were in school, we were taught how to use a note book and a pen to determine central tendency and dispersion. The entire process took too long and required too much time. These days, we can accomplish this using a programme called biostatistical software. These programmes reduce labour costs as well as time. India consistently ranks as one of the top five pharmaceutical producing nations in the world. The use of software, which allows a work to be completed with less effort and more accuracy, is growing steadily. In research, the use of computers and innovative software is becoming more and more frequent, particularly in the field of biostatistics, which deals with the application of mathematics to biological systems (living things). Due to its usage in both experimental and observational research, biostatistics is advantageous not only to the pharmaceutical business but also to medical and paramedical schools (such as nursing and pharmacy schools). Pen and paper calculations and measurements take an enormous amount of time and are inefficient. Currently, a variety of statistical software is available for the fulfilment of tasks that can quickly produce results. Software programmes used for statistical analysis include Minitab, SPSS, R studio and Microsoft Excel. This article will go over various biostatistical software programmes and how to utilise them to calculate central tendency and dispersion. Because it is free, versatile and simple to use MS Excel is the biostatistical programme that is utilised the most. Cons and benefits can be found in every piece of software. Microsoft Excel is free, whereas other programmes require a monthly or annual fee. There are available demo versions of these that can be used for educational purposes

India is among the top five countries in the pharmaceutical sector. Software is used more frequently because it completes the work in very short time in terms of analyzing data, calculations etc. Computers and cutting-edge software are increasingly used in research. Application of mathematics to biological systems is known as biostatistics (living things). Because biostatistics is employed in both experimental and observational investigations, it is a subject worth studying in the pharmaceutical sector, medical and paramedical (nursing, pharmacy, etc.) schools. Use of Pen and paper for measurements and calculations take far too long to complete. Software is the option to reduce the time. There is a wide variety of statistical software available today that produces findings quickly. Some examples of statistical software are Minitab, SPSS, R online, and Microsoft Excel. Microsoft excel is free and widely accessible software to calculate central tendency, dispersion and correlation. In this article we will discuss the use of Microsoft excel to find mean, median, mode, standard deviation and correlation of the given data. Keywords: Mean; Median; Dispersion; Standard deviation; Central tendency; Karl pearson’s coefficient of correlation

Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights granted to individuals over the creations of their minds by the country to use his or her creations for a limited period of time. The types of intellectual property rights are Patents, Copyright, Trademark, Industrial designs and Geographical indications. A patent is a grant of right by the government for an invention to the inventor in exchange of full disclosure of the invention. A patent is a legal right that allows applicants and assignees to use and exploit their inventions for a period of 20 years from the date of filing of application. For the duration of the set period, the patent holder has the legal right to prevent others from commercially exploiting/using his/her invention and if anybody found doing so he can take legal actions against that person/company/organization. Patent provides many benefits to the inventor/researcher but why Indian researchers prefer publications instead of patenting their work. In this review article we were tried to find out the reasons behind it. Lot of reasons came to front after the study like totally online procedure of application, long waiting time, application and other fee, answering within time frame, command in English language, drafting expertise etc. And on the other hand publications need less labor, expense and time. Although many problems are there in patenting but if the work is authentic, genuine and novel, the inventor should go for patenting, so that he/she can use it commercially. Commercial use will not only benefit the researcher but it increases the Gross domestic production of the country. It is also duty of the every researcher to help in country’s development.

Addiction is a feel good or euphoria like condition which is commonly associated with drug abuse (opioid & non-opioid), alcohol and nicotine intake. There are many reasons behind a man gets addicted to these substances such as recreation purpose, drugs used for long time for treatment of any disorder and gets addicted, unemployment, stress, emotions, professional pressure and social status. It provides enjoyable feelings which results in creating a strong urge to use the substances again and again. These drugs can cause physical dependence or psychological dependence or both. Over time, drug tolerance is produced which means to get the same effect more quantity of the drug is needed. These substances are very harmful physically, mentally, financially and socially too. If someone suddenly terminates using these substances after heavy or long term use, the body needs time to recover and number of withdrawal symptoms arises. These withdrawal symptoms can’t be treated by medications only but it needs counselling and support as well. This article reviews i. the drug abuse (opioid & non-opioid), alcohol and nicotine addictions with their withdrawal symptoms and medications used to treat these symptoms ii. Rehabilitation centers running and other steps taken by Government of India to aware people especially the youths of the country about the harmful effects of these substances.

On Monday, October 31, 2022, the Supreme Court of India outlawed the two-finger test, which is used to medically confirm rape. Doctors do this test by putting two fingers inside the victim's vagina to check for virginity. Girls and women who have never had physical contact are referred to as virgins. The virginity test is used to determine whether or not sexual activity has taken place. It is assumed that if two fingers can easily enter the vagina, the girl or woman is sexually active, which results in the virginity of the girl or woman. The Supreme Court (SC) noted that this makes it clear that it is never acceptable to rape a sexually active girl or woman. Additionally, SC claims that there is no scientific support for the idea of virginity and that it is rejected by science. This exam makes the girl or lady feel uncomfortable mentally and intensifies the trauma of the incident. SC urges the federal government to create and distribute guidelines to all states so they can discontinue the aforementioned test as soon as feasible through the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The SC directs medical colleges to take this material off their required reading lists. This article investigates the two finger test, how it's done, and how it infringes on a girl or woman's right to privacy, as well as their physical and mental integrity and dignity. Making a legislation will undoubtedly alter the current situation since everyone will be aware that doing tests like the two finger test is prohibited and that the government will take strict action to stop it.

Recent report of the United Nations population fund’s state of the world population says that around 08 women die every day in India because of unsafe abortion. There are many reasons behind the deaths such as taking abortion pills without consulting doctor, abortion carried out by untrained personals, abortion in hospitals without facilities settings etc. Married women have the right to abortion but what about the unmarried pregnant women; this case is one of the major cause of unsafe abortion especially in our country India. Right to abortion simply means one can go for safe abortion i.e. the abortion will be carried out by a trained doctor in a hospital approved for pregnancy termination having facilities settings. Time to time amendments in Medical termination of Pregnancy act took place but no right provided to unmarried. Supreme Court in its judgment on 29th September 2022 gave right to abortion to unmarried pregnant women too up to 20 weeks from the date of gestation. This judgement came in a case that filed on July 2022 by 25 years old pregnant women. The judgement is a revolution and save many lives of women because it will stop or reduce the number of unsafe abortions. The article discussed about the impact of this decision on women in near future, unsafe abortion, medical abortion using medications, actions and adverse effects of medications used for abortion, medical termination of pregnancy act 1971, amendment in act and effect of Supreme Court’s judgement on women’s health and mortality.

Green chemistry focuses on minimizing waste, minimizing use of chemicals/reagents, reducing pollution and preservation of human health and environment. Using conventional methods of synthesis are creating the said problems in present scenario. To solve these problems new alternate methods must be developed. Many alternatives have been already developed but many more have to do. Use of microwave radiations are one the alternative in which these radiations are used for heating purpose instead of conventional heating methods which uses solvents in large amount and requires much time. Lot of benefits are there in heating using microwave radiations over conventional methods of heating but have limitations too. Not for every reaction/synthesis, but microwaves can be only used for the reactant having specific properties. Single mode and multi-mode microwave ovens are usually used for achieving this purpose. Heating by microwave radiations not only saves time i.e. it converts hours to minutes because it accelerates the reaction, increases the yield, reduces the energy requirement and the most important thing is no or minimum pollution/waste. Health hazards are also been noticed in using these radiations both external and internal. This short communication was aimed to find out the necessity of alternative methods of synthesis that fulfils the concept of green chemistry which will fulfill the need of healthy life and environment.

Antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic medicines are used to treat the diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. These microbes effects humans, animals and plants and produces diseases. As per the recent report of World Health Organization (WHO), the cases of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is continuously rising, which causes ineffective treatment and prevention of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. AMR occurs when these microbes gets resistance and the medications gets ineffective against these microbes, which makes treatment of common infections difficult and consequently increases the risk of severe illness, spread of disease and death. Because the medicines becomes purposeless, infections continue to exist in the body and increases the likeliness of spread to others. WHO recommends reduced use of synthetic antibiotics and raised use of herbal antimicrobial drugs. These are the ways by which the AMR can be controlled or abolished. Herbal drugs can be used for this purpose because these are considered to be effective with no or less side effects. In the present article we discussed about peptic ulcer, causative agent of peptic ulcer and the medicinal plants which can be used to treat this disease. Twenty medicinal plants were listed which contains both antibacterial and antiulcer activity. Due to these properties of these medicinal plants, these can be used for the treatment of peptic ulcer because of dual benefits firstly, antibacterial which kills or retards the growth of Helicobacter pylori and secondly, antiulcer which heals the ulcer. Keywords: Antibacterial, Antimicrobial resistance, Antiulcer, Helicobacter pylori, Peptic ulcer.

Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights granted to individuals over the creations of their minds by the country to use his or her creations for a limited period of time. The types of intellectual property rights are Patents, Copyright, Trademark, Industrial designs and Geographical indications. A patent is a grant of right by the government for an invention to the inventor in exchange of full disclosure of the invention. A patent is a legal right that allows applicants and assignees to use and exploit their inventions for a period of 20 years from the date of filing of application. For the duration of the set period, the patent holder has the legal right to prevent others from commercially exploiting/using his/her invention and if anybody found doing so he can take legal actions against that person/company/organization. Patent provides many benefits to the inventor/researcher but why Indian researchers prefer publications instead of patenting their work. In this review article we were tried to find out the reasons behind it. Lot of reasons came to front after the study like totally online procedure of application, long waiting time, application and other fee, answering within time frame, command in English language, drafting expertise etc. And on the other hand publications need less labor, expense and time. Although many problems are there in patenting but if the work is authentic, genuine and novel, the inventor should go for patenting, so that he/she can use it commercially. Commercial use will not only benefit the researcher but it increases the Gross domestic production of the country. It is also duty of the every researcher to help in country’s development.

Antimicrobial drugs are those drugs which are used to treat diseases caused by microorganisms. To treat the diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic medicines are used. These microbes produces diseases in humans, animals and plants. According to World Health Organization (WHO). The cases of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing day by day and it threatens the effective treatment and prevention of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. AMR occurs when these microbes gets resistance against the effects of medications, which makes common infections difficult to treat and hence increases the risk of severe illness, disease spread and death. As a result, the medicines becomes ineffective, infections remains in the body and increases the probability of spread to others. WHO recommends that decreased use of synthetic antibiotics and increased use of herbal antimicrobial drugs are the only ways by which the AMR can be controlled or eliminated. Herbal drugs are considered to be effective and free from side effects. In the present article we discussed about Aegle Marmelos Linn. (Bael) which is useful in treating many health ailments. It possess many pharmacological activities like anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antihistaminic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, analgesic, immune modulatory, cardio protective and antithyroid activity. Due to its antibacterial activity it is used to treat many infections caused by bacteria and also have antiulcer activity due to which it is used to treat ulcer patients. The bacteria, Helicobacter pylori is one of the cause of peptic ulcer. This review article discusses about the effect of Aegle Marmelos on this bacteria. Keywords: Antibacterial, Antiulcer, Aegle marmelos, Helicobacter pylori, Peptic ulcer, Antimicrobial, Bael.

Drugs or medicines are those which are used for treatment, diagnosis, mitigation and prevention of diseases. But it’s very expensive. Not or all but for lower and middle class people taking treatment is very difficult because of the cost of the medicines. Many deaths are caused because the patient cannot afford the cost of the medicines. The entry of generic medicines in market brought a revolutionary change in healthcare system and the market share is continuously increasing. The poor and needy sections of the society are getting benefitted because these are authentic, reliable, secure, affordable and accessible for all. Now there is an option available against the high cost branded medicines. Government of India is taking lot of steps to promote the availability of generic medicines both in rural and urban areas and also taking steps to aware people that it is equally safe and effective as that of branded medicines. Many pharmaceutical companies are manufacturing generic medicines and making them available in market through retail outlets. E-pharmacies are also functioning delivering generic medicines at home. Government has opened thousands of Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Kendra (PMBJK) across the country where one can get generic medicines at much lower cost. The present article is based on the study to know the availability of generic medicines through PMBJK, comparison of prices between generic and branded medicines, reasons for the lower price of generic medicines and except PMBJK where generic medicines are available.&nbsp

Antimicrobial drugs are those drugs which are used to treat diseases caused by microorganisms. These disease causing microorganisms are called pathogenic microorganisms. To treat the diseases,antimicrobial medicines are used e.g. antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic medicines. These microbes produces diseases not only in humans but in animals and plants too. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when disease producing microbes gets resistant against the medications, so that the medications becomes ineffective which makes common infections difficult to treat and hence leads to increased risk of severe illness, disease spreading and death. According to the report of World Health Organization (WHO), the cases of AMR is continuously going upwards and it creates trouble in effective treatment and prevention of infections caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. AMR makes the medicines ineffective so that the infections remains in the body and enhances the chances of spread to others. WHO recommends to minimize the use of synthetic antibiotics and to increase the use of herbal antimicrobial drugs. Using these recommended ways only, the AMR can be controlled or eliminated. Herbal drugs are considered to be therapeutically effective and free from side effects. In this chapter, a very potent herbal drug, Aegle Marmelos Linn. (Bael in hindi) has been discussed. Aegle marmelos Linn. is useful in treating many health ailments. Scientific studies reveals that It possess many pharmacological activities like anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antihistaminic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, analgesic, immune modulatory, cardio protective and antithyroid activity. Because of its antibacterial and antiulcer activity it is used to treat peptic ulcer patients. The bacteria which is responsible for peptic ulcer is Helicobacter pylori. This chapter discusses about the effect of Aegle Marmelos on bacterias including Helicobacter pylori.

Nano-TiO2-dispersed polymeric coatings have been extensively studied in recent years owing to their photocatalytic-induced self-cleaning characteristics. However, durability and long-term retention of self-cleaning performance of such coatings remain a challenge for practical applications. In the present work, we report the self-cleaning properties of nano-TiO2/silicone soya alkyd-based coating formulations comprising 0.5–5 wt% of nanofiller as well as conventional additives of rutile TiO2 and BaSO4. The nanocomposites were prepared by an in situ process involving dispersion of nano-TiO2 in soya oil, soya alkyd synthesis by alcoholic process, followed by silicone modification. The coatings prepared from the nanofiller-dispersed resin showed significant UV radiation-induced hydrophilicity and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) solution. A coating formulation with 2 wt% of nano-TiO2 loading showed a decrease in water contact angle from 87° to

The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically result from the secondary products present in the plant although, it is usually not attributed to a single compound but a combination of the metabolites. The medicinal actions of plants are unique to a particular plant species or group, consistent with the concept that the combination of secondary products in a particular plant is taxonomically distinct.The screening of plants usually involves several approach; ethno botanical approach is one of the common methods that are employed in choosing the plant for pharmacological study. In the present review paper, antimicrobial properties of various medicinal plants were reviewed. The present review deals with the antibacterial activity of various medicinal plants. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Herbal Drugs, WHO, Cup-plate Method, Anti-bacterial Activity.

A hyperbranched polyol (HBP) was synthesized using dipentaerythritol as a core material and 2,2-bis(methylol) propionic acid as a chain extender. This was reacted with varying concentrations of soya fatty acid to make hyperbranched alkyd (HBA) resins. The HBA resins containing unreacted hydroxyl groups were reacted with isophorone diisocyanate at NCO/OH ratio of 1.6:1 to make high solid hyperbranched urethane alkyd (HBUA) resins. The excess NCO content in the HBUA resins was used to cure with atmospheric moisture, and thus moisture-cured HBUA coatings were formed. The resins were characterized by FTIR, and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis. A series of such resins were made using different fatty acid/isocyanate ratios with respect to the hydroxyl groups present in the HBP. The effect of compositions on the mechanical and weathering properties of the cured resins was investigated. It was observed that there was an optimum fatty acid–isocyanate ratio in terms of the requirements of solvent, mechanical and weathering properties of the resin. The requirement of solvents for formulating HBUA coatings is much lower compared to linear alkyd-based coatings. The present study reveals that the moisture-cured HBUA resins can be used as a binder material in the field of low-pollution weather-resistance coatings.

A polymeric binder on soya alkyd, silicone intermediate and 2-hydroxyethyl metacrylate has been synthesized for formulation of long life exterior coating. Initially silicone acrylate monomer (SAM) was prepared by reacting hydroxyl-terminated silicone and 2-hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and characterized by Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 13 C NMR). SAM was used in varying concentrations to synthesize novel soya alkyd resin. The unpigmented polymer film obtained from silicone acrylate–soya alkyd resin exhibits excellent mechanical properties and good exterior durability compared to silicone modified alkyd resin.

Pig liver Esterase (PLE) and Pig Pancreas Lipase (PPL) catalysed hydrolysis of (±) trans-3-carbethoxy and (±) cis-3-acetoxymethyl 4-substituted β-lactams revealed interesting dependence on C-3, C-4 stereochemistry and nature of C-4 substituents.

Methyl esters substituted at β position with good leaving groups (nucleofugals) are smoothly hydrolysed by Pig Liver Esterase (PLE) in moderate to high yields.

Pig liver Esterase (PLE) and Pig Pancreas Lipase (PPL) catalysed hydrolysis of (±) trans-3-carbethoxy and (±) cis-3-acetoxymethyl 4-substituted β-lactams revealed interesting dependence on C-3, C-4 stereochemistry and nature of C-4 substituents.

The quinoline ring systems in the title molecules, C 18 H 14 ClN and C 19 H 17 N, are planar. The cycloheptane rings are in half-chair conformations and the crystal structures are stabilized by van der Waals interactions.

Highly selective bisformylation of 4-chloroindanone derivatives on treatment with POCl 3 + DMF have been discovered.

Polyether network polymers with cholesteric superstructure are formed by the photochemically induced cationic copolymerisation of a nematic diepoxide with chiral epoxides. If a cholesteric superstructure is formed or not, depends on the temperature at which the photopolymerisation is carried out. The storage modulus is higher above T G in samples with cholesteric superstructure. Optical rotations and vibrational circular dichroism spectra (VCD) depend strongly on the surface state of the substrates. From the VCD spectra it is concluded that the copolymerisation leads to different superstructures depending on the rub directions of the substrates.

Among the various hydrolases, Pig Liver Esterase (PLE) is possibly the most widely used enzyme, particularly for the preparation ~f chiral synthons *'2 and for chemo 3 and regioselective transfo .~6ations. Various active site models for PLE have been proposed' , the cubic space model of Jones et al. s having received most attention. We report the reactivities of methyl esters containing large hydrophobic substituents toward PLE catalysed hydrolysis, and discuss the results in the light of Jones' model.

India is a large country and is ranked as the second most populous nation in the world. It is difficult to ensure the upkeep and effective operation of healthcare systems in a nation with such a large population. Recent surveys and reports from around the world indicate that India does not have a healthy health index. According to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the health index of some southern Indian states such as Kerala, Tamilnadu, and Telangana is good, while the health index of some northern Indian states such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh is poor. The healthcare systems in India face a number of challenges, such as a lack of awareness, a lack of access to healthcare, a shortage of healthcare professionals, high treatment costs, and a lack of accountability. Pharmacists have sufficient knowledge and skills to educate people and the general public about treatment, diagnosis, prevention, and mitigation of health problems. They are able to provide patients with sound advice in a variety of areas, including the appropriate use of medications, dietary recommendations, communicable and noncommunicable diseases, pathogens and diseases related to them, and more. By involving pharmacists in health awareness programmes, patient counselling, and eradication programmes, one of the options available to raise the health index is to reduce the number of preventable illnesses. In this manner, those in need and those living in poverty, whether they are located in an urban or rural setting, will have access to medical care. The current health index of India, the challenges faced by Indian healthcare systems, and the ways in which pharmacists can contribute to the improvement of healthcare systems were all examined and discussed in this study., {"references":["Advancing collective action and accountability amid global crisis 2021. Global health security index. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health. http://www/ghsindex.org","Health and health systems ranking of countries worldwide in 2021. By health index score. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1290168/healthindex-of-countries-worldwide-by-health-indexscore/, 2021","Healthy states progressive India. Report on the ranks of states and union territories. Health index sound by 2019-20. https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/202112/NITI-WB_Health_Index_Report_24-12-21.pdf","Kasthuri A. Challenges to healthcare in India – The five A's. Indian J Community Med. 2018; 43: 141-3.","Kokane JV, Avhad PS. Role of Pharmacist in Health Care System. The Journal of Community Health Management, 2016; 3(1): 37-40.","Nikkhil KM. Pharmacists can play a Critical Role in Enhancing Healthcare Delivery in India. ETHealthWorld. September 25, 2021. https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com"]}