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The present work describes the isolation and anticancer activity of Tapinanthus sp. which is a hemi parasitic plant harvested on Combretum glutinosum, the host plant. Phytochemical study afforded a...

Les Loranthaceae constituent des ressources précieuses pour les populations locales africaines. Cependant, peu d’ethnies connaissent l’importance socio-économique des Loranthaceae de par le manque d’études ethnobotaniques sur ces espèces. Afin de contribuer à la valorisation et à la gestion durable des Loranthaceae parasites des plantes ligneuses, une approche associant deux méthodes a été adoptée. L’une, basée sur des relevés de surface et l’autre sur une enquête ethnobotanique relative aux connaissances locales des Loranthaceae dans 9 Arrondissements de la Région de l’Extrême-Nord du Cameroun. Au total, 4 genres (Agelanthus, Globimetula, Phragmanthera et Tapinanthus) et 7 espèces parasites (Agelanthus dodoneifolius, Globimetula braunii, Phragmanthera capitata, Tapinanthus bangwensis, T. belvisii, T. globiferus et T. ophiodes) ont été inventoriés et identifiés dans les Monts Mandara. Il ressort aussi que ces espèces parasites sont utilisées en pharmacopée dans des recettes médicinales et magico-religieuses (45,56%), pour traiter des infertilités (32,70%) et des troubles mentaux (32,36%). Les résultats ont aussi montré que Mangifera indica (35,74%) et Senna singueana (34,41%) sont les hôtes des parasites les plus sollicités. Aussi ont-ils révélé que la commercialisation des Loranthaceae constitue une source de revenu économique et une ressource importante en pharmacopée pour les populations locales des Monts Mandara. Ces résultats pourraient servir de référence pour la recherche de stratégies d’exploitation et de conservation durable de cette diversité végétale.Mots clés : Loranthaceae, Espèces parasites, pharmacopée, Monts Mandara, Cameroun. English Title: Diversity and socio-economic importance of Loranthaceae parasites of woody plants of Mandara Mountains in the Far-North Region, Cameroon Loranthaceae are valuable resources for local African populations. However, few ethnic groups know the socio-economic importance of Loranthaceae due to the lack of ethnobotanical studies on these species. In order to contribute to the enhancement and sustainable management of Loranthaceae parasites of woody plants, an approach combining two methods was adopted. One, based on surface surveys and the other on an ethnobotanical survey relating to local knowledge of Loranthaceae in 9 Subdivisions of the Far North Region of Cameroon. In total, 4 genera (Agelanthus, Globimetula, Phragmanthera and Tapinanthus) and 7 parasitic species (Agelanthus dodoneifolius, Globimetula braunii, Phragmanthera capitata, Tapinanthus bangwensis, T. belvisii, T. globiferus and T. ophiodes) have been inventoried on the Mandara Mountains. It also appears that these parasitic species are used in pharmacopoeia in medicinal and magico-religious recipes (45.56%), to treat infertility (32.70%) and mental disorders (32.36%). The results also showed that Mangifera indica (35.74%) and Senna singueana (34.41%) are the hosts of most solicited parasites. They also revealed that the commercialisation of Loranthaceae constitutes a source of economic income and an important resource in pharmacopoeia for the local populations of the Mandara Mountains. These results could serve as a reference of strategies for the sustainable exploitation and conservation of this plant diversity.Keywords: Loranthaceae, parasitic species, pharmacopoeia, Mandara mountains, Cameroon.

The relationship between mistletoes and their host trees constitutes one of the unique host–parasite interactions in ecosystems. Most West African studies have reported on the parasitic nature of the relationship between Tapinanthus dodoneifolius mistletoes and Parkia biglobosa trees. However, there is little on bird species’ use and subsequent dispersal of the mistletoe on P. biglobosa, and consequently, we investigated aspects of this relationship in the present study. We conducted our study in Amurum Forest Reserve, located in the central part of Nigeria, from May to September 2017. The study area consists of a mosaic of savanna, gallery forest, and rocky outcrops. Of the bird community in this area, the yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus had the highest number of visits to T. dodoneifolius fruits, while the Senegal Eremomela Eremomela pusilla spent the most time foraging on the fruits. Four sunbird species were recorded feeding on T. dodoneifolius flowers for nectar; all but the Copper Sunbird Cinnyris cupreus were observed opening the flowers of T. dodoneifolius. Other bird species were recorded foraging on insects on T. dodoneifolius, and some simply perching on twigs or pecking on mistletoe fruits. This was a mutualistic relationship between the respective bird species and the mistletoe. This indirectly benefitted the parasitised host by attracting potential pollinators, seed dispersers, and insectivores for the host, hence, improving the rate of visitation to the host. These patterns of visitation behaviours highlighted the ecological importance of T. dodoneifolius within the reserve, particularly in enhancing the survival of other taxa within the reserve. Findings from this study contribute to developing more-nuanced conservation strategies for mixed high savannah habitat types across the tropics.

The parasitism of parasitic vascular plants of the Loranthaceae family is an ecological problem due to the high number of woody host and fruit species that they parasitize. The aim of this study is to contribute to knowledge of the woody plants which host epiphytoid parasites (Loranthaceae) in agrosystems based on cocoa trees. The inventories by surface survey and itinerant methods, completed with direct observations were carried out. In total, 73 host species of Loranthaceae were inventoried in cocoa trees in the department of Daloa. This taxonomic diversity of hosts, distributed in 55 genera and 22 families is infested by 4 parasitics (Globimetula dinklagei subsp. assiana, Phragmanthera capitata, Tapinanthus bangwensis and T. globiferus) Among these parasites, T. bangwensis is the most frequent and abundant on the hosts. The infestation rate of the inventoried host trees and shrubs is of the order of 29.46% and the infestation intensity is 2.98 tufts/tree. Among the host cohort, 21.92% of fruit species economically important to farmers are heavily parasitized.

Mistletoes are parasitic flowering plants that attack plants like cocoa and kill branches distal to point of attachment. Consequently, cocoa farmers incorporate trees to provide shade to limit germ...

Loranthaceae are hemiparasitic vascular plants that develop on other woody species. They are used in traditional medicine to treat various pathologies. The present study is a contribution to the knowledge of the medicinal potential of Loranthaceae used in care by Agni Sanwi of Aboisso and Maferé, in the South-East of Côte d'Ivoire. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted with 50 herbalists and 17 traditional healers using semi-structured interviews. Three (3) species (Globimetula braunii,Phragmanthera capitataandTapinanthus bangwensis) divided into 3 genera used to treat 35 diseases were identified. They have been cited in the formulation of several remedies. Malaria, typhoid fever, diarrhea and fontanelle were the most commonly reported conditions. Leaves and leafy twigs are the main organs used. The decoction has been predominant in the acquisition of remedies. The drink was the most cited as a method of administering treatments. The Frequency of Citations (FC) of the Loranthaceae employed in the care and medicinal Informant Agreement Ratio (med.IARs) of the respondents were determined.T. bangwensishad the highest FC (95.52%) andmed.IARs(0.73). The therapeutic potentials of Loranthaceae have been highlighted and deserve to be popularized through complementary phytochemical investigations.

In Côte d'Ivoire, tree crops are an important source of agricultural income. Unfortunately, the disquieting expansion of Loranthaceae is observed on many annuity crops like cocoa trees, coffee trees and rubber trees. This situation can harm the economy generated by the activity out coming from these speculations. The aim of this study is therefore, to know the diversity of Loranthaceae and to determine the extent of their infestation on crops, in rural area on the periphery of the University Jean Lorougnon Guédé. The inventories were carried out by surface and roving survey methods coupled with direct observations on individuals of cocoa trees, coffee trees and rubber trees. In total, 3 species of Loranthaceae:Globimetula danglagei,Phragmanthera capitatavar.capitataandTapinanthus bangwensis(T. bangwensis) were inventoried in the plantations.T. bangwensisis the most abundant parasite on crops. Forty-one host species divided into 34 genera and 21 families have been identified within the plantations. The Fabaceae (19.51%) and the Malvaceae (9.75%) are the most infested families. On cocoa trees, coffee trees and rubber trees, the parasitism of Loranthaceae respectively indicated the following pairs of values (incidence and severity index): (42.86±7.02% and 33.99±7.10%), (25.93±11.65% and 21.92±3.11%) and (6.38±0.97% and 6.72±1.55%). The results indicated a significant difference between the incidences of infestation, the crop severity index as a function of Diameter Breast Height (DBH). The incidence of Loranthaceae infestation on all the annuity crops is around 24.93±17.20% and the severity index is 20.88±12.47%.&nbsp

Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, was isolated from hexane and ethyl acetate solvent system. In antiquity, the stem and leaf infusion of Tapinanthus globiferus has been used ethno-medicinally as a remedy for stomach ache, diarrhea, dysentery, and wounds. Lupeol isolation from this species was carried out by column chromatography after concentrating the crude extract using a rotary evaporator, and the structure was determined by analysis of the isolate by IR, 13CNMR, 1HNMR, HSQC, and HMBC spectral analysis as well as comparison with reported data. This is the first isolation of lupeol from the stem of this species. Keywords: Tapinanthus globiferus, Column chromatography, dysentery, Lupeol

The high prevalence and disease burden of anxiety disorders against the paucity and liabilities of existing anxiolytics indicates a need for the discovery of additional/new anti-anxiety agents. However, it is necessary to further screen these new/putative anxiolytic compounds/extracts to rule out the unwanted neurobehavioural toxicities inherent in the existing anti-anxiety drugs. Aqueous methanol leaf extract of Tapinanthus globiferus growing on Azadirachta indica host tree has previously demonstrated significant (p0.05) alterations in spontaneous locomotor activity, motor coordination/balance, sleep onset or duration, but dose-dependent and significant (p

Similar pharmacodynamic mechanism(s) often underlie drug actions and toxicities of anxiolytic agents and medicinal extracts. Extracts of Tapinanthus globiferus and related plant species have been reported with anxiolytic activities. But mechanistic evaluations on these plant extracts are few. This study investigated the anxiolytic mechanism(s), including the corticosterone-attenuating effect, of hydroalcoholic Tapinanthus globiferus (HATG) leaf extract harvested from Azadirachta indica host tree in the mouse elevated zero-maze and restraint-induced acute stress paradigms using per cent open segment time (%OST) and brain/plasma corticosterone levels as endpoints, respectively. The results show that anxiolytic activity (%OST) of 150 mg/kg HATG leaf extract was reversed by pretreatment with 5 mg/kg caffeine (HATG alone, 10.90±1.73;HATG+Caffeine, 8.66±1.74), 2 mg/kg methysergide (MTD) (HATG alone, 98.70±14.98; HATG+MTD, 74.20±10.82) and 5 mg yohimbine (HATG alone, 120.10±10.72; HATG+Yohimine, 78.44±13.92) but not by 0.5 m/kg atropine (HATG alone, 104.60±25.31; HATG+Atropine, 105.40±11.85), 0.5 mg/kg flumazenil (HATG alone,80.27±9.69; HATG+Flumazenil, 80.75±10.19), 2 mg/kg cyproheptadine (HATG alone, 88.67±16.44; HATG+Cyproheptadine, 92.11±12.58), 0.2 mg/kg haloperidol (HATG alone, 74.11±17.33; HATG+Haloperidol, 94.00±32.54) and 5 mg/kg naloxone (HATG alone, 94.30±10.84; HATG+Naloxone, 95.30±6.86). The results also indicate HATG leaf extract (at 50, 150, 500 and 1500 mg/kg) caused largely dose-dependent and significant (p

A survey was conducted to assess the flora affected by mistletoe species and the identification of chlorophyll pigments in Sokoto State University. This study aimed at surveying the flora affected by mistletoe species and identifies their chlorophyll pigments within the Sokoto State University campus. The area of the study was demarcated into three sampling sites, in accordance of the species studied and their infestation on trees by mistletoes. The species of mistletoe, Tapinanthus globiferus, was common to all the three types of trees (Azadirachta indica, Psidium guajava, and Acacia nilotica). A. nilotica had the highest rate of infestation by mistletoe (T. globiferus) with the percentage of 85.7% in area A, 91.7% in area B, and 82.3% in area C. The estimation of pigment content of chlorophyll in mistletoe leaves showed that all the mistletoe found on the three different types of trees had the same pigment content of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotene.

Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich) Tiegh (Loranthacae) is a semi-parasitic plant growing on several plant species such as Vitex doniana. it is used in ethno-medicine for the treatment of fungal infection, itching, hypertension, ulcers, epilepsy, diabetes and cancer. The aim of this study was to isolate bioactive compound(s) from the leaf of T. globiferus. The powdered plant material was extracted with 90% methanol using maceration method and the resulting crude methanol leaf extract was partitioned into n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions. The ethylacetate fraction was chromatographed on a silica gel and sephadex LH-20 column which led to the isolation of two flavonoids, and the identity of the compounds was determined on the basis of chemical test and NMR analysis. Based on the 1D and 2D NMR data, the compounds were 2-(3’4’-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromane-4-one (quercetin) and 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-(3-methylhexyl)-4H-chromen-4-one. This is the first report of isolation of these compounds from T. globiferus growing on Vitex doniana.

Loranthaceae are parasitic vascular plants that live and thrive at the expense of other woody plants. They proliferate on various woody plants and pose a threat to the host. It seemed important to know the pest species implicated in plantations. The target of this study is to identify Loranthaceae in plantations in periurban areas of Daloa to determine their phenology, to know their ecological habitat and to identify the damage caused to hosts, in order to raise the alarm bell the destructive impact of this plant biodiversity on other woody plants. Surveys and botanical inventory carried out on 25 plantations made it possible to identify three species divided into two (2) genera of which the most distributed on all the plantations prospected was Tapinanthus bangwensis (100% presence). The results of the phenophase observations of the three species showed that they overlap in duration and are not independent of each other. Five major damage was observed. Complete defoliating of host branches (45%) and drying of parasitized branches (32.7%) were the predominant damage observed. Knowledge of the phenology of these parasitic species could be used to develop strategies for the effective control of their spreading at favorable times.

The Loranthaceae, commonly referred to "mistletoe from Africa†are used by communities of Cameroon for their numerous therapeutic virtues. The study examined the local various uses of Loranthaceae species in Diamare plain of Cameroon. Participatory rural appraisal method was used with 130 persons, namely traditional healers, breeders, farmers and foresters in order to identify the local uses of Loranthaceae species. We used itinerary botanical survey method in thirty-two (32) villages for the inventory of Loranthaceae species. In each village, two (02) itineraries (1000 m x 20 m) were realized on account of one itinerary in an agrosystem and one itinerary in a natural site. Results revealed five categories of uses of Loranthaceae: human traditional pharmacopoeia, fodder, magical use, ritual use and veterinary medicine. Knowledge of Loranthaceae uses was broadly influenced by age of respondents, traditional healers and people over 41 years old were the major libraries of knowledge on Loranthaceae. Human traditional pharmacopoeia (96.92%) and magical use (82.30%) were the most important categories of uses. Nine Loranthaceae species were inventoried in natural and agrosystem sites, namely Agelanthus dodoneifolius (DC.) Polh. & Wiens, Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich.) Tiegh., T. oleifolius (J.C.Wendl.), T. ophiodes (Sprague) Danser and T. voltensis Van Tiegh. ex Balle, Phragmanthera sp., Tapinanthus sp1., Tapinanthus sp2. and Tapinanthus sp3. . The most parasitized species with high rate of parasitism and vulnerability were Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (58.33%; 6.98%), Acacia albida Del. (45.03%; 13.97%), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (39.05%; 18.03%), Psidium guajava L. (29.62%; 5.10%) and Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. (26.31%; 6.36%). Rate of parasitism and rate of vulnerability were positively but weakly correlated (Kendall, r = 0.09).

Background: Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich) Teigh. (Loranthaceae) is an excellent medicinal plant in terms of efficacy and also traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases including inflammations, cancer, diabetes and strokes. This study was designed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts of T. globiferus in wistar rats and identify phytochemical constituents of the extracts responsible for the observed activity. Methods: Tapinanthus globiferus leaves was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis, toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in wistar rats. Piroxicam (20 mg/kg) was used as reference standard. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with significant level set at p≤0.05. Results: The percentage yield from the gradient extraction of T. globiferus leaves showed methanol to be the highest and the chromatographic analysis visualized with specific reagents confirmed the presence of steroids/triterpenes, phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the leaf of T. globiferus. LD50 was above 2,000 mg/kg and no death was recorded. The hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts of T. globiferus at 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg produced a significant decrease in paw oedema (p≤0.05) with percentage inhibition at the first and third hour for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract respectively. The methanol extracts recorded the highest inflammatory inhibition percentage. Conclusion: These finding revealed that the leaf of T. globiferus has anti-inflammatory activity and this justified its traditional use in the treatment of inflammation.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease which treatment remains a challenge, due to adverse effects caused by conventional medicines. The study assesses the effects of aqueous extract of Tapinanthus globiferus leaves on complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rat. Rheumatoid arthritis was induced by inoculation of 0.1 mL of CFA under the plantar aponeurosis of rat. Animals were daily treated for 10 days with distilled water (10 mL/kg), sodium diclofenac (5 mg/kg) and aqueous extract of T. globiferus at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Healthy animals received distilled water (10 mL/kg). The volume of edema of the hind paw was measured using a plethysmometer. At the end of the treatment the animals were sacrificed, blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. Some organs such as liver, kidney and tibiotarsal joint were used for biochemical and histological analyses. The administration of the aqueous extract of T. globiferus to diseased rats significantly alleviated physiological impairement by reducing of paw volume (p < 0.001), protecting animals from anemia (p < 0.001), leukocytosis (p < 0.001), transaminases activity increasing (p < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.01) and hypercreatininemia (p < 0.001). The plant extract has improved the antioxidant status of animals (p < 0.001) and the architectural organisation at joint level. The beneficial effects generated by the aqueous extract of T. globiferus leaves against the physiological dysfunctions caused by CFA justify its current use in the traditional treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the antioxidative properties of the mistletoe plant obtained from three different host species namely Psidium guajava, Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa olifera lam. Study Design: Experimental Design Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria. Methodology: Crude methanolic leaf extracts were studied for their antioxidative properties; Iron reducing and Iron-chelating activities, Nitric oxide (NO) radical and 2,2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities and the lipid peroxidation and thiobarbituric acid reaction (TBAR) methods. One way ANOVA was used for the result analysis with P

Leaves of Tapinanthus dodoneifolius is used as traditional medicine for the treatment of menstrual pain, wound, gonorrhea, and control of diarrhea and dysentery which was extracted by cold maceration in methanol. The concentrated methanol extract was subsequently partitioned with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol. Agar well Diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureaus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiela pneumonia, Salmmnella typhi, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Candida albican at different concentrations. Antimicrobial sensitivity test indicated that, the extract inhibited the growth of all microorganisms to varying degrees except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida krusei respectively. The in vitro antimicrobial screening revealed that, the extracts exhibited diverse activities against different microbe’s concentrations ranging from 2.5mg/ml-5mg/ml. The plant extract was found to contain flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides which may be responsible for its antimicrobial properties. The result justifies the traditional use of the plant leaf in the treatment of menstrual pain, sexual transmitted diseases, wounds and control of dysentery and diarrhea.

The infestation of trees by mistletoe is such that urgently call for attention as they reduce the vigor of trees growth and reproduction. In Samaru, a very little or no records is found on the type of mistletoe species found parasitic on tree species. In order to document and know the species richness of mistletoe within this region, the study was aimed at determining the different species of mistletoe parasitic on Albizzia lebbeck, Citrus grandis, Khaya senegalensis, Terminalia mantaly and Terminalia catappa within Samaru, Nigeria. The study site was divided into four sampling areas based on the presence of the studied species, and the infection of the trees by mistletoes. In each of the sampling areas, the leaves of mistletoes found parasitic on each of these tree species were collected. The study indicated that from all the sampling areas, A. lebbeck was infected by six different species of mistletoe: Tapinanthus dodoneifolius, Tapinanthus globiferus, Globimetula braunii, Globimetula oreophila, Englerina lecardii and Tapinanthus belvisii; C. grandis, T. catappa and T. mantaly each had four different species found parasitic on them, and K. senegalensis had three different mistletoes species parasitic on it. A. lebbeck had the highest number of different mistletoe species found parasitic on it while K. senegalensis had the lowest. G. braunii and T. globiferus were the most common mistletoe species found parasitic on all the targeted host trees while T. dodoneifolius was found parasitic only on A. lebbeck and T. catappa and E. lecardii was found parasitic only on A. lebbeck and C. grandis respectively in the study area. In conclusion, among the studied tree species, A. lebbeck was the most vulnerable to mistletoe attack in the study area and G. braunii and T. globiferus were less host specific.

Background: This study aims at evaluating the phytochemicals composition at the host-parasite interfaces of parasitic plant Tapinanthus globiferus (mistletoe) and four host plants. Wood tissues of the hosts and the parasite at the host-parasite interface were collected and analyzed to determine the presence secondary metabolites. Results: The result showed that flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides were present in the plants and parasite samples. The results revealed higher concentration of flavonoids (P < 0.05) in the parasite of C. acuminata (1190.33 ± 48.23 mgQE/g) and P. macrophylla (1482.55 ± 31.35 mgQE/g) than in the host plant. Saponins was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the parasites as compared to their respective host. Conclusion: At the host-parasite interface, significantly higher phytochemicals in the wood portion of T. globiferus was observed as compared to the host plants wood; however, the variability in phytochemical content of T. globiferus is dependent on the host. Therefore, milestoe would be a better source of bioactive compounds with high medicinal values than their host plants if explored further.

La presente etude vise a evaluer les maladies et les plantes vasculaires du karite (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn) dans les savanes Soudanienne (SS) et Nord guineenne (SNG) du Benin. Pour ce faire, quarante sites au total ont ete prospectes au cours du mois de juillet 2018. Sur chaque site, l’incidence et la severite des symptomes de maladies, la densite et la distribution des plantes vasculaires ont ete etudiees. Des echantillons de feuilles malades, des plantes vasculaires du karite ont ete preleves pour lʼidentification au laboratoire. Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pestalotiopsis sp, Xanthomonas sp ont ete les agents pathogenes identifies. Les valeurs d’incidence etaient elevees dans la SS (59,6% L. theobromae, et de 42,2% Xanthomonas sp) et dans la SNG (67,5% Pestalotiopsis sp et de 55% L. theobromae). Les valeurs de severite etaient elevees dans la SS (39% L. theobromae et de 30,6% Xanthomonas sp) et dans la SNG (54,7% Pestalotiopsis sp et 43% L. theobromae). Les donnees collectees sur la densite des plantes vasculaires ont montre une Orchidiaceae holo-epiphyte (Calyptrochilum christyanum), une Moraceae hemi-epiphyte (Ficus thonningii), une Renonculaceae (Alafia barteri) et deux Loranthaceae (Tapinanthus dodoneifolius, Tapinanthus globiferus). T. dodoneifolius et T. globiferus sont plus repandus avec des taux d’infestation moyens respectifs de 68,67% et de 66,58% et des densites moyennes par plant respectives de 5,64 touffes et de 2,52 touffes. Ainsi, les efforts d’amelioration de la production de karite doivent prendre en compte les strategies de lutte contre ces agents pathogenes et plantes vasculaires. The present study aims to assess diseases and vascular plants of the shea-butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn) in Sudan Savanna (SS) and Northern Guinea Savanna (NGS) of Benin. Thus, forty (40) sites in total were surveyed in July 2018. On each site, incidence and severity of the disease symptoms, and density and distribution of vascular plants of the shea-butter tree were studied. Samples of diseased leaves and vascular plants of the sheabutter tree were collected for laboratory identification. The pathogens Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pestalotiopsis sp) and Xanthomonas sp were identified. The incidence values were high in SS (59.6% L. theobromae and 42.2% Xanthomonas sp) and in NGS (67.5% Pestalotiopsis sp and 55% L. theobromae). The severity values were high in SS (39% L. theobromae and 30.6% Xanthomonas sp) and in NGS (54.7% Pestalotiopsis sp and 43% L. theobromae). Data collected on the density of vascular plants of the shea-butter tree showed one holo-epiphytic Orchidiaceae (Calyptrochilum christyanum), one Moraceae (Ficus thonningii), one Renonculaceae (Alafia barteri) and two Loranthaceae (Tapinanthus dodoneifolius, Tapinanthus globiferus). T. dodoneifolius and T. globiferus were more widespread with respectively infestation rate of 68.67% and 66.58%, and respectively average densities per shea plant of 5.64 tufts and 2.52 tufts. Thus, efforts to improve shea-butter production must take into account strategies for disease pathogens and vacular plants control in the sheabutter parklands in Benin.

Moringa is a common medicinal plant tree with mistletoe infestation and its leaf is widely used as food and traditional medication in alleviating several metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, this study investigated the influence of African mistletoe on the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activities of infested moringa leaf in sucrose induced diabetes in Drosophila melanogaster model. Glucose and triglycerides were evaluated in the flies' hemolymph and all other parameters were evaluated in the tissues. A significant (p < .05) decrease in survival rate and increase in the level of glucose and triglycerides in flies fed with 30% of sucrose when compared with control was obtained. Treated flies had significant (p < .05) positive alteration in the level of glucose, triglycerides, antioxidants (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic), and enzyme activities when compared with normal and sucrose control flies. This study suggests that mistletoe infestation did not alter the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects of the moringa leaf. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This present study has shown that mistletoe infestation did not alter the protective activities of moringa leaf, hence, moringa with or without mistletoe infestation could be taken as functional food to mitigate several metabolic diseases.

Mistotoe (Tapinanthus globiferus) as freshly prepared leaf extract was administered at variable concentration (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) per body weight as dietary supplement to laboratory albino mice via oral gavage for two weeks consecutively. The mice were also simultaneously administered 1.5 mg/kg pesticide precursor (Prontosil). 24 hours after the last day, the mice were sacrificed and chromosome preparations were made from the bone marrow cells. The end-points studied were polychromatic erythrocytes and damage cells. The results indicated that the clastogenicity in the mice fed withTapinanthus globiferusleaf extract reduced significantly (P

Objective: Fungal infections are the major cause of many skin diseases, especially in developing countries. Natural products of medicinal value represent a potential source of chemotherapeutic agents. Tapinanthus globiferus has been used extensively in ethnomedicine for the treatment hypertension, ulcer, cancer, diabetes and fungal infections without a scientific basis. This work was aimed at screening the phytochemical constituents and evaluating the antifungal properties of methanol leaf extract its ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of T. globiferus against some clinical fungal isolates including Candida albicans, Trychophyton mentagrophytes, Trychophyton rubrum and Aspergillus niger using agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution techniques. Methods: Preliminary screening of phytochemical constituents of extract and fractions of T. globiferus indicated the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and triterpenes. Results: The methanol extract and its fractions demonstrated significant (P

Tapinanthus globiferus growing on Ficus glumosa is a plant used locally for the treatment of epilepsy. It is found in West Africa on many tree crops. The present study aims to investigate the anti-kindling and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of T. globiferus. A total of 40 rats were divided into 4 groups (n=10). Groups 1 to 3 received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively, of the extract orally, followed by 35 mg/kg of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) i.p after an hour. Group 4 (control) was given 35 mg/kg of PTZ and normal saline and also observed for 30 min. This was repeated after every 48 h until all rats in the control group became fully kindled, that is, attained a racine score of 4 or 5 on three consecutive occasions. At the end of the experiment, the brain tissues of all rats were removed, homogenized and analyzed for antioxidant effect using lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase and uric acid tests. The extract was observed to significantly (p < 0.001) reduce the development of stage 5 kindling state as compared to the control group. The extract also significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in the group treated with 400 mg/kg and also increased the activity of catalase in the 100 mg/kg treated group as compared to the control. The data obtained from this study suggests that the aqueous extract of T. globiferus growing on F. glumosa may possess bioactive compounds with antikindling and antioxidant effect and this may support its traditional use in the management of epilepsy. Key words: Antikindling, Tapinanthus globiferus, antioxidant, epilepsy, pentylenetetrazole rats.

Seven new pentacyclic triterpenoids, including five oleanane-types designated bangwaoleanenes A–E ( 1 )–( 5 ), and two ursane-types, named bangwaursenes A ( 6 ) and B ( 7 ) together with eight known compounds: 3 β -acetoxy-urs-12,13-ene-11-one ( 8 ), 3 β -acetoxy-11α-hydroxyurs-12,13-ene ( 9 ), 11α,12α-oxidotaraxeryl acetate ( 10 ), β -amyrin acetate ( 11 ), (1 R ,5 S ,7 S )-7-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one ( 12 ) 1-desoxyribose ( 13 ), myo -inisitol ( 14 ), sorbitol ( 15 ), were isolated from the seeds of Tapinanthus bangwensis . The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including one and two dimensional NMR as well as mass spectral data. The antimicrobial activity of compounds 1 , 3 , 5 – 7 , 15 were evaluated in vitro against three strains of bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococus aureus NCTC 10652, Salmonella typhi and one isolated fungi, Candida albicans , using the disc diffusion method. The result showed that all the compounds tested were more sensitive to Gram+ bacteria than Gram-bacteria and yeast. Compound 7 present the highest activity, while compound 12 showed no activity.

The control of angiogenic process is of immense importance to the overall health of mankind to avert out-of-control complications such as tumours and cancers. Tapinanthus bangwensis (TBG) is a semi-parasitic plant with multipurpose uses in Nigerian ethno-medicine among which is its anti-infective properties as well as the anti-tumor and restoration of damaged tissues. Despite the wide and varied uses of TBG, the anti-angiogenic investigation of the plant on different host trees is lacking while the documentation and scientific validation of indigenous knowledge on plants’ use is urgent. The present work focuses on the anti-angiogenic activities of the crude extracts and partitioned fractions of the leaves of Tapinanthus bangwensis (TBG) using the Chick chorio allantoic membrane (CAM) model. The plant was collected from three different host trees namely Albizia lebbeck (AL), Stereospermum kunthianum (SK) and Tabebuia rosea (TR). The methanolic crude extracts and solvent-partitioned fractions of TBG-SK samples were assessed for their anti-angiogenic activities using the chick chorio allantoic membrane (CAM) in ovo and in vitro assay methods respectively. Purification and isolation of major compound(s) in the chloroform fraction of TBG extract obtained from Stereospermum kunthianum host tree (TBG-SK) was carried out using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods (NMR, MS).The crude methanolic extract of TBG-SK was most potent (100% activity) in the CAM in ovo assay while the chloroform fraction produced a significantly (pin vitro CAM assay. The anti-angiogenic chloroform fraction revealed the presence of a UV-active triterpenoid moiety. Findings from this work, has provided some justification for the folkloric use of TBG and thus forms a potential basis for drug discovery for wide-ranging disease states.

Cocoa is an important cash crop grown in about 400,000 ha in Cameroon and its yield remains low in spite of the use of elites’ varieties. Mistletoes are the main production limitation factor. Ecology and diversity of mistletoe are yet to be investigated in some major cocoa production areas of Cameroon. This study aimed to identify the mistletoe species infecting this crop, determine their incidence, severity and distribution, evaluate their possible sources of infection from farmers’ perspectives in the Kumba locality and appropriate management practices for these parasites. A survey was carried out in 2018, whereby samples of mistletoe on 9-17 years old cocoa plants were collected from 30 farms in 10 villages within the Kumba environs. Voucher specimens were taken for identification at the Limbe Botanic Gardens. A total of 7,279 plants were examined randomly in 3 farms per village and data obtained, analyzed using descriptive analysis and ANOVA. Three mistletoe species were identified: Phragmanthera lapathifolia, Phragmanthera batangae, and Tapinanthus globiferus. All the 10 villages surveyed, were infested with either of the parasites with Kake I having the highest incidence of 43.11% and with all the mistletoe species. Phragmanthera lapathifolia the most abundant (21.43%) of the 2,290 plants were infested. ANOVA at (P =.01;.05) showed that the local cocoa variety, Forastero was significantly susceptible than the hybrid, Trinitario. 86.6% of farmers identified birds as the main element of mistletoe dispersal; 93.3%mentioned that pruning of infected branches is best control for mistletoe. This study has established that three mistletoe parasites infest cocoa plantations in Kumba and determined their incidence, severity and distribution. Phragmanthera lapathifolia was the most abundant parasite and birds were most involved in mistletoe dispersal.

Tapinanthus bangwensis is a parasitic woody shrub traditionally employed to cure various ailments in Nigeria including leprosy, rickets, rheumatism, cough, skin and respiratory diseases. The crude organic extracts of T. bangwensis were subjected to bioassays - cytotoxicity antibacterial and antidiabetic. The cytotoxicity assay was carried out using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT), the antibacterial activity was performed against five micro-organisms - Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiellia rhinoscheromatis, Staphyloccocus aureus and Bacillus subtilis using agar diffusion procedure while anti-diabetic potential was determined using alloxan-induced Swiss male albino rat with automated glucometer. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of the plant was done using standard procedure. LC values for BSLT ranged from 12.38to 189.84 µg/mL with ethyl 50 acetate extract of leaves having the lowest value12.38 µg/mL. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of both stem and leaves showed moderate to strong antibacterial activities. There was reduction of 71.8 % in the blood glucoses level of alloxan-induced rats on day 3 while glibenclimade gave 53.0 %. All the extracts exhibited significant reduction (P˂0.05)in the blood glucose level of hyperglyceamic alloxan-induced rats. Phytochemical investigation of the extracts revealed the presence of tannins, steroids, anthraquinones and glycosides while alkaloids and flavonoids were absent.

The search for new natural antioxidants has grown tremendously over the years because reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress have been linked to a large number of human degenerative diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Tapinanthus bangwensis, a parasitic plant commonly known as mistletoe is employed traditionally to treat cancer, diabetes and hypertension. In this study, air-dried pulverized leaves and stem of Tapinanthus bangwensis were successively extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol to give the corresponding crude extracts. The extracts were purified by column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Structural elucidation was done using mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infra-red, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Friedelin, eudesmic acid and methyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate were isolated and characterized. Friedelin was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the stem while the two other compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to evaluate their antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid as standard. The percentage free radical scavenging activities of the compounds are as follows: Friedelin, 73.69, methyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate, 79.33 and eudesmic acid, 87.68 which were quite comparable to 93.96 given by ascorbic acid. To the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of friedelin and eudesmic acid in Tapinanthus bangwensis is being reported for the first time. The high antioxidant activity of these compounds supports the use of this plant in the management of diabetes and hypertension among other ailments.

The infestation of trees by mistletoe within Samaru is very high and alarming and there is little or no records on the type of mistletoe species found parasitic on tree species within this area. In order to document and know the species richness of mistletoe within this region, the study was aimed at determining the different species of mistletoe parasitic on Albizzia lebbeck, Citrus grandis, Khaya senegalensis, Terminalia mantaly and Terminalia catappa within Samaru, Nigeria. The study site was divided into four sampling areas based on the presence of the studied species, and the infection of the trees by mistletoes. In each of the sampling areas, the leaves of mistletoes found parasitic on each of these tree species were collected. The study indicated that from all the sampling areas, A. lebbeck was infected by six different species of mistletoe: Tapinanthus dodoneifolius, Tapinanthus globiferus, Globimetula braunii, Globimetula oreophila, Englerina lecardii and Tapinanthus belvisii; C. grandis, T. catappa and T. mantaly each had four different species found parasitic on them, and K. senegalensis had three different mistletoes species parasitic on it. A. lebbeck had the highest number of different mistletoe species found parasitic on it while K. senegalensis had the lowest. G. braunii and T. globiferus were the most common mistletoe species found parasitic on all the targeted host trees while T. dodoneifolius was found parasitic only on A. lebbeck and T. catappa and E. lecardii was found parasitic only on A. lebbeck and C. grandis respectively in the study area. In conclusion, among the studied tree species, A. lebbeck was the most vulnerable to mistletoe attack in the study area and G. braunii and T. globiferus were less host specific. Key words: Distribution, host range, mistletoe, Samaru.

To find the alternate ones with insecticides of synthesis, the extracts of plants are more and more used by the peasants to protect stocks from harvest against the devastating insects. Small fireclay cups phytochimic and insecticidal are made on three plants (Crataeva religiosa, Ficus thonningii and Tapinanthus bangwensis). The identification of the active ingredients present in the three plants show that they contain polyphenols, flavonoides, alkaloids, tannins, saponosides, etc. The insecticidal tests showed that the extract with the chloroform (HEY) of Crataeva religiosa is effective on Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophilus zeamais while extracts with cyclohexan (EC) and methanolic (EM) are effective only on Callosobruchus maculatus. It sucked shown that the extract with chloroform gives a better mortality rate and that Callosobruchus maculatus is more sensitive to the treatments the strong amount (50 mg/mL). For the study of emergences, the methanolic extract of the sheets of Crataeva religiosa ensures a better protection of the medium on Sitophilus zeamais. It was also shown that the extracts with the cyclohexane and methanolic of Ficus thonnigii are more effective on Callosobruchus maculatus. Thus, the methanolic extract (EM) of Ficus thonningii reduces considerably the number of insects emerged in the short run on Callosobruchus maculatus. The tests relating to Tapinanthus bangwensis showed that the extracts cyclohexanic, chloroformic and methanolic are effective on Sitophilus zeamais. The extracts with the cyclohexan and the methanol of Tapinanthus bangwensis reduce considerably the number of insects emerged on Sitophilus zeamais and long-term. Broadly Tapinanthus bangwensis is more effective on the two studied insects and Callosobruchus maculatus is the species most sensitive to the treatments. It is thus the most promising plant.

In order to find alternative to synthetic pesticides, plants are increasingly used by farmers to protect stocks against crop pests. Thus, phytochemical and biological tests are performed on three organic extracts (cyclohexan, chloroform and methanol) of Tapinanthus bangwensis. The data were analyzed by the General Linear Model procedure using the software Minitab 16. These results showed that the methanol extract gives a better insecticidal activity on Sitophilus zeamais. RIZA software was used to calculate the LC50 of each extract. The cyclohexane extract gives an LC50 of 2.66 mg/ml after 18 days of treatment, while the chloroform extract and methanol respectively give LC50 of 4.49 mg/ml and 6.99 mg/ml after 19 and 20 days of treatment.

Aqueous preparations of the whole plant of Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (DC) Danser growing on Parkia biglobosa tree are used by the nomads in Northern part of Nigeria for managing malaria, and many other ailments example, diabetes, fever, diarrhoea and wounds. To date, there are no efficacy or safety studies carried out to support its ethno-medicinal use in malaria management. This study aims to investigate the pharmacological activity of the plant relevant to the symptomatic treatment of malaria. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation of methanol extract of Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (MCETD) produced six fractions (TDF1 –TDF6). Three concentrations of the MCETD (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight); and TDF3 (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were evaluated for anti-plasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei parasite in mice using three models: early (suppressive) infection, established (curative) infection and residual (repository, prophylactic) infection. Normal saline and Chloroquine phosphate were used as negative and positive controls respectively. All three models used showed that both the methanol whole plant extract of T. dodoneifolius and TDF3 fraction produced significant (p< 0.01) and dose-dependent chemo-suppressive effect when compared with the negative control group. They also produced a reduction in parasite count and a significant (p< 0.01) and dose-dependent increase in the survival times of the infected mice as compared to the negative untreated group. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrate, tannins, flavonoids, anthracene, cardiac glycosides, saponin glycosides, steroid and triterpenes. The oral and intraperitoneal medium lethal doses (LD50) were estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg and 3800 mg/kg respectively. The results suggest the presence of pharmacologically active constituents in the extract with anti-plasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei that justifies its use in malaria ethno-medicine. Key words: Tapinanthus dodoneifolius, Plasmodium berghei, anti-plasmodial activity, ethno-medicine, malaria.

Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus plasmodium Common species associated with human malaria include parasites likeP Vivax P falciparum P ovale P malariae and P Knowlesi in some cases The disease poses a significant threat to public health worldwide Factors like high cost toxicity absence of vaccines hinders the malarial control The leaves of Tapinanthus dodoneifolius were obtained aseptically from Parkia biglobosa air died and crude extracts were prepared by soxlet extraction in the presence of acetone and ethanol as solvents Phytochemical screening of the extracts was performed before treating P berghei ininfected mice The antiplasmodial activity was determined by parasitaemia count through microscopy Results were expressed as Mean and Standard Error of Mean accompanied by Ducan s Mutlple comparison test Phytochemical constituents of the extracts identified include Alkaloids Flavinoids Carbohydrates Fats and Oils Proteins Phytosterols Saponins Phenolic Compounds and Tanins The leaves crude extracts were non toxic to mice while their antiplasmodial activity dose dependent The Parasitaemia of the treated mice responded positively resulting in a significant decrease of parasitaemia from the rd day to the thday The mean survival time of the mice were enhanced by acetone and ethanol extracts respectively The leaves ofTapinanthus dodoneifolius possess anti plasmodial activity and can be used as alternative source for treating malaria Hygienically prepared extracts of the leaves for medicinal use is safe for consumption However further investigations regarding their safety are necessary

The pharmacological effects of medicinal plants are due to the presence of certain chemical compounds present in them. Previous studies have shown that crude extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis ( T. bangwensis) possess hepatocurative potential. However, the present study aims on evaluating the antioxidant activity as well as identifying the chemical compounds in ethylacetate fraction of T. bangwensis that ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Six subfractions of ethylacetate fraction were obtained by column chromatography. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH), biochemical assay determined by spectrophotometry, and compound elucidation by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis. The DPPH result shows that subfraction F0 exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity followed by F4 while F1 exhibited the lowest. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg body weight of the subfractions of ethylacetate fraction of T. bangwensis increases superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and also glutathione level and decreases malondialdehyde level compared to the positive control group. Subsequently, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin were reduced while albumin and total protein levels increased compared to the positive control group. However, there were no significant differences between the positive control group and the group induced and treated with the subfractions at p < 0.05. The histopathology study shows normal hepatocyte distribution with no fat deposit in the induced and treated groups while fatty liver was observed in the positive group. The anti-hepatotoxic effect was higher in F4 than in other subfraction treated groups. Hence, the LC-MS analysis of F4 reveals the presence of 8-hydroxyluteolin-8-glucoside, Avicularin, Fisetin-7-glucoside, Isoscutellarein-7-xyloside, and Isovitexin, respectively, and has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and hepatocurative activities. It can be concluded that the hepatocurative effect could be due to the chemical compounds identified above.

Health forecasters predict that cases of diabetes will double in 2030; hence proactive action is required to salvage this problem. Thus, this study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicological and anti-diabetic potential of n-hexane extract of T. bangwensis leaves on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity. The phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity as well as the inhibitory effect of the plant extract was determined by UV-spectrophotometry method while brine shrimp and Allium cepa methods were used for the toxicity study. Preliminary phytochemical screening detected the presence of flavonoid, phenol, tannin, alkaloid and cardiac glycoside whereas phlobatanin, steroid, terpenoid and saponin were absent. The result also showed that flavonoid concentration was the highest compared to others. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) results showed that the plant extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity particularly at the highest concentration (100 µg/ml). Brine shrimp lethality result showed that the highest mortality rate of nauplii and median inhibition concentration (IC50) are 97% and 7.46 ± 0.33 µg/ml respectively. Furthermore, the results also revealed that mitotic index, root growth length and mitotic division (cytotoxicity indicators) decreased as concentration increases. Finally, the results showed that the plant extract exhibited significant inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities at 100 µg/ml; nevertheless, the effect was higher on α-amylase than α-glucosidase activity. In summary, the significant antioxidant and inhibitory effects may be attributed to the presence of the phytochemicals mentioned above. It can therefore be concluded that T. bangwensis leaves may demonstrate potent anti-diabetic effect.

In Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst natural stands, we studied the association of parasitic plants with B. papyrifera trees from which frankincense was tapped and marketed for domestic and export markets. Data on the rate of infection of parasitic plants on B. papyrifera was collected in three transects located at separate locations around Baha kar, northern Ethiopia. Each transect had ten circular sample plots of 400 m2 and separated by 100 m. Species composition, DBH, height, crown diameter, number of main, secondary and tertiary branches and number of parasitic plants on individual trees were recorded. Sixteen tree species were recorded in the combined sample plots. The parasitic plant associated with B. papyrifera was identified as Tapinanthus globiferus. This parasite infected 38% of Boswellia trees in sample plots. The infection rate of the parasitic plant varied from 1 to 33 per Boswellia tree. The infection of T. globiferus on B. papyrifera was predominantly limited to tertiary small branchlets arising from secondary branches; parasitic plants were absent on thick main and secondary branches. In all plots, infection of T. globiferus was exclusively limited to Boswellia trees. The influence of T. globiferus parasitism on growth of Boswellia trees and its influence on yield of incense production needs further investigation. Management of natural stands for frankincense production should include measures to reduce infection by T. globiferus.