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The article is devoted to the basic structure of the Chernihiv Diocese in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Church parishes performed the key function of diocesan administration and church service at the local level. The article examines the issues of forms and methods of formation of the church clergy. Issues of powers of the church clergy are being considered. It depended on church reforms carried out during the 19th century. Peculiarities of its composition and activity are studied. The government and the Holy Synod followed the path of optimizing church communion. They reduced the number of parishes and condensed the church clergy. All this was done in order to save state funds. The maintenance of the church clergy depended almost entirely on the parishioners. According to the author's observations, the Ukrainian parish at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries. began to lose her previously inherent ability to self-organize. The spread of serfdom, the draining of economic and human resources by the state, and the state's guardianship of the Orthodox Church led to some indifference of a significant part of the parishioners to the internal church and parish life (not to the sacred). Poverty, destitution, and hopelessness were caused by two things: the tendency toward social isolation and the loss of church estates and lands as a result of expropriation by the government of the Russian Empire. Both the clergy and the imperial authorities were guilty of the first reason. The clergy wanted it, the state encouraged it. The second reason lies entirely with the responsibility of the empire. The absolute majority of candidates for the priesthood consisted of young people, graduates of seminaries, or those who did not graduate from seminary. The systematic practice of “approving” or simply agreeing with the community/parish of the candidacy of the priest and other members of the parish continued until the parish reform of the 1840s. Then for some time the believers tried to preserve this practice. Single complaints against priests or appeals against personnel appointments in parishes continued to occur, but from the second half of the 19th century. the bishop independently decided in the diocese who to appoint to which place of communion, he could go to the meeting at the request of the community, but the request was not a priority. &nbsp

The article is sanctified to the structure of management of the Chernihiv diocese in ХІХ – at the beginning ХХ of century the Spiritual rules and decanat (decanat advices), as collective judicial-administrative organs, performed the key duty of diocese management at district and local level. They executed the enormous amount of various functions and were a relating link between the diocese authority and parishes. Spiritual rules prevailed in the first half of ХІХ to the century, that held out largely due to a local clergy. By the middle of the XIX century. all the spiritual reigns of the Chernihiv eparchy ceased to exist because, generated by the Cossack epoch of Ukrainian church history, they proved to be superfluous in the new imperial realities. But, a key role more subzero level decanat advices that was formed by elections in each to decanat neighbourhood began to play the. The amount of districts in the Chernihiv diocese changed from time to time. At the beginning ХХ of century came into question of reformation of church management, in particular, and decanat of advices. Deaneries and directly charitable councils (a charitable and two assistants), created by the election of clergy and clergymen of the charitable district, played an important role in the structure of the diocesan administration. They represented the local ecclesiastical authorities, administered and initially prosecuted parish stories, and performed various organizational duties. At the beginning of the twentieth century, during the period of revolutionary events, preparations for the Local Church Council, the democratization of church life was planned. In this context, the issue of reforming church administration, in particular, charitable councils, was discussed. It was envisaged to extend their plenary powers. &nbsp

The article is sanctified to the structure of management of the Chernihiv diocese in ������ ��� at the beginning ���� of century the Spiritual rules and decanat (decanat advices), as collective judicial-administrative organs, performed the key duty of diocese management at district and local level. They executed the enormous amount of various functions and were a relating link between the diocese authority and parishes. Spiritual rules prevailed in the first half of ������ to the century, that held out largely due to a local clergy. By the middle of the XIX century. all the spiritual reigns of the Chernihiv eparchy ceased to exist because, generated by the Cossack epoch of Ukrainian church history, they proved to be superfluous in the new imperial realities. But, a key role more subzero level decanat advices that was formed by elections in each to decanat neighbourhood began to play the. The amount of districts in the Chernihiv diocese changed from time to time. At the beginning ���� of century came into question of reformation of church management, in particular, and decanat of advices. Deaneries and directly charitable councils (a charitable and two assistants), created by the election of clergy and clergymen of the charitable district, played an important role in the structure of the diocesan administration. They represented the local ecclesiastical authorities, administered and initially prosecuted parish stories, and performed various organizational duties. At the beginning of the twentieth century, during the period of revolutionary events, preparations for the Local Church Council, the democratization of church life was planned. In this context, the issue of reforming church administration, in particular, charitable councils, was discussed. It was envisaged to extend their plenary powers.

A review of existing methods of calculating the dynamic characteristics of the tubular recuperative heat exchangers. It is shown that in order to increase the reliability of the results of calculating the thermal characteristics of heat exchange processes for air heaters, it is expedient to use a mathematical model as an object with distributed parameters. A mathematical model of tubular air heater with a cross flow heat transfer agent, as an object with distributed parameters for different disturbance transition. On the basis of the implicit modification of the numerical method "running account", developed a method to identify indicators of unsteady heat transfer processes tubular air heaters with crossflow heat transfer fluids. Developed a set of programs that allows you to effectively conduct multiple calculations of thermal characteristics air heaters boilers in a wide range of input parameters. The numerical experiments on a mathematical model of tubular air heater and comparing the calculated results with the experimental data of the air heater. The curves of acceleration and temperature distribution and heat transfer tube wall tubular air heaters with one-way and a complex scheme of flow. The resulting graph of the temperature distribution at steady state and dynamic tubular air heaters, which excludes them from the approximate calculation methods for cross-circuit current coolants. The list of parameters that affect the dynamic performance of the air heater and heat their effect on transient and steady-state characteristics. A set of measures to improve the design and patterns include air heaters boilers. Showed that only the use of multiple calculations exploded cross flow can fully account for the effect of uneven temperatures are at the entrance to and inside the heat exchanger., Выполнен обзор существующих методик расчета динамических характеристик рекуперативных трубчатых теплообменных аппаратов. Показано, что для повышения достоверности результатов расчета тепловых характеристик процессов теплообмена воздухоподогревателей целесообразно использовать математическую модель как объекта с распределенными параметрами. На основе модификации неявного численного метода «бегущего счета», разработан метод определения показателей нестационарных процессов теплообмена трубчатых воздухоподогревателей с многоходовой схемой движения теплоносителей. Получены кривые разгона и распределения температур стенок труб трубчатых воздухоподогревателей., Виконано огляд існуючих методик розрахунку динамічних характеристик рекуперативних трубчастих теплообмінних апаратів. Показано, що для підвищення точності результатів розрахунку теплових характеристик процесів теплообміну повітропідігрівників доцільно використовувати математичну модель як об’єкт з розподіленими параметрами. На основі модифікації неявного чисельного методу «рахунок, що біжить», розроблений метод визначення показників нестаціонарних процесів теплообміну трубчастих повітропідігрівників з многоходовою схемою руху теплоносіїв. Отримані криві розгону та розподіл температур стінок труб трубчатіх повітропідігрівників.

This paper demonstrates a self-starting mode-locked fiber laser that incorporates anelectrooptical fiber modulator and exploits soliton compression for picosecond pulsegeneration. The ring laser runs at 1.3 MHz, the pulse duration is ~2 ps and thebandwidth ~1 nm. The laser cavity is all fiber-based and the fiber modulator stabilizespulse formation. QC 20111206

An all-fiber nanosecond risetime polarizationswitch is employed in an Ytterbium cavity. Thepulsed laser operation is polarized and in the1 μm wavelength range. The main optical outputcharacteristics are: repetition rate of 2 kHz,pulse energy of 13 uJ, and peak powers close to 90Watts. QC 20120206

Strain aging occurs in alloys containing solutes that segregate strongly to dislocations. In low-alloy steels (LAS) static strain aging is a process where aging takes place after pre-straining and results in return of Lüders strain. Dynamic strain aging (DSA) is a process where aging is sufficiently rapid to occur during straining and it produces inhomogeneous deformation, serrated yielding. DSA occurs at temperatures of 150-350 °C, where stress-strain curves show serrations, being most marked at 250 °C depending on strain rate. The mechanism of DSA in LAS is explained based on the interstitial (N, C, H) interactions with dislocations and their immobilization. The important role of the accumulation of vacancies, which are diffusion vehicles for the solute atoms, is also considered in case of EAC. In general, activation energy of DSA in LAS is equal to that of N/C diffusion in ferrite. The effects of DSA of LAS are evaluated based on peaks in UTS, hardness and strain hardening rate in the DSA temperature range and minimum of ductility (A, Z) and temperature of peaks decreases with decreasing strain rate. DSA causes an increase in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature following plastic deformation in the DSA temperature range, lowering of the ductile fracture resistance (decrease of tearing modulus) at temperatures within the DSA temperature range, as well as ductile crack instabilities (crack jumps) in the DSA temperature range, decreases low-cycle fatigue resistance and the susceptibility of LAS to EAC coincides with DSA behavior, in terms of temperature and strain rate ranges. The present knowledge of DSA on above mentioned properties of LAS is reviewed and DSA susceptibility of some pressure vessel steels is demonstrated by internal friction method and slow-strain rate tensile testing.