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Copyright of Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue Canadienne des Ressources Hydriques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context and issues: Forecasting the nature and characteristics of training courses offered to healthcare students at the start of the academic year in 2037, in 15 years' time, is a complex and partly speculative exercise. However, some key trends seem to be anticipated. Analysis: The author examines the factors identified as likely to be influential in the healthcare sector by 2040. These cover a wide range of fields: political, economic, social, technological, organizational and managerial, environmental, legal and ethical. In educational terms, he postulates that curricular and pedagogical devices should evolve from a teaching approach to one focused on learning activities, aiming at mastering competencies, appropriating a professional culture and developing a professional identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and issues: The decisions of lockdown made by most countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, almost from one day to the next, initially imposed emergency adaptive measures in response to the need of ensuring educational continuity. This happened without the requirements of such a decision having necessarily been initially analyzed. The question now arises as to the legitimacy and relevance of perpetuating the distance learning modalities that were imposed by the need to overcome the constraints of confinement. Objectives: Each of the two authors argue respectively against or in favor of such a perspective, with regard to both pedagogical principles applicable to health professionals' education and the lessons that can be drawn from experiences reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Stable carbon isotopes (δ (13)C) fixed in tree rings are dependent upon environmental conditions. Old northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) trees were sampled at their northwestern limit of distribution in central Canada. The objectives of the study were (i) to investigate the association between tree-ring δ (13)C values and radial growth in addition to the response of these variables to climate, (ii) to assess site differences between two sites varying in moisture regime, and (iii) to compare tree-ring δ (13)C of T. occidentalis with that of other boreal tree species growing at the northern limit of their distribution in central Canada. Over 2500 tree rings comprised of 15 T. occidentalis trees were analyzed for δ (13)C. Annually resolved δ (13)C (1650-2006) and ring-width (1542-2006) chronologies were developed. During the year of ring formation, ring width was associated with spring and early-summer conditions, whereas δ (13)C was more indicative of overall summer conditions. However, compared with δ (13)C values, ring width was more often associated with climate conditions in the year prior to ring formation. Conditions conducive to moisture stress were important for both parameters. Although ring width and δ (13)C corresponded to the drought intervals of the 1790s, 1840s, 1890s, 1930s, and 1960-1970, ring width may be more responsive to prolonged drought than δ (13)C. Tree-ring δ (13)C could, however, provide important information regarding physio-logical adaptations to drought. Resume: Les isotopes stables du carbone (δ (13)C) fixes dans les cernes annuels des arbres dependent des conditions environ-nementales. De vieilles tiges de thuya occidental (Thuja occidentalis L.) ont ete echantillonnees a la limite nord-ouest de leur aire de repartition dans le centre du Canada. Les objectifs de cette etude consistaient a (i) examiner la relation entre les valeurs de δ (13)C dans les cernes annuels et la croissance radiale en plus de la reaction de ces variables au climat, (ii) evaluer la difference entre stations a partir de deux stations avec differents regimes hydriques et (iii) comparer les valeurs de δ (13)C dans les cernes annuels de T. occidentalis avec celles d'autres especes boreales d'arbre croissant a la limite nord de leur aire de repartition dans le centre du Canada. Plus de 2 500 cernes annuels provenant de 15 tiges de T. occidentalis ont ete analy-ses pour determiner la valeur de δ (13)C. Des valeurs annuelles de δ (13)C (1650-2006) ont ete obtenues et des series dendrochro-nologiques (1542-2006) ont ete elaborees. La largeur du cerne annuel de l'annee courante etait associee aux conditions durant le printemps et le debut de l'ete tandis que la valeur de δ (13)C etait davantage revelatrice des conditions durant l'en-semble de l'ete. Cependant, comparativement aux valeurs de δ (13)C, la largeur des cernes annuels etait plus souvent associee aux conditions climatiques de l'annee precedant la formation du cerne annuel. Les conditions propices a un stress hydrique etaient importantes pour les deux parametres. Bien que la largeur des cernes annuels et la valeur de δ (13)C correspondent aux intervalles de secheresse des annees 1790, 1840, 1890, 1930 et 1960-1970, la largeur des cernes annuels est possiblement plus influencee par une secheresse prolongee que la valeur de δ (13)C. La valeur de δ (13)C des cernes annuels fournit cependant une information importante au sujet des adaptations physiologiques a la secheresse. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Tree-ring chronologies developed from old trees whose ring widths are sensitive to climatic variations are essential in dendroclimatology (Schweingruber 1988). Conventional tree-ring records, i.e., ring-width indices, have been used [...]