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本研究は,目標心拍数を設定した階段上り運動を行い,エネルギー産生における糖代謝の貢献について検討した.カルボーネン法から最大心拍数の65～75%に相当する目標心拍数と目標タイムを設定し,血中乳酸濃度(BLa)と血中グルコース濃度(Glu)を測定した.対象者は60段の階段を上り,1分間の休息を挟んで8セット反復した.その結果,運動中のGluは一定に保たれ,BLaはセットごとに増加した.また,この運動を週3回,3週間継続した結果,全身持久力は向上したが,身体組成および脚筋持久力に変化はなかった.本研究の階段上り運動は全力発揮ではないが,BLaが16mMを示すなど,骨格筋内の解糖系代謝を活性化させることが示唆された., The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of glycolytic metabolism by stair climbing exercise with a target heart rate as a high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT). In addition, we set training period for 3 weeks with 3 times per week and examined the effects on the body composition and endurance performance. The subjects (7 female college students with no exercise habit) climbed 60-steps stairs in approximately 17.5 seconds, rested for 1 minute, and then climbed again, repeating 8 times. The target heart rate corresponding to 65-75% of each subject's maximum heart rate was calculated by the Karvonen Formula, and a target time was set for each subject. After fourth trials, heart rate, blood lactate concentration (BLa) and blood glucose concentration (Glu) were measured during the stair climbing exercise. As a result, in the stair-climbing HIIT with a target heart rate, the time was kept constant and Glu also remained at a steady value. On the other hand, BLa increased with each repetition and showed 16 mM at the 8th repetition. It suggested that stair climbing exercise could specifically activate glycolytic metabolism in the leg muscles. Thus, metabolic utilization of muscle glycogen was particularly enhanced. As on 3 weeks training effects, the body composition was unchanged and endurance performance was increased. Although the stair climbing HIIT in this study was not an all-out exertion exercise, with an average heart rate of 160 bpm, it was suggested to activate glycolytic metabolism in skeletal muscles.

In this paper, the superiority of the adaptive algorithm combined with the wireless transmission wearable sensor device detection of sports information target heart rate algorithm is used to extract a clean sports information target heart rate signal from the interfered source. This method uses adaptive thinking to dynamically capture the characteristics of real-time signals and adjust the optimal parameters of the system. An improved motion information target heart rate extraction algorithm is proposed, which uses automatic weighted averaging to eliminate wave peak misdetection and missed detection. On this basis, an exponential weighted average algorithm with deviation correction is introduced to further correct the sports information target heart rate data obtained by the automatic weighted average algorithm, so that the sports information target heart rate data is more accurate and stable, meeting the real-time output requirements of the system.

Acute aerobic exercise increases the brain cortical activity in alpha frequency. Eye closure also increases alpha activity. However, whether the two have an additive or a synergistic effect on alpha activity has never been explored. This study observed electroencephalography (EEG) from fifteen participants seated on the cycle ergometer before, during, and after a cycling exercise with the eyes open and with them closed. Exercise intensity was set to a target heart rate (120–130 bpm), corresponding to light-to-moderate intensity exercise. Each epoch was 6 min and the last 4 min (eyes closed in the first 2 min and eyes open in the second 2 min) were analyzed. The EEG power spectrum densities were calculated for alpha frequency band activity (8–13 Hz). At rest, alpha activity was significantly greater with the eyes closed than open. Exercise significantly increased alpha activity in both eye conditions. More importantly, in the occipital site, the alpha-increasing effect of their combination was significantly greater than the sum of the effect of each, showing a synergistic effect. We concluded that acute light-to-moderate intensity exercise with the eyes closed has a synergistic effect on alpha activity.

Introduction: Limited activities will increase the risk of sedentary activity, so that it will become a new problem. Exercise is an effort to reduce sedentary activity and reduce boredom, maintain health, and increase the immune system. The right kind of exercise will have a good and bad impact. Therefore, this study aims to look at exercise with a target heart rate, safety and effectiveness, and reduce sedentary effects during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: The data used has been through literature studies obtained from research articles including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. With keywords, including COVID-19 pandemic, sedentary effects, exercise, target heart rate. The data analysis technique used is argumentative, descriptive analysis. Results: Based on the literature view, the writer found ten related articles. This study provides evidence of the effect of exercise with target heart rate both safety and effectiveness for reducing sedentary effect. This article explained that it knows the exercise heart rate that the heart wants to reach and can be accepted by the heart, reduces lipid, increases the immune response, improves fitness and heart health. Conclusion: Exercises can use the target heart rate to provide an overview of the range of training zones you want to achieve and provide safety and effectiveness in exercising, especially the cardiovascular system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the amount of time participants exercised in the target heart rate zone (THRZ) influenced change in blood pressure (BP) one year following a cardiac event. Lifestyle exercise (habitual, small exercise opportunities) and intensity were objectively measured using portable heart rate monitors. Linear mixed models were used to analyze change in BP among 331 participants. Mean BP at baseline was 118/70 mmHg, and both systolic and diastolic BP increased from baseline to one year—4.79 mmHg ( p

The article analyzes the methods of calculating the intensity of aerobic health-improving loads and presents own solution the problem. The effective use of aerobic exercises is based on the formula calculation of the parameters of physical activity corresponding to the individual characteristics of the practitioners, among which one of the most important is intensity. However, the practical application of the proposed formulas indicates that they do not always adequately take into account the most important, in this case, age characteristics and the functional state of the cardiovascular system. The purpose of the research is to develop a method for determining the intensity of aerobic health-improving loads which makes it possible to calculate the target heart rate more adequately than the currently existing options. Among the existing formulas the most adequate for calculating heart rate in the process of health-improving aerobic exercise is Karvonen's formula which takes into account not only age but also heart rate at rest which reflect the functional state of the cardiovascular system. Its advantage lies in the more correct determination of the lower target pulse. The disadvantage of this formula is that it reduces, rather than increases, the upper target pulse due to the increased efficiency of the cardiovascular system. During the theoretical research it was established that it was impossible to develop a single formula that would allow to correctly determine the upper and lower target pulse. In this regard we came to the conclusion that to calculate the lower heart rate it is necessary to use the Karvonen formula and the upper tagert puls should be determined by the formula developed by us. It is based on the Haskell & Fox formula (HRmax = 220 - age). The proposed additions determine the upper heart rate as the result of subtracting the individual heart rate from the average age heart rate. A procedure for calculating specific puls based on knowledge of the upper and lower heart rate is proposed.

The intensity and the type of the cardiovascular responses differ depending on the exercise type and intensity and the muscle groups involved. However, the responses in static and dynamic exercises are hardly comparable since the protocol used for grading the intensity of these exercises are different. Thus, we compared the cardiovascular autonomic responses in dynamic and static exercises of same muscle groups at increasing intensities graded using similar heart rate. 32 subjects performed dynamic and static exercises of lower limbs at 50% (HR50max) and 60% (HR60max) of their maximum achievable heart rates. Continuous ECG was recorded for 2 min during the exercise. Target heart rate specific single beat R–R intervals were extracted from the recorded ECG, and heart rate variability was determined. A factorial two way analysis of variance was conducted on the influence of two independent variables (load and exercise type) on the heart rate variability during different manoeuvres with baseline values taken as covariates. Exercise load had a main effect on HFnu and RMSSD. HFnu increased (p = 0.001) while RMSSD decreased (p = 0.025) with an increase in the exercise load. Exercise type also had a main effect on RMSSD with RMSSD being higher in dynamic exercise (p = 0.028). With increased load, LFnu decreased in dynamic exercise but was maintained in static exercise. Time domain parameter RMSSD decreases with an increase in the exercise load indicating a decrease in vagal modulation of heart rate with an increase in exercise load. RMSSD is more in dynamic exercise compared with static exercise indicating higher vagal modulation in dynamic exercise. However, increase in HFnu with exercise load may be due to the influence of increased ventilation on heart rate modulation.

Although there is evidence supporting the benefit of regular exercise, and recommendations about exercise and physical activity, the process of individually prescribing exercise following exercise testing is more difficult. Guidelines like % heart rate (HR) reserve (HRR) require an anchoring maximal test and do not always provide a homogenous training experience. When prescribing HR on the basis of % HRR, rating of perceived exertion or Talk Test, cardiovascular/perceptual drift during sustained exercise makes prescription of the actual workload difficult. To overcome this issue, we have demonstrated a strategy for “translating” exercise test responses to steady state exercise training on the basis of % HRR or the Talk Test that appeared adequate for individuals ranging from cardiac patients to athletes. However, these methods depended on the nature of the exercise test details. In this viewpoint, we combine these data with workload expressed as Metabolic Equivalent Task (METs). We demonstrate that there is a regular stepdown between the METs during training to achieve the same degree of homeostatic disturbance during testing. The relationship was linear, was highly-correlated (r = 0.89), and averaged 71.8% (Training METs/Test METs). We conclude that it appears possible to generate a generalized approach to correctly translate exercise test responses to exercise training. Sin financiación No data JCR 2020 0.446 SJR (2020) Q2, 18/39 Anatomy No data IDR 2019 UEM

Although there is evidence supporting the benefit of regular exercise, and recommendations about exercise and physical activity, the process of individually prescribing exercise following exercise testing is more difficult. Guidelines like % heart rate (HR) reserve (HRR) require an anchoring maximal test and do not always provide a homogenous training experience. When prescribing HR on the basis of % HRR, rating of perceived exertion or Talk Test, cardiovascular/perceptual drift during sustained exercise makes prescription of the actual workload difficult. To overcome this issue, we have demonstrated a strategy for “translating” exercise test responses to steady state exercise training on the basis of % HRR or the Talk Test that appeared adequate for individuals ranging from cardiac patients to athletes. However, these methods depended on the nature of the exercise test details. In this viewpoint, we combine these data with workload expressed as Metabolic Equivalent Task (METs). We demonstrate that there is a regular stepdown between the METs during training to achieve the same degree of homeostatic disturbance during testing. The relationship was linear, was highly-correlated (r = 0.89), and averaged 71.8% (Training METs/Test METs). We conclude that it appears possible to generate a generalized approach to correctly translate exercise test responses to exercise training.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease has become a significant condition affecting human health. Increased arterial stiffness is a leading stage in the occurrence and development of many cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To observe the effect of different acute exercise programs on arterial stiffness of healthy young people under the same amount of exercise. Methods: We selected 16 healthy boys to conduct a blank control test, continuous exercise test, and intermittent exercise. They were divided into blank schemes. Car plan and running plan. Arterial stiffness was repeatedly measured immediately after exercise and 40 minutes after the end. Results: In the three exercise intervention experiments, the heart-ankle vascular index decreased significantly immediately after exercise. After 60 minutes of rest, the heart-ankle vascular index rebounded. Conclusion: Physical exercise can significantly reduce arterial stiffness. Changing the training intensity in sports with the same target heart rate does not affect arterial stiffness. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results. RESUMO Introdução: Doenças cardiovasculares tem se tornado uma condição importante afetando a saúde humana. O aumento da rigidez arterial é uma etapa determinante na ocorrência e no desenvolvimento de muitas doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Observar o efeito de diferentes programas de exercício intenso na rigidez arterial de jovens saudáveis praticando a mesma quantidade de exercício. Métodos: Selecionamos 16 rapazes saudáveis para conduzir um ensaio em branco, testes com exercícios e exercícios intermitentes. Os indivíduos foram divididos em amostras em branco, plano xxx e plano de corrida. A rigidez arterial foi medida repetidas vezes imediatamente após o exercício e 40 minutos após. Resultados: nos três experimentos de intervenção, o índice vascular cardíaco-tornozelo diminuiu consideravelmente imediatamente após o exercício. Após 60 minutos de descanso, o índice vascular cardíaco-tornozelo se recuperou. Conclusão: Exercícios físicos podem reduzir a rigidez arterial de forma considerável. Modificar a intensidade do treino nos esportes com a mesma frequência cardíaca alvo não afeta a rigidez arterial. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos – investigação de resultados de tratamento. RESUMEN Introducción: Enfermedades cardiovasculares se han convertido en una condición importante que afecta la salud humana. El aumento de la rigidez arterial es una etapa determinante en la ocurrencia y en el desarrollo de muchas enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Observar el efecto de diferentes programas de ejercicio intenso en la rigidez arterial de jóvenes saludables practicando la misma cantidad de ejercicio. Métodos: Seleccionamos 16 muchachos saludables para conducir un ensayo en blanco, pruebas con ejercicios y ejercicios intermitentes. Se dividieron los individuos en blanco de muestra, plan de xxx y plan de carrera. Se midió la rigidez arterial repetidas veces inmediatamente tras el ejercicio y 40 minutos después. Resultados: En los tres experimentos de intervención, el índice vascular cardiaco-tobillo disminuyó considerablemente inmediatamente tras el ejercicio. Tras 60 minutos de descanso, el índice vascular cardiaco-tobillo se recuperó. Conclusión: Ejercicios físicos pueden reducir la rigidez arterial de forma considerable. Cambiar la intensidad del entrenamiento en los deportes con la misma frecuencia cardiaca-blanco no afecta la rigidez arterial. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos – investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

The glycemic response to ingested glucose for the treatment of hypoglycemia following exercise in type 1 diabetes patients has never been studied. Therefore, we aimed to characterize glucose dynamics during a standardized bout of hypoglycemia-inducing exercise and the subsequent hypoglycemia treatment with the oral ingestion of glucose. Ten male patients with type 1 diabetes performed a standardized bout of cycling exercise using an electrically braked ergometer at a target heart rate (THR) of 50% of the individual heart rate reserve, determined using the Karvonen equation. Exercise was terminated when hypoglycemia was reached, followed by immediate hypoglycemia treatment with the oral ingestion of 20 g of glucose. Arterialized blood glucose (ABG) levels were monitored at 5 min intervals during exercise and for 60 min during recovery. During exercise, ABG decreased at a mean rate of 0.11 ± 0.03 mmol/L·min−1 (minimum: 0.07, maximum: 0.17 mmol/L·min−1). During recovery, ABG increased at a mean rate of 0.13 ± 0.05 mmol/L·min−1 (minimum: 0.06, maximum: 0.19 mmol/L·min−1). Moreover, 20 g of glucose maintained recovery from hypoglycemia throughout the 60 min postexercise observation window.

Background Lower heart rate (HR) is associated with more favourable long-term outcome in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, an optimal threshold of HR remains unclear. Targeted HR (THR), defined by echocardiographic deceleration time (DCT) to eliminated overlap of E and A waves, may aid in risk stratification of HFrEF patients. Purpose In this study, we aimed to clarify the impact of on long-term clinical outcome in patients with HFrEF. Methods In the multicenter WET-HF registry, 4000 consecutive patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF (ADHF) were registered between 2006 and 2017. Among them, the patients with EF ≥40% or a history of atrial fibrillation were excluded. THR was calculated based on their DCT value measured in compensated HF phase during the index admission. The following formula was applied; THR (bpm)=93 - 0.13 × deceleration time (DCT, msec). A total of 876 patients with HFrEF were included in the present analysis (age: 72 [60–81], male: 69%) and the patients were divided into the 2 groups of HR at discharge ≤ THR (L group) and > THR (H group). The primary endpoint (PE) was defined as the composite of all-cause death and ADHF re-admission. Results Compared to the H group, the L group showed higher prevalence of males (74% vs. 66%, P=0.025) with higher body mass index (BMI, 23.2 vs. 22.2, P=0.016), hemoglobin (Hb, 12.9 vs. 12.4, P=0.031), albumin (Alb, 3.7 vs. 3.6, P=0.039) and larger left atrial diameter (LAD, 44 mm vs. 41 mm, P=0.002) and tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG, 29 mmHg vs. 27 mmHg, P=0.012). Age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), LVEF (29% vs. 30%, P=NS) and E/e' (17.7 vs. 16.8, P=NS) were similar for both groups. At discharge, HR was lower in L group (66 [60–71] bpm vs. 80 [74–86] bpm, P In the survival analysis, the L group showed a significantly lower rate of PE (P=0.03), whereas there was no significant difference in the incidence of PE between the patients with HR at discharge ≥70 bpm and Multivariate Cox hazard analysis showed that HR at discharge ≤ THR was an independent predictor of PE (hazard ratio 0.67 [0.46–0.97], P=0.037), even after adjusting for confounding factors including age, sex, BMI, Hb, Alb, and b-blocker prescription, whereas HR at discharge Conclusion THR was associated with long-term outcomes in patients with HFrEF after acute decompensation, suggesting that it may aid in tailored treatment for HR reduction in these patients. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1Figure 2

Exercise prescription based on exercise test results is complicated by the need to downregulate the absolute training intensity to account for cardiovascular drift in order to achieve a desired internal training load. We tested a recently developed generalized model to perform this downregulation using metabolic equivalents (METs) during exercise testing and training. A total of 20 healthy volunteers performed an exercise test to define the METs at 60, 70, and 80% of the heart rate (HR) reserve and then performed randomly ordered 30 min training bouts at absolute intensities predicted by the model to achieve these levels of training intensity. The training HR at 60 and 70% HR reserve, but not 80%, was significantly less than predicted from the exercise test, although the differences were small. None of the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) values during training were significantly different than predicted. There was a strong overall correlation between predicted and observed HR (r = 0.88) and RPE (r = 0.52), with 92% of HR values within ±10 bpm and 74% of RPE values within ±1 au. We conclude that the generalized functional translation model is generally adequate to allow the generation of early absolute training loads that lead to desired internal training loads.

Introduction Patients with acute aortic diseases (AAoD) usually require transfer to tertiary centers for possible surgical care, for which intratransport management represents important continuing spectrum of care. There is little information comparing intratransport efficacy of air (ART) vs ground transport (GRT), nor how effectively they manage these patients’ pain. Our study aims to compare how effective ART and GRT manage patients’ intratransport HR, pressure. Methods Charts were reviewed of adult patients interhospital transferred to a quaternary academic center (UMMC) between 01/01/2011 and 09/30/2015. Outcomes were percentages of patients achieving target hemodynamic parameters, mortality. Results We analyzed 226 patients, 58 (26%) transported by Air and 102 (45%) type A dissection. Ground transport was associated with higher percentage of patients with target HR 60-80 bpm comparing to ART (58% vs 43%, 95% CI 0.3-0.99). Both ART and GRT were associated with similar frequencies of patients achieving target SBP and adequate pain control. Time intervals from transfer request to surgery, and mortality were similar for both types of transport. Conclusion Ground transport teams were more successful at achieving predefined target heart rate than Air transport. Intra-transport management of other vital signs and pain were equally effectively between both Air and Ground transport.

Purpose "Slow components" of heart rate (HR) kinetics, occurring also during moderate-intensity constant work rate (CWR) exercise, represent a problem for exercise prescription at fixed HR values. This problem, described in young healthy subjects, could be more pronounced in obese patients. Methods Sixteen male obese patients (age: 22±7 years; body mass: 127±19 kg; body mass index: 41.6±3.9 kg·m) were tested before (PRE) and after (POST) 3-wk multidisciplinary body mass reduction program, entailing moderate-intensity exercise. They performed on a cycle ergometer an incremental exercise to voluntary exhaustion (to determine V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and gas exchange threshold [GET]) and CWR exercises: moderate-intensity (MODERATE) (80% of GET determined in PRE); heavy-intensity (HEAVY) (120% of GET determined in PRE); "HRCLAMPED" exercise, in which work rate was continuously adjusted to maintain a constant HR corresponding to that at 120% of GET. Breath-by-breath V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and HR were determined. Results V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and GET (expressed as a % of V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak) were not significantly different in PRE vs. POST. In POST, vs. PRE, the HR slow component disappeared (MODERATE) or was reduced (HEAVY). In PRE work rate had to decrease by ~20% over a 15-min task in order to keep HR constant; this decrease was significantly smaller (~5%) in POST. Conclusion In obese patients a 3-wk multidisciplinary body mass reduction intervention: i) increased exercise tolerance by eliminating (during MODERATE) or by reducing (during HEAVY) the slow component of HR kinetics; ii) facilitated exercise prescription by allowing to translate a fixed submaximal HR value into a work rate slightly above GET.

To evaluate the use and safety of intravenous (IV) metoprolol in a cohort of patients undergoing coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) at a university hospital, and in particular, to establish if the minimum dose required to achieve the target heart rate (HR) in a given patient can be predicted from the baseline HR.Patients undergoing CCTA at a tertiary centre between January 2015 and May 2018, with baseline HR ≥60 bpm requiring IV metoprolol, were identified retrospectively from the database. Patients with a contraindication to beta-blockade or an indication for CCTA other than coronary disease were excluded. HR at baseline and at the time of scanning were recorded, together with the total dose of IV metoprolol administered.Of 625 patients identified, 330 (52.8%) achieved HR ≤60 with IV metoprolol. Patients who achieved target HR had lower baseline HR. They received a lower radiation exposure due to tight prospective gating and a lower tube voltage. The lower quartile dose of metoprolol administered was 5 mg for patients with baseline HR65 beats per minute (bpm), but 10 mg for HR 65-74 bpm, and ≥20 mg for higher HRs. There were no cases of symptomatic bradycardia/hypotension.Patients with a resting HR of ≥60 bpm can reasonably be given an initial minimum dose of 5-20 mg metoprolol IV before CCTA, with additional doses as required.

Cardiological diagnostics use maximal and submaximal tests with increasing load. Maximal stress tests are currently considered the gold standard. The Institut f&uuml, r Pr&auml, vention und Nachsorge, Cologne (IPN) test may be an alternative when maximal patient load is not indicated. The universality of the test is well-documented in sport, but the reliability of this test is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess between-trial and between-day reliability for parameters assessed by the IPN stress test in cardiological patients.: In a study of 24 patients aged 39 to 79 years with cardiovascular diseases, the IPN cycle ergometer short test was performed (submaximal performance test). The reliability of heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, absolute power at submaximal load, relative performance at submaximal load and target heart rate were assessed. Good (Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) values ranged from 0.832 to 0.894) and excellent (ICC values ranged from 0.904 to 0.969) between-trial reliability was noted. Between-day reliability was good (ICC values from 0.777 to 0.895) and excellent (ICC values from 0.922 to 0.950). The obtained results suggest that the IPN test may be a reliable tool for use in the assessment of cardiological patients, avoiding the implementation of maximal efforts when excessive patient load is not recommended.