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Team cohesion is critical in driving successful outcomes for teams in collaborative learning settings. It shapes team behaviour, fostering shared perceptions, group synchrony and a common goal-oriented approach. This affinity becomes evident in dynamic interactions, offering insights into team behaviour through interaction data analysis. Interpreting interaction data proves complex, hampering our understanding and insights into shared team perceptions and task cohesion development. This paper used temporal motif analysis to examine the changes in team members' cohesive perceptions and behaviours, including task cohesion, performance outcomes, engagement and group synchrony. Trace data from an online work-integrated learning environment captured learning behaviours, while responses to a questionnaire at different stages of a study program captured task cohesion and cohesive perceptions. The findings reveal teams with strong task cohesion and high performance tend to share similar cohesive perceptions driven by interdependent interactions. Conversely, teams with different cohesion perceptions have lower interaction interdependence and poorer performance. Through analysing team interaction data, this study uncovered key insights to promote positive adjustments aligning team perceptions, enhancing collaborative learning and offering support for improved performance, engagement and synchrony among teams, ultimately benefiting learning outcomes and the cultivation of skills and competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ample research has investigated the relationship between team cohesion and on‐field behaviour, while the association between the first and off‐field prosocial behaviour has been almost overlooked. To fill this gap, we conducted a study in a sample of Italian Rugby Union athletes to examine whether: (a) team cohesion is associated with off‐field prosocial behaviour; and (b) the underlying mechanisms of this association. We focused on the two dimensions of team cohesion, that is social and task cohesion, and hypothesized that social cohesion should be associated with off‐field individual prosocial behaviour via empathy, while the association between task cohesion and off‐field individual prosocial behaviour should be mediated by on‐field fairplay team norms. In total, 497 amateur, sub‐elite, and elite Italian Rugby Union players (128 females) took part in this study by filling out an online survey. Results revealed that social cohesion was associated with greater empathy, which in turn was associated with greater expression of off‐field prosocial behaviour. Task cohesion was associated with both greater on‐field fairplay team norms and greater empathy, which in turn was linked to more off‐field prosocial behaviour. Results are discussed with respect to the role of team cohesion in favouring the expression of prosocial behaviour off‐field, thus underlying the role of sport in fostering moral behaviour (also) in everyday community life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organised school sport is integral to the development pathways of most South African sports. The highly competitive nature of inter-school leagues often prioritises short-term success over long-term player development. The study compared successful and less successful teams in various talent development environments (TDE) and team cohesion variables based on the log position of a high school's tournament (u/15 a nd u/18 age-groups) and established correlations between these variables. A cross-sectional design was used, and 146 boys (average age: 15.51±1.23 years) completed the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (TDEQ-5) and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ) before the 2020 Mazinter Cup. The top three u/18 teams had significantly higher TDEQ-5 (Overall), Alignment of Expectations, Support Networks, YSEQ (Overall Cohesion), Task Cohesion and Social Cohesion scores than the bottom three teams. The results underscore the well-established cohesion-performance relationship. There were no differences at the u/15 level, where players competed in this agegroup for the first time. Moderately strong positive correlations existed between various TDEQ-5 and YSEQ variables. Fostering team cohesion is integral to successful TDEs. Long-term player development and team success can be pursued simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ultimate Frisbee (UF) is a non-contact, challenging, and self-promoted team sport. Some factors such as the game environment and rules seem to influence athletes' behavior. Goals: Provide a robust systematic review (SR) of the psychological domains associated with UF.Methods: A SR according to Cochrane guidelines was completed. A reproducible search strategy was conducted by two independent reviewers in thirteen online databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, SCOPUS, B-On, SportDiscus, Scielo; APA PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences; Academic Search Complete; Medline (PubMed); ERIC; Google Scholar; Open Acess Thesis and Dissertations. The search occurred from 1st to 30th June 2020, and there were no limitations regarding the year of publication. Original papers that contained relevant data regarding psychological domains in the context of UF in English, Portuguese and Spanish were selected. The combination of the main terms “ultimate frisbee” and “sport psychology” was used in all databases. A total of 464 studies were identified and selected in the last phase of selection. After the Screening (n = 301) and Eligibility (n = 71) phases, a total of 30 potential papers were selected and classified. Finally, only four papers were qualified to be included in the final version of SR.Results: The psychological dimensions revealed in the present study were: leadership; basic psychological needs; behaviors; task cohesion and performance; intrateam communication; performance-avoidance goals; friendship goals; sportsmanship associated with goal-directed self-talk and self-regulated learning.Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first SR about UF. In reviewing all the findings in the studies, there is evidence that UF can promote teamwork, task cohesion, leadership, and increase friendship-approach goals.Conclusion: The results revealed that group goals and promoting teamwork significantly predicted social cohesion and that teamwork and task cohesion was mediated by communication. UF is characterized by communication between all players, whether they are from the same team or the opposing team. In summary, the current study revealed real-time information about the game and its rules. This is important because UF is one of the few team sports worldwide that are self-referred by participants.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=169294, identifier: CRD42020169294.

Introduction: Ultimate Frisbee (UF) is a non-contact, challenging, and self-promoted team sport. Some factors such as the game environment and rules seem to influence athletes' behavior. Goals: Provide a robust systematic review (SR) of the psychological domains associated with UF. Methods: A SR according to Cochrane guidelines was completed. A reproducible search strategy was conducted by two independent reviewers in thirteen online databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, SCOPUS, B-On, SportDiscus, Scielo; APA PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences; Academic Search Complete; Medline (PubMed); ERIC; Google Scholar; Open Acess Thesis and Dissertations. The search occurred from 1st to 30th June 2020, and there were no limitations regarding the year of publication. Original papers that contained relevant data regarding psychological domains in the context of UF in English, Portuguese and Spanish were selected. The combination of the main terms "ultimate frisbee" and "sport psychology" was used in all databases. A total of 464 studies were identified and selected in the last phase of selection. After the Screening (n = 301) and Eligibility (n = 71) phases, a total of 30 potential papers were selected and classified. Finally, only four papers were qualified to be included in the final version of SR. Results: The psychological dimensions revealed in the present study were: leadership; basic psychological needs; behaviors; task cohesion and performance; intrateam communication; performance-avoidance goals; friendship goals; sportsmanship associated with goal-directed self-talk and self-regulated learning. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first SR about UF. In reviewing all the findings in the studies, there is evidence that UF can promote teamwork, task cohesion, leadership, and increase friendship-approach goals. Conclusion: The results revealed that group goals and promoting teamwork significantly predicted social cohesion and that teamwork and task cohesion was mediated by communication. UF is characterized by communication between all players, whether they are from the same team or the opposing team. In summary, the current study revealed real-time information about the game and its rules. This is important because UF is one of the few team sports worldwide that are self-referred by participants. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display%5frecord.php?RecordID=169294, identifier: CRD42020169294. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the growing importance of servant leadership on the behavior of female athletes. It seems that in the sports sector, servant leadership is not adequately discussed as an important factor in terms of the role of the team captain. Most studies discuss the servant leadership on the upper management point of view, signifying a need to conduct a study on servant leadership in the team captain context because of its potential positive effect on team cohesion, and reduced burnout among female athletes. Serving the followers on a priority basis is the main feature of servant leadership. In the context of sports, servant leadership has been studied and shows positive association with athlete satisfaction, motivation and performance. The aim of the present study is to investigate the association between servant leadership, cohesion and burnout. This study also examine that how self-identity mediates the relationship between servant leadership, cohesion and burnout. Most of the previous studies discuss servant leadership in the setting of upper management, coaches and mentors. However, this study discusses the impact of team captains as servant leader vis-a-vis female athlete cohesion and burnout. To this end, almost 300 questionnaires was distributed, out of which a total of 245 questionnaires are collected from the participants. For data collection, the simple random sampling technique was used. Therefore, in this way it is easier to understand how servant leadership effects the cohesion of female athletes. Servant leadership reduces the levels of anxiety, depression and stress among team members which improves their confidence and enhances their motivation level. The Smart PLS is used for data analysis. The findings of the study elaborated that all hypothesis are accepted, demonstrating a positive influence on cohesion and negative influence on burnout. Furthermore, at the end of study, the practical implications, limitations and future directions for further studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study builds on the non-linear Dynamic Systems (NDS) perspective to test the assumption that change in sickness absenteeism is non-linear, and that such change is due to workload, team adaptability and task cohesion. Participants were 37 firefighter teams (n = 250 individuals) from a main European capital city. The research hypotheses were tested using SPSS and the "cusp" package, in the statistical software R. The results suggest that change in sickness absenteeism behaviours over time is non-linear, with the cusp catastrophe model predicting such behaviours better than the linear and logistic models. In our model, task cohesion functions as an asymmetry factor (i.e., the independent variable that determines the strength and discrepancy between the two stable states of the dependent variable) leading to a linear change in sickness absenteeism. Interestingly, both workload and team adaptability function as bifurcation (i.e., the independent variable that determines the change between the two stable states of the order parameter) and asymmetry factors leading to non-linear and linear change in sickness absenteeism over time. This study contributes to the growing evidence that incorporating the NDS perspective enables a better understanding of action teams, namely those working in extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether claimed self-handicapping influences cohesion and perceived collective efficacy of teammates during a basketball game. Sport sciences students were asked to imagine they were part of a basketball team viewed on an edited video clip of a real game. At the beginning of the first two quarters, virtual teammates declared either self-handicaps (SH) or made neutral statements, depending on the experimental session. After each of these video sequences, the participants were asked to answer questions designed to measure their perceptions o f cohesion and collective efficacy. The results indicated that both types of cohesion and perceived collective efficacy were reduced by claimed self-handicapping from the other members of the team. These findings, observed using hypothetical situation, suggest that claimed self-handicapping can significantly harm the process of building team cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article opens up the black box of innovation and examines the relationship between functional diversity in software teams and the often neglected dimension of innovation - speed, over the two phases of innovation: creativity and idea implementation. By combining information processing view and social identity theory, the authors hypothesize that when collective team identification is low, functional diversity positively affects the time spent in the creativity phase; however, when collective team identification is high, this relationship is inverted U-shaped. When task cohesion is high, functional diversity negatively affects the time spent in the idea implementation phase; however, when task cohesion is low, this relationship is U-shaped. Results from 96 IT software-teams confirmed the authors' hypotheses. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate boards in America are dominated currently by outside directors because of the belief that they are more effective at monitoring management. There continues to be debate, however, concerning whether regulators should dictate board composition using input-based attributes of directors such as outside status. Opponents contend that board independence is best established through applying voluntary best practices to board processes. In this research, we study board processes and examine how the group task cohesion that is determined by directors' social similarity affects outside directors' reports that the CEO influences their beliefs, a key element of director independence. We propose that the degree of social similarity (similarity as to backgrounds) between outside directors and other directors is positively related to the degree of commitment directors have toward the board's tasks. We show that this task commitment (cohesion) has a positive effect on directors' efforts to obtain and receive information from the firm and CEO. Additional analyses show that the effect of information sharing on the level of CEO influence of outside directors depends on the presence of cognitive conflict—constructive discussion among directors regarding differing viewpoints—between the outside directors and the inside directors. We test our hypotheses using a survey, which was developed based on in-depth field interviews, and the archival data on directors' attributes as well as firm-level outcomes. Results support the hypotheses, and have implications for regulators and boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory, this paper studies the relationship between role ambiguity (Demand) and group cohesion (Resource) to predict job satisfaction. This study was carried out at the same multinational company in Mexico and Spain (N = 537), where blue-collar workers are organized in work groups. It is hypothesized that high levels of role ambiguity are related to low job satisfaction whereas positive high levels of group cohesion are related to high job satisfaction. In addition, it is posited that group cohesion could buffer the relationship between role ambiguity and job satisfaction. Results confirm the JD-R theory with regard to direct effects. Moderating effects have been found in both countries but, contrary to the hypotheses, since these strengthen the negative effect of role ambiguity on job satisfaction. These results are relevant since nowadays, organizations need to deal with increasingly higher levels of ambiguity. The results are also being commented from a cross-cultural research perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Team cohesion is one of the most crucial drivers of team effectiveness. However, despite its importance, cohesion research fails to reach an agreement on conceptualization and dimensionality of the construct. Furthermore, previous studies of team cohesion have mostly focused on sports context, necessitating further research in work context. This paper aims to address these gaps in the literature by investigating team cohesion in a work context in Turkey. A qualitative study has been conducted to explore the construct and build a model, followed by a quantitative study that has empirically tested the specified model. The results showed that while the four- dimensionality in the literature (social-task-individual-group) is confirmed, social-task cohesion distinction is more apparent than individual-group distinction. Furthermore sub dimensions have been found to have differential effects on the outcome variables of work effort and team collaboration. Finally, team cohesion is found to vary over time, confirming the dynamic nature of the construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study was to examine the links between class cohesion and teachers' relatedness teaching style with students' relatedness needs, motivation, and positive and negative outcomes in Physical Education. A total of 1294 students 10–18 years old (M = 14.40, SD = 1.99), 613 males (M = 14.48, SD = 1.95) and 681 females (M = 14.33, SD = 2.02), agreed to participate. They were enrolled in 88 classes belonging to 13 different primary and secondary schools in southwestern Spain. The study followed a correlational research design. Results of the multilevel path model showed a positive relationship between teachers' relatedness support and class cohesion and behavioral and emotional engagement through relatedness need satisfaction and autonomous and controlled motivation. Results also showed a positive relationship between teachers' relatedness thwarting and disruptive behaviors and problematic relationships through relatedness need frustration and amotivation. In conclusion, teachers' relatedness behaviors and class cohesion can significantly impact the students' relatedness and motivation, which in turn will affect their engagement and behaviors. A whole cascade of consequences begins with the way teachers teach and the cohesion generated in class. These first steps cannot be overlooked. • We tested a new motivational determinant, class cohesion, in educational context. • Class cohesion and relatedness support were positively related to engagement. • Low class cohesion and high relatedness thwarting were related to negative outcomes. • Students' relatedness and motivation acted as mediators in these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, I examine how an individual's trait positive affect (TPA) may interact with those of group members to generate important individual outcomes, such as autonomy and task cohesion. The proposed multilevel moderated mediation framework was tested using data collected from 293 employees in 66 workgroups. Results demonstrated that the indirect effect of TPA on task cohesion through autonomy is stronger when individual affective dissimilarity is low and group affective diversity is high. The analysis also confirmed the role of autonomy as the mediating mechanism between TPA and task cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le QAG « questionnaire d’ambiance de groupe » est un instrument en langue française pour estimer la nature dynamique de la cohésion. Cet article présente une étude de validation transculturelle du GAG pour mettre au point un instrument en langue arabe mesurant la cohésion dans l’équipe tunisienne de sport collectif. Les études 1, 2 et 3 confirment la validité et fidélité de construit du questionnaire en langue arabe. La validité prédictive a également été démontrée dans la quatrième étude. Le QAG, en langue arabe, affiche des propriétés psychométriques conformes à la version originale, permettant de le considérer comme une mesure de la cohésion valide pour la population tunisienne. This report presents a summary of four studies undertaken to develop an Arabic language instrument to assess cohesiveness in Tunisian sport team. For the initial version of the instrument, “Questionnaire d’ambiance de groupe [QAG]” was translated into Arabic. The psychometric character of the questionnaire was examined in studies 1, 2 and 3. The result supports the construct validity and the rehabilitee of the Arabic instrument. The predictive validity was also demonstrated in the fourth study. Finely, the QAG in Arabic language show satisfactory psychometric propriety as a valid measure of cohesion in Tunisian sport team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a two-dimensional perspective of group cohesion, this study examines the emergence of task cohesion and interpersonal cohesion in project teams and their roles in changes in members’ individual satisfaction with the team. Specifically, we tested a direct-effect and mediation model of the cross-level relationship between team task and interpersonal cohesion and individual satisfaction with the team over time. With a sample of 74 newly created project teams, the hypotheses were tested using a two-wave panel design. Results indicate that task cohesion emerges more strongly than interpersonal cohesion during the first stages of work in project teams. Moreover, the cross-lagged relationship between team interpersonal cohesion and individual satisfaction with the team was mediated by team task cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group cohesion is very basic to the human condition and derived from the most fundamental nature of humans as found in the terminology of I am, I go, and I do. Group cohesion is found in the relationships of group members and their perceived capacity for joint action to achieve their missions. For some time the construct of task cohesion has been incorrectly or ambiguously included in the conceptualization of group cohesion. However, task cohesion, if used at all in the context of military group cohesion, should be considered part of the set of performance criteria as in cohesive task performance rather than as part of the cohesion predictor space. The author requests future researchers adopt this preferred word usage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: Within exercise class settings, group cohesion has consistently been found to predict adherence behaviors, and has been identified as a salient target for intervention-based initiatives. Drawing upon theorizing from the field of group dynamics, exercise class cohesion is often conceptualized as a dynamic construct that requires several classes to form and once it is formed, continues to change over time. Despite the salience of this "dynamic" contention for informing physical activity interventions, this theorizing has yet to be empirically tested. Method: In this study a multilevel modeling framework was used to examine changes in exercise class cohesion over time. Exercisers (N = 395) completed measures of cohesion following the second, fifth, and eighth classes of their respective programs (N = 46). Results: Mean levels of social cohesion changed significantly over time whereas mean levels of task cohesion did not. These patterns were largely consistent across persons and groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that within group-based exercise programs social and task cohesion possesses different levels of dynamism, and that this dynamism (or lack thereof) might have important implications for future research and interventions involving physical activity groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a resurgence of interest on the influence of social and task cohesion and academic performance of students in order to find a systematic relationship between cohesion and performance. The transition from high school to university can be stressful for those who are in the phase of emerging adulthood. Although students in this phase of their development have left the dependency of childhood, they have not as yet assumed the enduring responsibilities of adulthood. Adjustment to the demands of academic work and sport participation may place an added burden on students to find the correct balance between their academic and social responsibilities as engagement in sport may negatively influence their academic performance. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between social and task cohesion on team sport satisfaction and academic performance of a sport and recreation first year cohort of university students. A total of 173 first year students participated in the study. A survey design using a structured questionnaire was administered. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. The results show that whilst the students found the transition from school to first year university life to be stressful, moderate to strong correlations were established between social and task cohesion and team sport satisfaction. The regression analysis showed that the factor individual integration (group) had the strongest impact on team/group satisfaction. However, the correlations and regression analysis between social and task cohesion indicated negative associations with students' academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the rapid development of information technology has led to the increasing use of computer-mediated communication (CMC), few studies have examined the relational aspect of mixed-mode groups that use both face-to-face (FTF) communication and CMC. A field study comprising 42 student groups was conducted to assess the relationships among communication time, cohesion, and performance in mixed-mode groups. The findings suggest that time spent in FTF communication significantly predicted group social cohesion, but time spent in CMC did not. In contrast, group task cohesion was predicted by time spent in CMC but not by time spent in FTF communication. Time spent in CMC was also a strong predictor of group task performance. These results suggest that FTF communication contributes to the social aspect of mixed-mode groups and that CMC is beneficial to their task-related aspect. The findings of mediation analyses showed a significant indirect effect among time spent in FTF communication, group social cohesion, and group contextual performance. In other words, time spent in FTF communication had a positive effect on group social cohesion, which in turn positively affected group contextual performance. However, no mediating effect was found among time spent in CMC, group task cohesion, and group task performance. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This study is based on the following hypothesis: task cohesion is lower compared to social cohesion. The investigation of task and social cohesion in a basketball team vs. a handball team and a soccer team was based on an exploratory method. Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of cohesion in a newly formed basketball team and to evaluate the differences in task and social cohesion between this basketball team and a soccer team and a handball team, respectively. Methods. The study was performed in a group of 10 basketball players, 15 handball players, and 12 soccer players during the 2007-2008 season. The investigation used the indirect inquiry method, based on the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). The GEQ considers cohesion as a multi-dimensional structure in which the basic beliefs are represented by four dimensions. Results. The compared means of task and social cohesion in the basketball team showed a significant difference in favor of social cohesion, confirming the initial hypothesis. Conclusions. The analysis of available data on the team, its members, their training and education levels shows that the reasons for social cohesion being stronger than task cohesion may be the following: the team members have known each other for a long time, the strong inter-personal relationships increasing social cohesion; they have been playing basketball as a team for only one year, which is too short for them to develop high task cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of a single work group deviant on other group members' perceptions of the deviant, and their perceptions of the cohesiveness of the group as a whole. Group members, particularly those high in perceived self-typicality, were expected to downgrade the deviant, and view groups containing a deviant as less cohesive. Undergraduate management students were placed in a simulated organizational context in which deviance was manipulated so that the participant's work group contained either a single negative deviant or no deviant. Results showed that the deviant colleague was judged less favorably than the normative colleague, particularly by those high in perceived self-typicality. Groups that contained a deviant were perceived as having lower levels of task cohesion, but ratings of social cohesion varied depending on perceivers' self-typicality. The findings suggest that as well as attracting negative evaluations, deviant group members can adversely affect group cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study was to examine the relationship between task cohesiveness and team success in elite teams using composite team estimates of cohesion. A secondary aim was to determine statistically the consistency (i.e. 'groupness') present in team members' perceptions of cohesion. Elite university basketball teams (n = 18) and club soccer teams (n = 9) were assessed for cohesiveness and winning percentages. Measures were recorded towards the end of each team's competitive season. Our results indicate that cohesiveness is a shared perception, thereby providing statistical support for the use of composite team scores. Further analyses indicated a strong relationship between cohesion and success (r = 0.55-0.67). Further research using multi-level statistical techniques is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research shows a nonlinear dependency between hair cortisol concentrations and perceived stress levels. This may be due to stress being targeted at the individual level despite it also being a social phenomenon which is often affected by group dynamics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the influence of perceived stress on the hair cortisol level, considering the impact of the variables of group dynamics (interpersonal, task, and norm cohesion). Information was collected on 11 groups of, in total, 112 young men in three phases of time during their compulsory military training (covering nine months in total). The classification and regression tree (C&RT) method was used to predict hair cortisol concentrations in groups. The results show that the variability of the hair cortisol level in young men groups can be explained by perceived stress only when the groups were in formation process (47.7% normalised importance in Model 1) and when the groups were working on their final tasks (37.80% normalised importance in Model 3); meanwhile, the importance of perceived stress in explaining hair cortisol concentrations is low when the group is in a routine period of a group life-span (28.9% normalised importance in Model 2). Interpersonal cohesion (normalised importance 100% in Model 1 and 80.0% in Model 3) and task cohesion (normalised importance 78.6% in Model 2) were the most important predictors in the study area. These results point to the importance of the elements of group dynamics when it comes to explaining the nature of hair cortisol as accumulated stress biomarkers in young men.