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Abstract Radiation therapy (RT) can enhance the abscopal effect of immune checkpoint blockade. This phase I/II study investigated the efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus RT in HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer requiring palliative RT for bone metastases. Cohort A included luminal-like disease, and cohort B included both luminal-like and triple-negative disease refractory to standard systemic therapy. Patients received 8 Gy single fraction RT for bone metastasis on day 0. Nivolumab was administered on day 1 for each 14-day cycle. In cohort A, endocrine therapy was administered. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR) of the unirradiated lesions. Cohorts A and B consisted of 18 and 10 patients, respectively. The ORR was 11% (90% CI 4–29%) in cohort A and 0% in cohort B. Disease control rates were 39% (90% CI 23–58%) and 0%. Median progression-free survival was 4.1 months (95% CI 2.1–6.1 months) and 2.0 months (95% CI 1.2–3.7 months). One patient in cohort B experienced a grade 3 adverse event. Palliative RT combined with nivolumab was safe and showed modest anti-tumor activity in cohort A. Further investigations to enhance the anti-tumor effect of endocrine therapy combined with RT plus immune checkpoint blockade are warranted. Trial registration number and date of registration UMIN: UMIN000026046, February 8, 2017; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03430479, February 13, 2018; Date of the first registration: June 22, 2017.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the performance of high resolution-diffusion-weighted imaging (HRDWI) using readout-segmented echo-planar imaging in visualizing malignant breast lesions and evaluating their extent, using pathology as a reference. Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent HR-DWI with surgically confirmed malignant breast lesions. Two radiologists blinded to the final diagnosis evaluated HR-DWI independently and identified the lesions, measuring their maximum diameters. Another radiologist confirmed if those lesions were identical to the pathology. The maximum diameters of the lesions between HR-DWI and pathology were compared, and their correlations were calculated using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the lesions were measured. Results: Ninety-five mass/64 non-mass lesions were pathologically confirmed in 104 females. Both radiologists detected the same 93 mass lesions (97.9%). Spearman's correlation coefficient for mass lesions were 0.89 and 0.90 (P < 0.0001 and 0001) for the two radiologists, respectively. The size differences within 10 mm were 90.3% (84/93) and 94.6% (88/93) respectively. One radiologist detected 35 non-mass lesions (54.7%) and another radiologist detected 32 non-mass lesions (50.0%), of which 28 lesions were confirmed as identical. Spearman's correlation coefficient for non-mass lesions were 0.59 and 0.22 (P = 0.0002 and 0.22), respectively. The mean ADC value of mass lesions and non-mass lesions were 0.80 and 0.89 x 10-3 mm²/s, respectively. Conclusion: Using HR-DWI, malignant mass lesions were depicted with excellent agreement with the pathological evaluation. Approximately half of the non-mass lesions could not be identified, suggesting a current limitation of HR-DWI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to reconsider the distinction between kami (gods) and yokai (demonical beings) by referring to a case study of the ushioni (cattle demon) of Kikuma, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. In an official statement, the ushioni is not an object of worship but an outrider for the procession of the portable shrine of the local Shinto shrine's annual festival. However, in practice, it is difficult to explain the role the ushioni plays in the festival in terms of the outrider function, for the reason that there are quite few occasions in which the ushioni leads the portable shrine in actual processions. Indeed, god-like function is attributed to the ushioni in some occasions during the festival, and the ushioni itself behaves as if it were a god. In addition, the real motivation for the local people to bring the ushioni to the festival site is their fear of disaster anticipated to occur when the ushioni procession stops rather than its outrider function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute to James Scott's discussion of statelessness in "Zomia" by examining the realities of political autonomy and the concepts of state and kingship of the Lahu. During the nineteenth century, "kings" appeared among the Lahu in parts of southwest Yunnan. Indeed, the Lahu enjoyed political autonomy under their own kings before these were eliminated in the process of modern state formation and border demarcation in China and Burma. Messianic movements emerged among the Lahu after they became stateless. These movements stressed the need to redeem the lost states and kings throughout the course of the Lahu's modern history. In this respect, statelessness is not a timeless, quintessential attribute of the Lahu. Rather, they only became conscious of statelessness during the modern period. What this demonstrates is that the Lahu have never been conscious anarchists who chose to avoid kings and states. They possess their own original concepts of state and kingship, even though these differ from our conventional understanding, and the main theme of their historical experience and mythical accounts centers around their search for their own state and king. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the government policy of Thailand toward the hill tribes in the country, whose administrative category was changed to "ethnic group" after 2002. Initially, it was believed that the hill tribes consisted of indigenous people, but during the post-Cold War period they started to take illegal migrant workers from neighboring countries as members.

The article presents a case study of a 60-year-old woman who was at a clinic 4 years ago with a 1-month history of well-demarcated, pruritic erythema keratodes on the hands, soles of the feet, elbows, and knee. She was diagnosed with type I Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris (PRP). She was referred to the rheumatology department after she developed mild arthralgia 5 months later.

Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is generally considered to function as a tumor suppressor in the development of leukemia, but a growing body of evidence suggests that it has pro-oncogenic properties in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here we have demonstrated that the antileukemic effect mediated by RUNX1 depletion is highly dependent on a functional p53-mediated cell death pathway. Increased expression of other RUNX family members, including RUNX2 and RUNX3, compensated for the antitumor effect elicited by RUNX1 silencing, and simultaneous attenuation of all RUNX family members as a cluster led to a much stronger antitumor effect relative to suppression of individual RUNX members. Switching off the RUNX cluster using alkylating agent-conjugated pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamides, which were designed to specifically bind to consensus RUNX-binding sequences, was highly effective against AML cells and against several poor-prognosis solid tumors in a xenograft mouse model of AML without notable adverse events. Taken together, these results identify a crucial role for the RUNX cluster in the maintenance and progression of cancer cells and suggest that modulation of the RUNX cluster using the PI polyamide gene-switch technology is a potential strategy to control malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]