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Aims: The objective was to carry the phytosociological survey of spontaneous plants in the agroecological maize crop cultivated with intercalar cover plants in the summer and fall/winter harvest. Study Design: The experimental design used was of randomized blocks with subdivided plots in the time 4x2x2, with 5 replicates. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a farm, located in Missal – PR, managed in agroecological system since 2009. Methodology: The crop modalities used were maize + pigeon pea, maize + showy rattlepod, maize + jack bean and monoculture (control), being evaluated during summer and fall/winter seasons, at 30 and 70 days after emergence. Frequency, abundance, and density of plants per linear meter and the importance value index (IVI) were determined in a 1 m² area. Results: The specie Commelina benghalensis L. and Leonorus sibiricus L, were the plants with the highest IVI for the crop modalities maize + pigeon pea and maize + showy rattlepod. Conclusion: The cultivation of maize with cover crops, mainly showy rattlepod, may be a recommended management to reduce spontaneous plants in maize in the agroecological system. Aims: The objective was to carry the phytosociological survey of spontaneous plants in the agroecological maize crop cultivated with intercalar cover plants in the summer and fall/winter harvest. Study Design: The experimental design used was of randomized blocks with subdivided plots in the time 4x2x2, with 5 replicates. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a farm, located in Missal – PR, managed in agroecological system since 2009. Methodology: The crop modalities used were maize + pigeon pea, maize + showy rattlepod, maize + jack bean and monoculture (control), being evaluated during summer and fall/winter seasons, at 30 and 70 days after emergence. Frequency, abundance, and density of plants per linear meter and the importance value index (IVI) were determined in a 1 m² area. Results: The specie Commelina benghalensis L. and Leonorus sibiricus L, were the plants with the highest IVI for the crop modalities maize + pigeon pea and maize + showy rattlepod. Conclusion: The cultivation of maize with cover crops, mainly showy rattlepod, may be a recommended management to reduce spontaneous plants in maize in the agroecological system.

This study aimed to analyze the influence of inoculation methods with Azospirillum brasilense in morphometric and nutritional parameters of the maize crop. Maize plants, hybrid Formula VT®, were grown under different forms of inoculation: absence of inoculation; seed inoculation; leaf inoculation; seed inoculation associated to leaf inoculation. In the phenological stages V8 and VT the parameters number of leaves, aerial height, root volume, stem diameter, besides the leaves, stem, sheath, root and total dry mass and the leaf content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were determined. In the R6 stage, in addition to the previous evaluations the following parameters were determined: ear diameter and length, number of kernel rows, number of kernels per row, the reproductive structure and thousand grains dry mass, and total number of grains, besides the grain’s content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The SPAD index from the leave’s apex, medial and basal thirds was measured fortnightly. The inoculation methods with A. brasilense had little influence in maize’s morphometric and nutritional parameters, also not influencing in production. Maize plants inoculated with A. brasilense, via seed and via seed associated to leaf spraying, positively stood out for the stem diameter, leaves dry mas, root volume, and for the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium leaf content.

This paper aimed to evaluate the productivity of corn crop for silage, beans and straw production in different crop rotation systems with spring/summer and fall/winter green manures cultivated under agroecological production management. The experiment was implemented in a rural property managed in an agroecological system since 2009, in the 2017/18 and 2018 crops. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, with five repetitions. The treatments consisted of four different crop rotation systems: monocrop corn/monocrop corn/fallow/beans; corn + cowpea/monocrop corn/oats/beans; corn + crotalaria/monocrop corn/forage radish/beans and corn + jack bean/monocrop corn/vetch/beans. After the 2018 second crop of corn was removed, the winter/spring green manures were sown: forage radish, vetch, and oats. This was followed in September by the bean crop. The dry matter yields of corn for silage in each growing season and of the bean were evaluated, as well as the total productivity of the systems. The straw yield was also evaluated. The crop rotation systems that included green manures presented the highest total productivity. The intercropping with pork bean favored the corn productivity in the harvest and the crotalaria stover favored the productivity in the off-season. The corn + cowpea/jack bean/beans monocrop and corn + crotalaria/jack bean/forage radish/beans systems favored the productivity of beans. The mode corn monocrop/corn monocrop/fallow did not prioritize the accumulation of straw on the soil. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a produtividade da cultura de milho para ensilagem, feijão e a produção de palhada em diferentes sistemas de rotação de culturas com adubos verdes de primavera/verão e outono/inverno, cultivados sob manejo agroecológico de produção. O experimento foi implantado em uma propriedade rural manejada em sistema agroecológico desde 2009, nas safras de 2017/18 e 2018. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro diferentes sistemas de rotação de culturas: milho monocultivo/milho monocultivo/pousio/ feijão; milho + feijão-guandu/ milho monocultivo/ aveia/ feijão; milho + crotalária/ milho monocultivo/nabo forrageiro/feijão e milho + feijão-de-porco/milho monocultivo /ervilhaca/ feijão. Após a retirada do milho safrinha de 2018 foram semeados os adubos verdes de inverno/primavera: nabo forrageiro, ervilhaca e aveia. Em seguida no mês de setembro a cultura do feijoeiro. Foram avaliadas as produtividades de matéria seca de milho para ensilagem em cada estação de cultivo e do feijão; bem como, a produtividade total dos sistemas. Avaliou-se também a produtividade de palhada. Os sistemas de rotação de culturas que incluíram os adubos verdes apresentaram a maior produtividade total. O consórcio com feijão-de-porco favoreceu a produtividade de milho na safra e a palhada da crotalária a produtividade na safrinha. Os sistemas de milho + feijão-guandu/milho monocultivo/aveia/feijão e milho + crotalária/milho monocultivo/nabo forrageiro/feijão favoreceram a produtividade do feijão. A modalidade milho monocultivo/milho monocultivo/pousio não priorizou a acúmulo de palhada sobre o solo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la productividad del cultivo de maíz para ensilaje, frijol y producción de paja en diferentes sistemas de rotación de cultivos con abonos verdes de primavera/verano y otoño/invierno, cultivados bajo un manejo de producción agroecológico. El experimento se implementó en un predio rural manejado en sistema agroecológico desde 2009, en las cosechas de 2017/18 y 2018. El diseño experimental utilizado fue en bloques aleatorios, con 5 repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro sistemas diferentes de rotación de cultivos: maíz monocultivo/maíz monocultivo/fríjol; maíz + caupí/maíz monocultivo/avena/frijol; maíz + crotalaria/maíz monocultivo/nabo forrajero/frijol y maíz + frijol porcino/maíz monocultivo/ervillaca/frijol. Después de la retirada del maíz de retoño de 2018 se sembraron los abonos verdes de invierno/primavera: nabo forrajero, veza y avena. En septiembre le siguió la cosecha de judías. Se evaluaron los rendimientos de materia seca del maíz para ensilaje en cada temporada y de la judía; así como, la productividad total de los sistemas. También se evaluó la productividad de los rastrojos. Los sistemas de rotación de cultivos que incluían abonos verdes presentaron la mayor productividad total. El intercalado con caupí favoreció la productividad del maíz en la cosecha y la de los rastrojos de crotalaria en la contraestación. Los sistemas maíz + caupí/monocultivo de maíz/avena/frijoles y maíz + crotalaria/monocultivo de maíz/nabo forrajero/frijoles favorecieron la productividad de los frijoles. La modalidad monocultivo de maíz/monocultivo de maíz/pousseed no priorizó la acumulación de paja en el suelo.

Introdução: Elementos micrometeorológicos, como umidade do solo e níveis de radiação solar, influenciam na produtividade das culturas. Estudos com a cultura da soja, concluíram que a produtividade da cultura é prejudicada, quando ela é cultivada em ambientes com baixo nível de radiação solar e em solos encharcados. Objetivos: Avaliar e comparar componentes de produção da cultura da soja, submetida a diferentes condições de luminosidade e de umidade do solo. Material e Métodos: O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, arranjados em esquema fatorial 2x2, com seis repetições. O primeiro fator foi presença e ausência de solo encharcado; o segundo fator foi presença e ausência de restrição luminosa. Nos tratamentos com solo encharcado, manteve-se o solo acima da capacidade de campo pela imersão dos vasos em lâmina de água constante de 0,15 metros. O experimento foi realizado em vasos com capacidade nominal de 8,7 dm³, contendo cada um, duas plantas. As plantas foram submetidas aos tratamentos quando estavam na fase de florescimento pleno (R2), estendendo-se por 30 dias até o enchimento de grãos (R5.2) e para avaliar a produtividade determinou-se o número de vagens por planta (NVP), massa de cem grãos (MCG) e produção de grãos por planta (PRODP). Resultados: Plantas conduzidas na condição de solo na capacidade de campo em ambiente com restrição luminosa apresentaram redução do NVP, MCG e PRODP da ordem de 42%, 33% e 41%, respectivamente, quando comparadas com plantas sem estresse (solo na capacidade de campo a pleno sol). Para plantas em solo encharcado a pleno sol ocorreu redução do NVP, MCG e PRODP da ordem de 40%, 34% e 42%, respectivamente, quando comparadas com plantas sem estresse. Plantas na condição de solo encharcado com restrição luminosa apresentaram NVP, MCG e PRODP similares aos observados nas plantas conduzidas em solo encharcado a pleno sol e similares aos de plantas em solo na capacidade de campo com restrição luminosa. Conclusão: Portanto, incidência de encharcamento do solo e restrição luminosa de forma isolada ou conjunta, por um período de 30 dias, a partir do florescimento pleno, resulta em redução do NVP, MCG e consequentemente causa menor PRODP.

The present work evaluated the influence of calcium silicate on the polygalacturonase enzyme activity, respiration, ethylene, and the physicochemical characteristics on the post-harvest quality of two tomato hybrids. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, with four repetitions in protected cultivation environment. The treatments were distributed in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to the hybrids (Ivety and Natalia) and five doses of calcium silicate (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg ha-1), which were applied on the same day as the pots were filled. Evaluations were carried out on the fruits, namely: ethylene production, fruit respiration, firmness, number of loculus, polygalacturonase activity, total carotenoids, lycopene, phenolic compounds, soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content. The application of calcium silicate provided the reduction of ethylene production and fruit respiration. Natalia hybrid showed low polygalacturonase activity, this difference being due to genetic variabilityThe increase of calcium silicate doses provided the reduction of polygalacturonase enzyme concentration due to its constitution in the cell wall. The concentrations of lycopene, phenolic compounds, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid in the fruits increased in response to the increasing doses of calcium silicate for 'Ivety'. Hybrids present distinct behaviors on the influence of the fertilization of tomatoes with calcium silicate, which can increase the post-harvest conservation and improve the physical-chemical characteristics of tomato fruits. El presente trabajo evaluó la influencia del silicato de cálcio sobre la atividade de la enzima poligalacturonasa, la resoiración, el etileno y las características físico-químicas em la calidad poscosecha de dos híbridos de tomate. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar, con cuatro repeticiones en cultivo protegido. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron em um esquema factorial 2 x 5, correspondientes a híbridos (Ivety y Natália) y cinco dosis de silicato cálcico (0, 150, 300, 450 y 600 kg ha-1), en el que se aplicaron en el mismo dia en que se llenaron los vasos. Se realizaron evaluaciones en los frutos, a saber: producción de etileno, respiración del fruto, firmeza, número de lóculos, actividad poligalacturonasa, carotenoides totales, licopeno, compuestos fenólicos, contenido de sólidos solubles, pH, acidez titulable y contenido de ácido ascórbico. La aplicación de silicato de cálcio proporcionó una reducción en la producción de etileno y la respiración de la fruta. El híbrido de Natália mostró una baja actividad poligalacturonasa, esta diferencia se debe a la variabilidade genética. El aumento de las dosis de silicato de calcio redujo la concentración de la enzima poligalacturonasa debido a su constitución en la pared celular. Las concentraciones de licopeno, compuestos fenólicos, sólidos solubles, pH, acidez titulable y ácido ascórbico de los frutos aumentaron en respuesta a las dosis crecientes de silicato de calcio para ‘Ivety’. Los híbridos exhiben diferentes comportamientos sobre la influencia de la festilización del tomate con silicato de calcio, lo que puede aumentar la conservación poscosecha y mejorar las características fisicoquímicas de los frutos del tomate. O presente trabalho avaliou-se a influência do silicato de cálcio sobre a atividade da enzima poligalacturonase, respiração, etileno e as características físico-químicos na qualidade pós-colheita de dois híbridos de tomate. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições em cultivo protegido. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, correspondendo os híbridos (Ivety e Natália) e cinco doses de silicato de cálcio (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg ha-1), nas quais estas foram aplicados no mesmo dia em que os vasos foram preenchidos. Realizou-se avaliações nos frutos, a saber: a produção de etileno, a respiração dos frutos, a firmeza, o número de lóculos, a atividade da poligalacturonase, os carotenóides totais, o licopeno, os compostos fenólicos, o teor de sólidos solúveis, o pH, a acidez titulável e o teor de ácido ascórbico. A aplicação de silicato de cálcio proporcionou a redução da produção de etileno e a respiração dos frutos. O hibrido Natália apresentou baixa atividade poligalacturonase, sendo esta diferença devido a variabilidade genética. O aumento das doses de silicato de cálcio proporcionou a redução da concentração da enzima poligalacturonase devido a sua constituição na parede celular. As concentrações de licopeno, compostos fenólicos, sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável e ácido ascórbico dos frutos aumentaram em resposta às doses crescentes de silicato de cálcio para ‘Ivety’. Os híbridos apresentam comportamentos distintos sobre a influência da adubação do tomateiro com silicato de cálcio, podendo aumentar a conservação pós-colheita e melhorar as características físico-química de frutos do tomateiro.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-10-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The objective was to evaluate the effect of calcium silicate on the chlorophyll content and gas exchange of two tomato hybrids. The design used was in randomized blocks in a 2x5 factorial scheme, with four replications. The first factor was composed of two tomato hybrids: Ivety and Natalia, and the second factor was composed of five doses of calcium silicate (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 kg ha(-1)), applied to the substrate before planting the seedlings. Gas exchange: net CO2 assimilation rate (A), leaf transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), water-use efficiency (WUE), intrinsic efficiency water use (iWUE), and instant cathoxylation efficiency (ACi); SPAD index and the levels of chlorophylls a, b, and total were evaluated. The analyzes were performed in the stages of first flowering (17 days after transplanting - DAT), full flowering (58 DAT), and full fruiting (78 DAT). At 17 DAT, no difference was observed for gas exchange variables and photosynthetic pigments. The application of calcium silicate reduced gas exchange and photosynthetic pigments at 58 DAT. The hybrid Natalia had the highest A, WUE, iWUE, and ACi at 78 DAT. However, the hybrid Ivety in the same growth stage, in full fruiting, was superior only for the internal concentration of CO2 and SPAD index, with no difference for photosynthetic pigments. Univ Estadual Oeste Parana, Campus Marechal Candid Rondon, Marechal Candid Rondon, Parana, Brazil Corteva Agrisci, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

The objective of this research was to evaluate the agronomic performance and productivity of sixteen genotypes of Chenopodium quinoa cultivated in agroecological and conventional production systems. The evaluations were carried out, based on agronomic characteristics and yields of sixteen C. quinoa genotypes, grown in two simultaneous experiments, in an agroecological production and a conventional production system carried out at the town of Entre Rios do Oeste, Parana, Brazil in the harvest 2015/16. Each experiment was composed of three replicates, following the randomized block design. Number of plants in flowering, number of plants per linear meter, height of insertion of the first panicle, number of days for maturation and productivity were the parameters evaluated. The data were submitted to statistical analysis with the aid of the GENES computational application. Genotype Q13-24 showed a more suitable production for the conventional production system. While the genotype Q13-01, presented the increase of productivity, being more indicated to the system of agroecological production. The characteristics height of plant flowers (HPF) and height of insertion of the first panicle (HIP) had higher values when the plants were cultivated in a conventional system. The number of plants per linear meter (NPLM) was higher in the agroecological crop, when compared to conventional cultivation. The same quinoa genotype can behave differently depending on the area management, being a productivity and the genotype cycle depends on the production system and the genotype used.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the number of stems per plant in the gas exchange index, in the productivity and in the harvest precocity of Italian tomatoes. It was used a randomized block design in a factorial scheme 2 x 5, with four replicates. The first factor constituted of two cultivars of Italian tomatoes (“Giuliana” and “Tyna”) and the second by the number of stems per plant. At 78 days, it was evaluated the gas exchanges and production parameters of the cultivars. There was no statistical difference between the cultivars for the gas exchange indexes, however, the cultivar “Giuliana” was more productive. With relation to the conduction types, the highest values of the CO2 liquid assimilation rate were observed for the conduction type 3, however int did not result in meaningful results in productivity. The removal from the main stem retards the crop

The present had as its objective to evaluate the response of dry mass total yield, and bromatological composition of the forage, submitted to different nitrogen doses, applied as swine waste in the pasture of Cynodon dactylon cv. ‘Vaquero’. The study was developed during the period of November 2017 until March 2018, in the experimental area of the ‘Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná’, campus Toledo, located in the western region of Paraná, under latitude 24º43′13″ S and longitude 53º47′01″ W. The experimental design adopted was of randomized blocks with six treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1) constituted by crescent doses of nitrogen as swine waste, with five replicates, totalizing 30 experimental plots. It was studied the dry mass yield (kg ha-1), crude protein (CP), dry mass (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), insoluble nitrogen in neutral detergent (NDIN), insoluble nitrogen in acid detergent (ADIN), lignin, ether extract (EE) and mineral matter (MM). It was verified that the N doses influenced in the dry mass yield of the forage, because it reached a productivity of 4520.57 kg ha-1 in the dry mass. The highest crude protein content of ‘Vaquero’ was obtained with the dose of 250 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, in which was observed a content of 13.72 g kg-1 of CP in the dry mass. The different nitrogen doses, applied as swine waste in the pasture of grass ‘Vaquero’, have an influence in the bromatological composition and in the dry mass yield, causing an increase in the forage contents of crude protein (CP), dry mass (DM), ether extract (EE), in forage produced under four cutting periods. The increase in the nitrogen doses improves the nutritional quality of grass ‘Vaquero’, once it causes decreases in the NDF and ADF content and increases in the CP and DM content.

The present study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of maize crop when seed inoculated with A. brasilense, associated with different foliar doses of magnesium in the crop vegetative stages. For this, two essays were conducted in field conditions, one located in Laranjeiras do Sul-PR and the other in Entre Rios do Oeste-PR. A randomized blocks scheme was used, with a 3 × 2 factorial, being the treatments with magnesium (Mg): magnesium sulphate; magnesium oxide and without magnesium, and the presence or absence of seed inoculation with A. brasilense. The magnesium sources were supplied via foliar at the V4 stage of the crop, using doses of 6 kg ha-1. Evaluations were carried at R1 determining the SPAD index and stem diameter and, at the end of the productive cycle, were evaluated production components and yield. In both sites no significant effects of foliar application with Mg were observed over the evaluated parameters. The A. brasilense inoculation provided an increase of 9.66% and 6.32% in stem diameter and of 6.8% and 6.24% in the SPAD index in Laranjeiras do Sul and Entre Rios do Oeste respectively, however, they did not increase production components and yield. It is concluded that the inoculation with A. brasilense increases of stem diameter values and SPAD index, in turn the foliar fertilization with different sources of magnesium do not interfere in the development and productivity of corn crop.

The aim was to evaluate the initial development of maize plants when submitted to mineral fertilization with magnesium sources in the presence or absence of seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. To do so, was conducted an experiment in greenhouse. In the essay was adopted a randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme 3 × 2, represented by the magnesium sources: magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), magnesium oxide (MgO) and control without Mg fertilization, in the presence or absence of inoculation with A. brasilense. The Mg sources were supplied with a dose of 30 kg ha-1, being homogenized in the substrate before sowing the crop. The analysis were carried out in the V4 stage, evaluating: basal stem diameter (BSD); relative chlorophyll content (SPAD index), leaf dry mass (LDM), stem + sheath blade dry mass (SSDM) and root dry mass (RDM). No differences were observed for the factors interaction and for the Mg sources. When considered the seed inoculation there was increases of 7.1%; 6.61%; 19.23%; 28.32%; and 15.17 %, for basal stem diameter, SPAD index, leaf dry mass, stem + sheath blade dry mass and roots, respectively. The inoculation of maize seeds with A. brasilense increases the initial development of maize plants and the SPAD index in greenhouse conditions in the V4, while the fertilization with the magnesium sources do not interfere in the maize development.

Growth promoting bacteria are a potential option for sustainable cultivation with lower costs, among them Burkholderia ambifaria, whose importance is mainly due to the endophytic root colonization capacity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the inoculation of growth promoting bacteria in corn plants, in vitro and in greenhouse, with different levels of nitrogen fertilization. The PIONEER® 30F53 YH maize genotype was inoculated with Burkholderia ambifaria, with 106 CFU per seed, in 12-liter polyethylene pots, filled with commercial substrate, prepared with the different nitrogen contents (N), resulting in treatments with different doses of fertilization, associated or not with bacterial inoculation. After 30 and 45 days, it was evaluated: growth promotion, epiphytic and endophytic population and nitrogen accumulation. In the in vitro experiment, inoculated seeds were cultured in test tubes containing culture medium with absence and presence of nitrogen, evaluated after 7 days. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability and regression. Increased nitrogen doses in inoculated plants resulted in better morphological parameters at 45 days. In vitro bacterial inoculation, in vitro, influenced the accumulation of fresh weight of shoot, root growth and development of root hair. The endophytic potential and the accumulation of nitrogen were higher in the absence of nitrogen, but lower than the absence of bacteria and the presence of nitrogen.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the forage production, the bromatological composition of black oat in consortium with vetch when submitted to nitrogen fertilization in above sowing system in the Tifton 85 pasture. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Campus Toledo-PR. The experimental design used was random blocks with four treatments and five repetitions and the treatments consisted of: only oat, oat consorted with vetch, oat with nitrogen fertilization and oat consorted with vetch and nitrogen fertilization. Were evaluated the bromatological composition (CP, NDF, ADF, LIG, EE DM, MM) and the forage yield in the consortium of oat with vetch and/or nitrogen fertilization. The results obtained to the bromatological composition indicate that the application of nitrogen on the surface of the forage increased production with an average of 3.922 kg ha-1 in the second year. The nitrogen fertilization also influenced in the medium contents of crude protein (CP) with 18.56% in the first year. The increase of nitrogen in the parcels showed meaningful results for the first year (P < 0.05) in the contents of dry matter with average value of 18.95%. The introduction of black oat consorted with vetch and with a nitrogen fertilization in above sowing in the crop of tifton 85 during the winter period provides an increase in the yield kg ha-1 and when the vetch was used it happened an increase in the contents of crude protein and dry matter in the bromatological composition of the forage.