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This article provides a "how to" approach to achieve a step-up in basis for assets owned by an S corporation upon the death of the sole shareholder. First, the tax implications of distributions of assets from an S corporation are reviewed. With the basics established, an analysis in which an S corporation sells an appreciated asset after the death of the shareholder is given. The article then determines what result is obtained if the asset is not sold but simply distributed, conclusively demonstrating that the tax implications to the taxpayers are identical whether the asset is sold or simply distributed. A final example is a reminder that this technique works for a sole shareholder of an S corporation but will not address the concerns of surviving shareholders if multiple shareholders are involved. This analysis encourages advisors to strongly consider the liquidation of a decedent's S corporation to receive a step-up in the basis of the decedent's S corporation's assets without increasing the decedent's tax liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research empirically examines the relationship between tax avoidance and the likelihood of incurring a tax-related restatement, as well as the effects tax restatements have on future tax avoidance behavior. We predict and find that the association between tax avoidance and the likelihood of a tax-related restatement is nonlinear. Specifically, both relatively high levels and relatively low levels of tax avoidance compared to peer firms increase the likelihood of incurring a tax-related restatement. We consider whether the increased likelihood for high avoiders is attributable to obfuscation necessary to escape detection of tax avoidance or weak corporate governance. For high avoiders, we find evidence that both obfuscation and weak corporate governance may contribute to the likelihood of a tax-related restatement. As low avoiders should not need to obfuscate, we focus on corporate governance and find an increased likelihood when governance is weak. In response to a tax-related restatement announcement, we document a decline in tax avoidance for firms that have relatively high tax avoidance prior to the restatement announcement. We attribute this to the increased level of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) monitoring and strengthening of corporate governance that we observe post-restatement announcement. In contrast, we do not find evidence that low avoidance firms alter their tax avoidance after a tax-related restatement announcement, consistent with our finding that corporate governance does not improve post-restatement for low avoiders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies tax-minimizing investment, whereby firms tilt capital purchases toward year-end to reduce taxes. We use this pattern to characterize how taxes affect investment behavior. We exploit variation in firm tax positions from administrative data to confirm that tax minimization causes spikes. Spikes increase when firms face financial constraints or higher option values of waiting. Cumulative investment does not completely reverse after spikes. We develop an investment model with tax asymmetries to rationalize these patterns. Both depreciation motives (later investments face lower effective tax rates) and option value motives (tax asymmetry implies time-varying opportunities to minimize taxes) are necessary to fit the data. (JEL G31, G38, H25) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Roth accounts are supposed to be easy. However, nonqualified Roth IRA distributions can be fiendishly complicated and employer Roth issues are mind boggling. With the SECURE Act 2.0 emphasizing employer Roths, advisors need a strong review of all Roth issues. Although SECURE 2.0 harmonized the required minimum distributions (RMD) rules, taxation of nonqualified distributions strongly favors Roth IRAs over employer Roth accounts. Advisors who understand the details can increase their assets under management (AUM) while serving the clients' best interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective policy tools are urgently needed to enable the United States to keep pace with international climate goals. “Feebates”—fees applied to the purchase of vehicles with higher emissions and rebates for clean ones—have become an effective and increasingly common strategy for shaping vehicle markets in European countries. A holistic policy framework that will accelerate the transition to zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) in the US will likely include strong federal policies such as sales mandates, purchase fees for higher emission vehicles, and purchase incentives for ZEVs. Researchers from the University of California, Davis examined what makes a feebate policy work and how this strategy can be leveraged to shift US vehicle markets. The research included a review and analysis of feebate mechanisms in European countries. This policy brief summarizes research findings and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage

Dual taxation in Indian Country happens when a state assesses taxes on private, nontribal activities or transactions on tribal land in addition to taxes assessed by a tribe. This paper analyzes the economic consequences of dual taxation. The paper sketches the evolution of dual taxation in case law, presents a conceptual economic model for analyzing how tribal tax revenues can affect economic welfare, and suggests a systematic way to undertake a balancing analysis that would promote a more consistent approach to balancing tribal and state interests. This conceptual approach can be applied in future research.

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We cover all things "digital assets," including IRS notices, nonfungible tokens (NFTs), the Infrastructure and Investments Jobs Act, IRS Tax Tips, Biden administration proposals, recent Congressional activity, and IRS proposed regulations on brokers' reporting requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate climate change and air pollution, multiple US states and other countries have beensetting and adjusting goals and policies aimed at shifting sales from conventional, fossil-fuel–powered vehicles to plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), defined as plug-in hybrid and battery electric (all-electric) vehicles. For example, US policies have offered federal tax credits for the purchase of PEVs, with limits set on how many PEVs from a single manufacturer, which PEVs, and which consumers qualify. A key to developing or adjusting these policies is understanding how financial incentives affect consumers’ decisions to purchase or lease PEVs. To better understand the impact of financial incentives on PEV leasing and purchasing, researchers at the University of California, Davis, analyzed survey responses from approximately 2,800 California PEV owners. The survey asked: If the federal tax credit were not available would you: purchase or lease the same PEV, switch to a different PEV, switch to a conventional or hybrid (non-plug in) vehicle, or not acquire a vehicle at all? This policy brief discusses findings from those survey responses and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage

AbstractThis study reveals that dynamic equilibrium is uniquely determined after taxation, regardless of whether taxes fall on wages or profits in the short term. Casarosa argues that David Ricardo was aware of the effects of taxes on the dynamic equilibrium; however, Casarosa’s analysis is insufficient because his model mainly corresponds to an economy without taxation. By contrast, we arrange Ricardo’s argument regarding dynamic tax analysis from Chapter 16 of Principles and mathematically reconstruct it by applying a Casarosa model. This study argues that the origin of dynamic tax analysis in the Ricardian system is found in Ricardo on taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the understanding of the concept of digital economy within Ukrainian legislation, legal doctrine, economic science, and documents from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), particularly in Action 1 of the BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) Action Plan, which aims to develop rules for the taxation of the digital economy. During the analysis, the author focused on defining the concept of digital economy, describing its characteristic features as a phenomenon, and examining its impact on taxation. Specifically, conclusions were drawn regarding the distinctive traits of the digital economy that contribute to the erosion of the tax base and the shifting of profits out of taxation, thus leadi ng to overall tax avoidance. Based on the conducted analysis, it was determined that Ukrainian legislation and legal science predominantly operate with a narrow understanding of the concept, equating the digital economy with activities in the IT sector. Economic researchers primarily interpret this concept as an evolution of business practices resulting from the industrial-technological revolution and a consequence of the digitization of business processes. The understanding of the digital economy within the OECD is similar to that found in Ukrainian legal science. Additionally, the article examined the characteristic features of the digital economy highlighted by the OECD, such as asset mobility, functions, personnel, sources of profit, data utilization and collection, and user participation in data creation and value addition. Furthermore, the research demonstrated why the narrow understanding of the digital economy in legislation and legal science negatively affects the lawmaker's ability to fairly regulate relationships in the realm of digital economy taxation. In conclusion, a hypothesis was proposed regarding the understanding of the digital economy as a socio-economic phenomenon. A definition of the digital economy was suggested to guide legislative efforts in regulating the digital economy, particularly concerning its taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In reaction to the assumption in recent scholarship that 8th century tax receipts from Western Thebes were not issued to taxpayers, but kept by officials for administrative purposes, this contribution supports the original view that these payment records were written for taxpayers who requested a receipt. Although dockets may indicate that some receipts were temporarily kept at an office, the findspots of Coptic receipts, the variety of the inscribed pottery, the likely provenance of the Pharaonic pottery, the choice for Greek instead of Coptic, and the occasional omission of the patronymic point to the taxpayer as the intended user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive income and commodity tax structures have been examined independently in terms of their ability to reduce income inequality and bipolarization. Rather than focusing on income and commodity taxes in isolation, this paper studies mixed tax systems, which subject both income and consumption to taxation. It provides necessary and sufficient conditions on the structure of these systems that ensure a reduction in income inequality and bipolarization for both exogenous and endogenous income scenarios. Commodity taxation is "superfluous" in the case of exogenous income, as any post-tax income distribution achievable through a mixed tax system can be replicated by income taxation alone. In contrast, when income is endogenous, there are cases where relying solely on income taxation is ineffective, while mixed tax structures have equalizing and depolarizing potential. • Mixed tax systems combine income and consumption taxation. • We characterize mixed tax systems that universally reduce income inequality and bipolarization. • Under exogenous income, pure income taxation can replicate any mixed tax system. • With endogenous income, mixed taxation is needed to reduce inequality and polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a review of the diverse practices of how armed groups tax, we highlight that a full account of why armed groups tax needs to go beyond revenue motivations, to also engage with explanations related to ideology, legitimacy, institution building, legibility and control of populations, and the performance of public authority. This article builds on two distinct literatures, on armed groups and on taxation, to provide the first systematic exploration of the motivations of armed group taxation. We problematize common approaches toward armed group taxation and state-building, and outline key questions of a new research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the area of business law and enterprises, the internationalization of business activities and the transnational choice of legal form is playing an increasingly important role. This is especially true in times of globalization and a common internal market within the European Union (EU). Consequently, companies are increasingly confronted with legal questions of cross-border choice of legal form and transformations. Here, the cross-border change of legal form can offer an alternative to a merger. Compared to mergers, the cross-border change of legal form of corporations within the EU/EEA is easier to carry out and more flexible. This study introduces the concept and the functioning of the cross-border change of legal form, and elaborates its potential and its limitations in comparison to transnational mergers. The cross-border change of legal form offers a new possibility of transnational reorganization. This article provides the theoretical and legal basis and supports the decision-making in transnational conversions, in which cases a cross-border change of legal form and in which cases a transnational merger should be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objectives of this study were to (a) assess the associations between early behavioral problems and intergenerational income mobility (i.e., the degree to which income status is transmitted from one generation to the next), (b) verify whether these associations are moderated by child sex, and (c) explore indirect effects of early behavioral problems on income mobility via high school graduation. Methods: Data were drawn from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children (n = 3,020; 49.17% girls). Participants were followed from age 6 to 37 years. Measures included parents' and teachers' ratings of behavioral problems at age 6 years as well as participants' (ages 30–35 years) and their parents' (when participants were aged 10–19 years) income data obtained from tax return records. Regression models were used to predict upward and downward mobility (i.e., increased or decreased income status from one generation to the next) from attention‐deficit/hyperactivity problems, conduct/opposition problems, depression/anxiety problems, prosociality, and the quality of children's relationship with their caregiver. Two‐way interaction effects between behavioral problems and child sex were examined and indirect effect models including high school graduation as a mediator of these associations were conducted. Results: Despite their higher educational attainment, females had lower incomes and experienced lower upward (but higher downward) income mobility than males. For both females and males, higher levels of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity and conduct/opposition problems were associated with decreased odds of upward mobility, whereas higher levels of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity were associated with increased odds of downward mobility. Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity problems, conduct/opposition problems as well as low prosociality were associated with lower educational attainment (no high school diploma), which in turn was associated with increased odds of downward mobility. Conclusions: Results highlight the importance of providing intensive support to children with early behavioral problems as a means of improving educational attainment and intergenerational income mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents letter to the editor focuses on the increasing pressure faced by general practice (GP) in England, exacerbated by a growing workload and diminishing workforce. Topics include the rise in the number of GP appointments, the increasing complexity of patient care, and the rise of remote consultations that, while improving productivity, pose safety risks for patients.

Political scientists agree that most Americans are "operationally liberal." However, economic preferences have traditionally been measured as opinions on public spending, independent from the "costs" of public policies. In reality, redistributive economic policies often impose costs on some actors while delivering benefits to others. When a policy's costs and benefits are both apparent, what types of redistribution do Americans prefer? This paper's novel survey evidence shows that preferences for policy benefits are indeed sensitive to which subgroups would bear the policy's costs (and vice versa). American majorities do support a wide range of redistributive economic policy packages—as long as the wealthy are footing the bill or the costs are hidden. When the size of the group facing the policy cost (e.g., tax) increases, overall support declines. Preference differences between Republicans of varying economic statuses are large, while divisions within the Democratic coalition are subtler but still clear on certain policies. Overall, this paper shows that measuring preferences for a policy's costs (e.g., taxation) are crucial to truly understanding voters' holistic economic policy demands. Further, the lack of enactment by political elites of the forms of redistribution consistently supported by the public casts research on democratic representation in new light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel taxes are seen as an important instrument in the fight against climate change, including in the European Green Deal. From a social-ecological policy perspective, it is important to understand current high levels of public opposition to fuel taxes. If social disadvantage is an important driver of opposition, this would strengthen arguments that fuel taxes need to be designed in a fairer way. However, it remains unclear how important social disadvantage – here defined as a combination of low income, fuel poverty risk, low education, low occupational status and job insecurity – is for explaining opposition compared to factors such as political trust and climate change attitudes, and how the role of social disadvantage varies with welfare regimes in Europe. In this article, we examine how strongly social disadvantage is associated with opposition to fuel taxes once political trust and climate change attitudes are controlled for, and we compare results across welfare regimes. The article uses data from the 2016 European Social Survey and employs logistic regression and decomposition analysis. We find that social disadvantage contributes nearly as much to fuel tax opposition as climate change attitudes and political trust together, with 10.9 and 16.6 percentage points respectively. However, the role of social disadvantage varies by welfare regime. It matters most in Southern and Eastern Europe, where opposition is particularly high, as are poverty and inequality. We discuss implications for social-ecological policy strategies that aim to increase public acceptability of fuel taxes in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Recent studies have highlighted Medicaid enrollment among middle- and higher-income populations and questioned whether the program is reaching those for whom it is intended. Methods: The authors use administrative tax data to measure Medicaid enrollment and income in 2017, they use survey data to measure monthly income, and they use administrative data to identify Medicaid enrollment pathways. Findings: Among 38.8 million nonelderly adults in Medicaid at any point in 2017, 24.4 million had annual income below their state's typical eligibility threshold, and 14.4 million (37%) had income above the threshold. Among those above the threshold, 3.5 million enrolled through a pathway allowing higher income (pregnant women, the "medically needy," and others). The authors also estimate that more than 12 million had at least one month with income below the threshold, and roughly 4 million had at least five months with income below the eligibility threshold. Conclusions: Pathways allowing higher income account for one quarter of enrollees with annual incomes above typical thresholds. Among low-income adults, month-to-month variation in income is common and can account for most or all of the remaining enrollees with annual incomes above typical thresholds. A complete accounting of eligibility status would require merged data on income, Medicaid enrollment, and family structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the optimal design of a pension system together with publicly provided individualized financial education. Agents can invest in both a risky and a non-risky asset and can either under- or over-estimate the expected return of the risky asset. We show that, under perfect information on the misperception biases, it is optimal for the government to impose a uniform level of pension contributions equal to the optimal level of investment in the riskless asset and a U-shaped level of mandatory education. Under asymmetric information, we show that the level of education is always distorted upward for agents with important misperception biases (who either under- or over-estimate financial returns), but can be distorted upward or downward for agents with mild misperception biases. Whether we end up in one or the other situation depends on the size of the public and private costs of education as well as on the shape of the distribution of the misperception biases in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This inquiry provides empirical evidence on the effect of general literacy on tax revenue mobilization in Africa over the period 1996–2021. This evidence is important given the low level of taxation in Africa and the lack of clarity on the nexus between a country's literacy level and taxation effort. The paper employs a simultaneous quantile regression, and uses three different indicators of tax revenue mobilization as a percentage of GDP. The motivation for quantile regression technique is primarily based on two essential reasons: (i) the argument that the effect of literacy on taxation effectiveness is dependent on the existing level of tax revenue mobilization; (ii) tax revenue mobilization policies, to be effective, need to be adapted differently across countries with low, intermediate, and high levels of existing tax mobilization effort. Results show that improvement in general literacy appears to promote tax mobilization effort, and that the effect of general literacy on taxation is stronger for direct taxes than for indirect taxes (in terms of both significance and magnitude). Furthermore, in most of the results, the impact of general literacy is slightly stronger in the upper quantiles of the general literacy distributions. The results remain robust over alternative econometric estimation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What motivates property owners to pay taxes in places where state enforcement is weak? Using an online experiment among property owners in Lagos, Nigeria, we evaluate the effectiveness of different appeals at increasing respondents' tax morale —willingness to pay taxes absent enforcement—and attitudes about government enforcement of tax collection. Respondents were randomly assigned to read either a vignette emphasizing the role of property tax revenues in contributing to economic growth and increased property values or one highlighting that tax revenues are used for public goods and services benefiting all residents. The growth and property values message made respondents significantly more favorable toward enforcement of tax collection, but there was no difference in willingness to pay between the two conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equity premium income exchange-traded funds (ETFs) focus on dividends and call writing to enhance the cash flows produced by the portfolio. However, not all equity premium income ETFs are taxed the same, and many of these funds were designed with non-taxable retirement accounts in mind. Taxable investors should understand how the fund is structured and how the distributions are taxed before investing in these funds. The good news is that fund managers have tools at their disposal that can make these funds more tax efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of corporate taxation on the external balances of 27 European Union member countries from the late 1990s to 2021. Using an ARDL process and a 2-stage least squares estimation procedure, we find that, in the short term, higher corporate taxation is positively and significantly related to the current account balance and the trade balance for the whole sample. There are considerable differences in the effects in the euro area and non-euro countries, with the latter experiencing a much stronger short-term impact. In the long term, there are no critical differences in the results between the two groups, and the impact of corporate taxation is positive but statistically significant only for the trade balance. The size of the impact of corporate taxation on net exports and current account balances is of similar magnitude, which likely implies that the international profit shifting via manipulating intrafirm prices in international trade does not strongly affect the external balances in our sample. Our results imply that initiatives to increase global tax rates could be justified from an international trade perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that tax is a hybrid of civil and common law, public and private law, and is cross-disciplinary. It observes that tax law has become an all-purpose tool for legislators. It seeks to demonstrate how the US, a common law jurisdiction, has turned to civil law models for taxation while civil law jurisdictions and the European Union have sought common law models to combat tax avoidance. The ubiquity of tax and its public law influence on private law transactions, its cross disciplinary nature, and its deployment as a legislative tool to manage the economy make it a candidate for reform targeting cross-border uniformity and systemic convergence--a motion that has begun and should continue to reach full uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study all‐pay auctions under incomplete information in which the designer can impose taxes or subsidies, and his expected payoff is the contestants' expected total effort minus the cost of subsidies, or, alternatively, plus the tax payment. When contestants have linear effort cost functions, we show that taxing the winner's payoff is profitable for the contest designer, and particularly more profitable than the same model with no taxation or the same model with contestants' effort taxation. When the contestants' effort cost functions are convex and the taxation rate is relatively low, we show that the designer should tax the winner's payoff while subsidizing all of the other contestants' effort costs. As a result, contest organizers should think about combining taxation and subsidies in their contests because they complement rather than substitute each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the evolution of Canada's vaping market during the period 2018–2023, using scanner data from Nielsen and survey data from the Canadian Tobacco and Nicotine Surveys. The primary focus is to explore how federal and provincial regulations have incentivized and may have altered behaviours on the demand side and discuss how behavioural responses to these regulations may spill over to the market for combustible cigarettes. The paper also explores the substantial developments on the supply side during the same period. The conclusions serve to inform policy decisions regarding e-cigarettes, especially in the area of taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the problem of fairly locating two facilities providing a public good in two spatial models: a city line and a network. Each facility is characterized not only by its location but also by its quality. We introduce new notions of envy‐freeness and fairness that can be applied to spatial settings. We show that the tax scheme adopted to finance the public good has a key role in determining the existence of a spatially fair configuration of facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article has, as its basic source, three royal charters of the ninth- to thirteenth-century period from Kerala. The royal need for precious metals to issue currency alone explains the rulers' anxiety to give concessions to merchants engaged in overseas trade. The article examines how this policy was conducted and how far it was successful. Inscriptions form our major source for the period thirteenth century, and these form the main source for the following study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tackles the sensible and complex problem of international taxation. The main objective of the paper is to create a comprehensive fiscal space, especially at the European level, in the direct taxation domain. The main scope of the research is to identify, evaluate, and assess the main pillars and features of this fiscal space. The research methodology is based both on theoretical analysis of double taxation and transfer pricing issues, but also on practical aspects of several specific case laws. The conclusions of the article highlight the further improvement and development of the arm's length principle structure, improving double taxation multilateral conventions, recalibrating the mutual agreement procedure, and strengthening the tax authorities' international cooperation techniques and tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT In this work, we look at the role played by cultural values on individuals' tax preferences towards contributing to public goods. More specifically, looking at the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Former Soviet Union (FSU), we analyse the role of specific cultural values in the willingness of an individual to pay more taxes with the aim of improving public good provision relating to education, health and support of people in need, as well as to combat climate change. To this purpose, we integrate Hofstede's cultural dichotomy individualism–collectivism with Schwartz's cultural dichotomy embeddedness–autonomy, as both capture similar values regarding group interest and self‐determination. We posit that individual values aligned with the concept of individualism/autonomy will be associated with a greater willingness to contribute towards public good provision. Our analysis exploits data from the third wave of the Life in transition Survey (2015–2016). Our analyses reveal that respondents' willingness to contribute to different types of public and common goods is positively associated with them holding values compatible with individualism/autonomy. These associations are statistically significant and robust to changes in specifications and estimators and to changes in the sample investigated.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study discusses the legal uncertainty that affects the synergy between the Tax Authority and the Corruption Court Authority (Tipikor) in imposing taxes on assets resulting from corruption that have not been reported by the perpetrators in the Annual Tax Return (SPT). The lack of specific regulations governing the imposition of taxes on assets resulting from corruption causes differences in the interpretation and application of the law in the field, confusing law enforcement officers and business actors. In addition, this study identifies various obstacles faced in coordination between the two authorities, including communication problems, information sharing, and differences in objectives. Using a qualitative approach, this study collected data through interviews with legal practitioners and analysis of relevant legal documents. The results of the study indicate that the existing legal uncertainty and coordination constraints hinder efforts to effectively impose taxes on assets resulting from corruption, thereby harming state tax revenues. This study recommends the need to develop clearer regulations and better cooperation mechanisms between the Tax Authority and the Tipikor Court to improve tax compliance and reduce corrupt practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, tax nudging has gained popularity as a method to boost tax compliance and help revenue authorities increase tax collection. However, most evidence on the effect of behaviourally informed tax letters comes from environments with high administrative capacity, which raises doubts about its generalizability. Against this background, this article tests the compliance effect of including messages that trigger deterrence or reciprocity beliefs in tax letters through a randomized controlled trial implemented in two mid‐sized Mozambican municipalities, Vilankulo and Dondo. Conducted in 2018, the experiment focuses on property taxation, a tax overwhelmingly perceived to perform well below its potential in many low‐ and middle‐income countries. The analysis relies on administrative data and exploits the complete universe of registered property tax taxpayers, including individuals and enterprises. The results indicate that (i) receiving a notification letter – not necessarily common practice in many contexts – has a significant positive impact on compliance; (ii) among enterprises, the message alluding to reciprocity backfires, while the most effective message to include generally is the one alluding to deterrence; and (iii) previously compliant taxpayers react negatively to the letter, regardless of the message included. These results carry relevant policy implications, indicating the large scope for behaviourally informed letters to help increase tax compliance, even in low administrative capacity settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to analyze the considerable Brazilian taxes ICMS and IPI levied on consumer products, which significantly affects low-income women, promoting gender inequality and distancing the effectiveness of social justice. The question that is intended to be answered is how do low-income women constitute themselves as more harmed by the ICMS and IPI taxes levied on consumer products? The research techniques are bibliographic and documentary, of a qualitative nature, and deductive method. Based on the data presented, it is possible to affirm that low-income women in Brazil are neglected by Brazilian taxation, since differences in consumption behavior in relation to men are not considered. These women are largely responsible for taking care of the family, which makes the high rate of exclusively feminine products and subsidies linked to the needs of their families go against the principles of the Federal Constitution. It is essential to adopt a more egalitarian tax policy, which includes lower taxation for exclusively female products, such as contraceptives and hormonal products (IUDs), as is the case with male condoms, classifying them as essential products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) take advantage of local differences in their global location of assets and activities. Scholarship in economic geography and international political economy associates value-producing entities organized in Global Value Chains (GVCs), and wealth-protecting entities in Global Wealth Chains (GWCs). At the aggregate level, these are often associated with different geographical manifestations, with GVCs centered around "production hubs" and GWCs around "offshore jurisdictions." This indicates an asymmetrical geography between value and wealth with a low level of entanglement. This does not account, however, for the ways value and wealth are governed within MNEs. We investigate how the firm-territory nexus can be understood across scales and what this implies for the geographical overlap between GVCs and GWCs. While there is seemingly limited entanglement of GVC and GWC activities at the macro scale, at the meso scale there are overlaps and significant entanglement at the micro scale. This implies value and wealth are more geographically aligned than previously thought, and that initiatives aimed at regulating these chains needs to address practices within MNEs rather than targeting arbitrary geographies at the country level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychological study of resilience has increasingly underscored the need for children and families to access material and psychological resources to positively adapt to significant stress. Redistributive policies—policies that downwardly reallocate society's social and economic resources—can offer economically disadvantaged families sustained access to these resources and mitigate the harmful impacts of adversity. This conceptual article builds upon and integrates insights from psychological and policy research to develop a unifying multilevel resilience framework, which we call the Social Determinants of Resilience. We examine four U.S. redistributive policies that have been extensively studied for their effects on child and family outcomes as case studies: (1) Medicaid expansion; (2) the Earned Income Tax Credit; (3) childcare subsidies; and (4) Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Informed by a scoping review of each policy, we propose that redistributive policies promote children's resilience through three mechanisms by (1) increasing families' resource and service access; (2) reducing family stress; and (3) enhancing adaptive cognitions, emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal processes that protect against the development of psychopathology and promote positive mental health outcomes. Highlighting current evidence for these resilience mechanisms as well as gaps in knowledge, we conclude by setting a multidisciplinary research agenda that can leverage this conceptual framework to advance the science on how redistributive policies enable children and families to thrive. Public Significance Statement: Policies that support economically disadvantaged families such as Medicaid expansion, the Earned Income Tax Credit, childcare subsidies, and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program mitigate adversity and promote children's resilience. This article proposes a conceptual framework for how psychological and policy research on resilience can be integrated to identify the mechanisms through which these policies promote the human capacity to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everyone has the right to education, work, healthcare, participation in cultural life and community, and rest and leisure. Many groups of people however experience inequities in many aspects of life. One such group is persons with disabilities. The aim of this paper is to explore the lived experiences of persons with disabilities in Trinidad and Tobago by examining the complaints lodged with the Equal Opportunity Commission. Using a basic interpretive design, files related to four categories, namely, education, goods and services, accommodations and employment, are examined. Findings indicate various attitudinal, environmental and institutional challenges across all categories as well as financial, psychological and quality of life implications. Against the backdrop of various conceptualisations of the social model of disability and the social relational experiences of disability in the local setting, policy and practice recommendations are presented to support wellbeing for persons with disabilities in Trinidad and Tobago. Points of interest: Experiences of persons with disabilities are examined across four categories simultaneously, i.e. education, goods and services, accommodations and employment. Experiences among examined categories demonstrate inconsistencies in national and organisational policies to promote equal rights among persons with disabilities. Guidance on disability disclosure and measures to promote equal rights among persons with disabilities after disability disclosure are absent. Ambiguity and neglect of current social situations regarding the eligibility criteria of social assistance grants contribute to double disadvantage. The development of a social model of disability and wellbeing is recommended to promote equal rights among persons with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 2021 136 countries reached a political agreement to transform the global tax regime for the first time since its creation. The disconnect between the digitalized economy and the global tax system was a key driver of the agreement, but it was not sufficient as negotiations only a few years earlier had failed to address the problem. This article advances a three-part explanation to resolve this puzzle. First, developments on one side of the Atlantic changed the default conditions and so increased support for compromise in the other. Second, those changes enhanced the bargaining power of higher-tax jurisdictions relative to lower-tax ones. Third, the Biden administration saw securing a multilateral agreement on minimum corporate taxes as a way to realize domestic tax objectives. The linking of the issues gave it an incentive to compromise on taxing the digital economy and paved the way for agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Tobacco product excise taxes are a cost‐effective method for reducing tobacco consumption, but industry pricing and marketing strategies encourage consumers to engage in price‐minimizing behaviours (PMBs). We investigated the relationship between tobacco tax increases and PMBs, measuring whether PMBs intensify following tax increases, whether low‐income consumers with higher nicotine dependence are more likely to engage in PMBs and whether PMBs are negatively related to smoking cessation. Method: This was a systematic review with meta‐analysis of cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies from seven databases up to March 2023, using studies that reported any product‐ and purchasing‐related smoking behaviours post‐tobacco tax increase in a general representative population. Sixty‐eight studies were quality‐assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. All studies were narratively synthesized, with five studies involving 13 068–26 575 participants providing data for pooled analyses on PMBs [purchasing lower‐priced brands, roll‐your‐own (RYO) tobacco and cartons] pre‐ and post‐tax increases using a random effects meta‐analytical model. Results: Fifty‐seven studies reported on legal PMBs, and 17 studies reported illicit cigarette purchasing. Meta‐analysis showed that consecutive tax increases were positively associated with purchasing RYO [odds ratio (OR) = 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–2.46], especially in higher tobacco taxing environments, with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 96%). Lower income and higher nicotine dependence were associated with purchasing lower‐priced brands and RYO, whereas higher income and nicotine dependence were associated with purchasing cartons, large‐sized packs and cross‐border sales. Less evidence associated illicit tobacco purchases with tax increases or PMBs with smoking cessation. Conclusions: Tobacco purchasers' PMBs vary widely by state, country and time‐period within countries. Both legal and illegal PMBs, potentially influenced by industry pricing tactics, may exacerbate health inequalities and dilute the public health benefits of tobacco tax increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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