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Diabetes mellitus associated with oxidative stress and inflammation can affect many organs. While the effects of diabetes on many organs are well known and documented, its mechanisms of action on the lung are known far less. Hyperglycemia can lead to lung damage by increasing oxidative stresses and inflammation. Diabetes may be a trigger for pulmonary fibrosis, as studies suggest that there may be an important link between pulmonary fibrosis and diabetes. In this review, the histopathological changes caused by diabetes in the lung tissue were summarized. In addition, changes in the lung due to inflammation, oxidative stress and pulmonary fibrosis mechanisms were evaluated.

TARAMAWOS WOS:000644964900041 TARAMASCOPUS The aim of this study is to determine the potential therapeutic effects of CAPE in CP-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Cisplatin (CP) is an antineoplastic chemotherapeutic used for treatment of many cancer types but its applications may induce nephrotoxicity. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of propolis and it has several important physiological activities. Rats were divided into four groups: Control, CAPE (10 mmol/kg/i.p), CP (7 mg/kg/i.p), and CP+CAPE (7 mg/kg/i.p, CP and 10 mmol/kg/i.p, CAPE). After administrations, animals were sacrificed, and kidney tissues were extracted. Histopathological changes were evaluated and TNF-a and IL-6 immunostaining were performed. Moreover, tissue SOD, CAT and MDA levels were measured by ELISA assay to assessment of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. CP group showed histopathological deterioration compared to the Control group and CAPE treatment attenuated this damage. When compared with Control and CAPE group, an increase in TNF-a and IL-6 immunoreactivities and tissue MDA levels were observed in the CP group while a decrease in tissue SOD and CAT levels were detected. Furthermore, an improvement was observed in the CP+CAPE compared to the CP group. We suggest that CAPE can be used as a therapeutic agent to attenuate the toxic effects of cisplatin, thanks to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of Chloroquine (CLQ) against Adriamycin (ADR) induced hepatotoxicity. ADR is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of many cancer types, but it causes hepatotoxicity. CLQ is used as an anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, and pneumonia caused by Covid-19. Rats were divided into four groups: Control group, ADR group (2 mg/kg Adriamycin, one in three days for 30 days, i.p.), CLQ group (50 mg/kg Chloroquine, per day for 30 days, i.p.), ADR+CLQ (2 mg/kg Adriamycin, one in three days for 30 days, i.p. and 50 mg/ kg Chloroquine, per day for 30 days, i.p.). Animals were sacrificed, and liver tissues were extracted for further examinations. Histopathological changes in liver tissues were scored and IL-17 immunostaining was performed to determine the expression levels among experimental groups. Bodyweights in the ADR group decreased significantly compared to the Control group and CLQ group. Furthermore, bodyweight in ADR+CLQ group was significantly higher compared to ADR group. The histopathological score was significantly higher in ADR group when compared to Control and CLQ group while CLQ administrations reduced the damage induced by ADR in the ADR+CLQ group. IL-17 immunoreactivity was considerably increased in the ADR group. On the other hand, IL-17 expressions of ADR+CLQ were substantially less compared to ADR group. We suggest that CLQ can be used as a therapeutic agent to reduce the detrimental effects of ADR, thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Background/aim Cisplatin (CP), a chemotherapeutic drug, causes damage to spermatogenic serial cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells in rat testicles. It was aimed to investigate the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), one of the active ingredients of propolis, in eliminating CP-induced testicular damage. Materials and methods Group 1 (control group) was given physiological saline solution intraperitoneally (IP) throughout the experiment. Group 2 (CP group) was given a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg) IP on the day 7. Group 3 (CP + CAPE group), was given CAPE (10 μmol/kg/day) IP for 12 days and a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg) IP on day 7. Group 4 (CAPE group) was given CAPE (10 μmol/kg/day) IP for 12 days. On day 14 of the experiment, the rats were decapitated under xylazine and ketamine anesthesia and their testicles were removed. The sections obtained from the testicles were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and histopathological damage was evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities were measured in the testicular tissue samples. Testosterone (TES) levels were measured in the blood serum. The Johnsen testicular biopsy score (JTBS) was used to evaluate testicular tubules. DNA damage was evaluated in sperm samples taken from the ductus epididymis using the comet assay technique. Results In Group 2, which was given CP, the testicles were severely damaged.It was observed that histological damage was reduced in the testes by administering CAPE in Group 3. Moreover, according to the JTBS, the value was significantly higher in the testicular tubules (P < 0.05). Moreover, the MDA level decreased in Group 3. However, the SOD, CAT, and TES levels increased in Group 3. DNA damage also decreased significantly in Group 3 when compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results showed that CAPE may be protective against damage caused by CP in the testicles of rats.

Chronic hypoxia negatively affects male fertility by causing pathological changes in male reproductive system. However, underlying mechanisms of this damage are unknown. Chloroquine (CLQ) is an anti-inflammatory agent that is widely used in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases such as malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of CLQ in the hypoxia-induced testicular damage via assessment of hypoxic response, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. For this purpose, 32 Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups as control (given 20%-21% O2, no treatment), CLQ (given 50 mg/kg and 20%-21% O2 for 28 days), hypoxia (HX) (given 10% O2 for 28 days) and HX + CLQ (given 50 mg/kg and 10% O2 for 28 days). After the experiment, blood samples and testicular tissues were taken. Histopathological evaluation was performed on testicular tissues and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-? (HIF1-?), heat shock proteins (HSPs) HSP70, HSP90 and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153) expression levels were detected via immunohistochemistry. Moreover, apoptotic cells were detected via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining and serum testosterone levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. Histopathological changes, apoptotic cell numbers and HIF1-?, HSP70, HSP90 and GADD153 expressions significantly increased in HX group (P .05). However, CLQ exerted a strong ameliorative effect on all parameters in HX + CLQ group. According to our results, we suggested that CLQ can be considered as an alternative protective agent for eliminating the negative effects of hypoxic conditions on male fertility. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Objective: Hypoxia has an important role in the disruption of intestinal mucosal integrity because of inflammation and apoptosis induced by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL-6 and IFN-y, and apoptotic regulatory proteins. Chloroquine (CLQ) is a drug used in the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and is widely used for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases such as malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we aimed to reduce the destructive effects of hypoxia-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa of rats with CLQ applications. Methods: For this purpose, a total of 24 Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into three groups; Group I: Control group (n=8), Group II: Hypoxia (n=8) and Group III: Hypoxia + CLQ (n=8). The control group was housed in plexiglass cages to keep the oxygen levels at 10% levels for 28 days, while the hypoxia and hypoxia+CLQ groups were housed in a normal atmospheric environment (21% O2), and the hypoxia+CLQ group was administered CLQ at a dose of 50 mg/kg every day for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, the intestinal tissues of the experimental animals, were extracted under the anesthesia and they were sacrificed. Results: As a result of histopathological evaluations, it was determined that CLQ applications showed healing properties on the histopathological effects induced by hypoxia in the intestine. While an increase in TNF-? expression was observed in the hypoxia group, a statistically significant decrease was detected in the hypoxia+CLQ group. In addition, Bax expression was found to be statistically significantly lower in the hypoxia+CLQ group when compared to the hypoxia group. On the contrary, it was observed that Bcl-2 expression was statistically significantly increased in the hypoxia+CLQ group compared to the Hypoxia group. Conclusion: We observed that hypoxia causes significant damage to the intestinal mucosa and triggers a severe inflammation that drives cells to apoptosis. Considering the curative effects of chloroquine on the intestinal mucosa, we suggest that this anti-inflammatory drug has a potential to use clinically to alleviate the deleterious effects of hypoxia in the intestine. © 2022. All Rights Reserved.

Purpose. To determine the protective effects of melatonin (MEL) in acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by Cisplatin (CP), widely used as a chemotherapeutic in the treatment of many cancer types, via assessment of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) levels in rats. Methods. Total 40 Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: Control (n = 10), MEL (n = 10, 10 mg/kg/i.p melatonin for 8 days), CP (n = 10, 7 mg/kg/i.p cisplatin at the 5th day), and CP + MEL (n = 10, 10 mg/kg/i.p melatonin for 8 days and 7 mg/kg/i.p cisplatin at the 5th day). After administrations, animals were sacrificed, and kidney tissues were extracted. Histopathological changes were evaluated and glomerular and tubular immunoreactivities of HSP47, HSP60, HSP7, and HSP90 in renal cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, blood serum BUN, creatinine and uric acid levels were measured to assess of kidney function. Results. CP group showed histopathological deterioration compared to Control group and MEL treatment attenuated this damage. When compared with Control and MEL groups, an increase in HSPs immunoreactivities in renal cortex and blood serum BUN, creatinine and uric acid levels were observed in the CP group. Furthermore, an improvement was observed in the CP + MEL in terms of these parameters compared to the CP group. Conclusion. According to our results, MEL could exert a significant protective effect to ameliorate CP-induced AKI via regulation of heat-shock protein expressions.

Cisplatin (CP) is used as an effective chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of various solid tumors. However, side effects such as hepatotoxicity limit the use of the drug. We investigated the protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), one of the active ingredients of propolis, against hepatotoxicity caused by CP treatment in the liver. 38 Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups. Control group was given physiological saline solution for 12 day. CP group was given a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg) on the day 7. CP+CAPE group, was given CAPE (10 μmol/kg/day) for 12 days and a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg) on day 7. CAPE group was given CAPE (10 μmol/kg/day for 12 days. Livers of rats sacrificed on the 14th day were stained with hematoxylin-eosin after histological tissue follow-up. The preparations were evaluated histopathologically and scored. Rat weights were measured and recorded at the beginning and end of the experiment. CP caused significant histopathological changes in the liver. CP also prevented the increase in rat weight. CAPE played an effective role as a protective agent against the histopathological changes caused by CP and showed signs of tissue healing. Our results show that CAPE can be protective against hepatotoxicity associated with CP.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic, and it is widely used as an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of many cancer types such as sarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and as well as breast and liver cancers. However, it may lead to hepatotoxicity when administered chronically or in a high dose. The aim of this study is to determine dose-dependent effects of DOX in rat liver tissue. For this purpose, thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: Group I as Control; Group II: Chronic DOX administered cumulative dose of DOX (2 mg/kg, twice in a week, total 20 mg/kg, i.p); Groups III: Acute DOX group administered single dose DOX (15 mg/kg, i.p) at the 20th day of the experiment. At the end of the 30th day, animals were sacrificed, and liver tissues were extracted for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate the histopathological changes and TNF- and IL-6 expressions were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Both chronic and acute administrations of DOX triggered significant liver damage. However, it was observed that liver damage induced by acute single dose DOX administrations were higher than those cumulative chronic DOX administrations. TNF- and IL-6 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in both Chronic DOX group and Acute DOX group compared to Control group. However, immunoreactivity of TNF- was substantially higher in the Acute DOX group compared to Chronic DOX group. These results demonstrated that acute administrations of DOX relatively induce serious liver damage and inflammatory response when compared to cumulative chronic administrations. In conclusion, it may be advisable to increase studies on the use of acute doses in combination with protective anti-inflammatory agents., Doksorubisin (DOX) göğüs kanseri ve hepatosellüler karsinomların yanı sıra sarkoma ve akut lenfoblastik lösemi gibi birçok kanser türünün tedavisinde de antineoplastik ajan olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılan bir antrasiklin antibiyotiktir. Ancak kronik veya yüksek dozlarda uygulandığında hepatotoksisiteye neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, doksorubisinin sıçan karaciğer dokularındaki doz bağımlı etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla, 30 adet Wistar albino ırkı sıçan 3 gruba ayrıldı: Grup I: Kontrol grubu, Grup II: Kümülatif dozda (2 mg/kg, haftada iki defa, toplam 20 mg/kg, i.p.) doksorubisin uygulanan Kronik DOX grubu, Grup III: Deneyin 20. günü tek doz (15 mg/kg, i.p.) doksorubisin uygulanan Akut DOX grubu. 30. günün sonunda, deney hayvanları sakrifiye edildi ve histopatolojik ve immünohistokimyasal analizler için karaciğer dokuları alındı. Karaciğer dokularından elde edilen kesitler hematoksilen-eozin ile boyandı ve dokulardaki TNF- ve IL-6 ekspresyonları immünohistokimyasal boyamalar ile belirlendi. Hem kronik hem de akut doksorubisin uygulamaları karaciğer dokularında ciddi bir hasara neden oldu. Bununla birlikte, akut tek doz doksorubisin uygulanan gruptaki karaciğer hasarının kümülatif dozda doksorubisin uygulanan gruptakinden daha fazla olduğu gözlendi. TNF- ve IL-6 ekspresyonlarının hem Kronik DOX grubunda hem de Akut DOX grubunda Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı bir şekilde arttığı belirlendi. Ancak, Akut DOX grubundaki TNF- immunoreaktivitesinin Kronik DOX grubuna göre anlamlı bir şekilde arttığı görüldü. Bu sonuçlar, akut tek doz olarak uygulanan doksorubisinin sıçan karaciğer dokularında kümülatif dozlara göre daha ciddi bir karaciğer hasarı ve inflamatuvar yanıt meydana getirdiğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, doksorubisinin akut uygulamalarının koruyucu anti-inflamatuvar ajanlarla kombinasyon halinde kullanımına ilişkin çalışmaların artırılması tavsiye edilebilir.

Patoloji ve Histoloji Laboratuvarı Uygulama Kitabı, temelde üniversitelerin Patoloji Laboratuvar Teknikleri programında okuyan öğrenciler için hazırlanmıştır. Patoloji laboratuvarı uygulamalarında sık kullanılan takip ve boyama yöntemleri, takip aşamalarında ortaya çıkan hatalar ve bu hataların giderilmesine yönelik pratik çözümlerin yanı sıra pek çok farklı uygulamanın prosedürünü bir arada bulabileceğiniz bu kitap, aynı zamanda halen mesleğini icra etmekte olan tüm patoloji teknikerlerinin faydalanabileceği bir kaynak niteliğindedir. Kitap içerisinde rutin doku takip prosedürü, 7 farklı fiksatif solüsyonu hazırlama prosedürü, 4 farklı dekalsifikasyon solüsyonu hazırlama prosedürü ve 10 farklı doku boyama prosedürüne ek olarak histolojik dokulara ait çizim alanları ve laboratuvar uygulama çalışmaları için not alma alanları hazırlanmıştır. Prosedür uygulamalarının takibi ile teknikerlerin patoloji ya da histoloji laboratuvarlarında gereksinim duyacağı temel uygulama bilgileri kazandırılacaktır.

Giriş Amaç Yüksek irtifada yaşanan komplikasyonlardan biri olan Anoreksiya, çevresel durumu sinyallerde enerji durumunu belirleyen ve iştahı kontrol eden hipoksinin neden olduğu rahatsızlıklardan kaynaklanmaktadır. Gastrointestinal sistemden salgılanan hormonlar, besin bileşimini algılayarak ve böylece spesifik reseptörler yoluyla hipotalamus tarafından açlığın ve doygunluğun kontrolünü etkileyen endokrin sinyal olarak önemli bir rol oynar (1). 1999'da büyüme hormonu salgı reseptörünün endojen bir ligandı olarak keşfedilen 28 amino asitli bir peptid olan Ghrelin, gastrik mukozanın endokrin hücreleri tarafından sentezlenir (2). Glikoz doyma faktörlerinden biri olduğundan, hipoksi sırasında glikoz homeostazını korumak önemlidir (3). Klorokuin Plasmodium vivax sıtmasında tedavi için kullanıldığı bilinmekte olup aynı zamanda antiinflamatuvar bir maddedir (4,5). Kronik hipoksi ile oluşturulan mide hasarında klorokuin’in ghrelin üzerine etkisini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Materyal Metot Bu çalışmada Erciyes Üniversitesi Deneysel ve Klinik Araştırma Merkezinde (DEKAM) yetiştirilen 32 adet 8-12 haftalık, 200-300 gr ağırlığında yetişkin Wistar albino türü erkek sıçanlar kullanılmıştır. Kafesler içinde tutulan sıçanlara günün normal düzeninde 21 0C ve 12 saatlik aydınlık/karanlık ortamında su ve besin ihtiyaçları sağlandı. Gruplar normoksi kontrol n=8, Hipoksi (%10 oksijen/28 gün) kontrol n=8 ve Hipoksi (%10 oksijen/28 gün) + Klorokuin (50mg/kg/28gün) n=8 olarak belirlenmiştir. Deney sonunda denekler tartılıp ağırlıkları kaydedilerek ketamin+ksilazin anestezisi altında mide dokuları çıkarılan hayvanların hayatlarına son verilmiştir. Parafin bloklardan alınan 5-6 μm kalınlığındaki kesitlere immünohistokimysal olarak ghrelin boyandıktan sonra toplam 50 farklı alanda hücre sayımı yapıldı. İstatistiksel analizler SPSS istatistik yazılımı (SPSS Windows, 24.0 versiyon) kullanıldı. Verilerin normal dağılımı için Kolmogorov–Smirnov testi kullanıldı. Parametrik testlerden One-Way ANOVA ve Post hoc Tukey testi uygulandı. Veriler ortalma ± SD olarak ifade edildi. Analizlerde p

Amaç: Testisler, erkek üreme hücrelerinin üretilmesi evresi olan spermatogenezin gerçekleştiği ve testosteron başta olmak üzere erkek cinsiyet hormonlarının üretildiği yerlerdir. Antikanserojen bir ilaç olan Sisplatin (SP); sıçan testislerindeki spermatogenik seri hücrelerinde, destek hücreleri olan Sertoli hücrelerinde ve interstisyel alandaki Leydig hücrelerinde hasara yol açmaktadır. Bu hasarın ortadan kaldırılmasında koruyucu etkisiyle propolisin etken maddelerinden biri olan Kafeik Asit Fenetil Ester’in (KAFE) etkisini gözlemlemeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmayla ilgili tüm prosedürler etik kurallara uygun olacak şekilde gerçekleştirildi. Grup 1’e (kontrol grubu) (n=8) deney boyunca diğer gruplara uygulanan KAFE ve SP miktarı kadar izotonik salin solüsyonu intraperitoneal (ip.), Grup 2’ye (n=10) deneyin 7. günü tek doz SP (7 mg/kg) ip. olarak verildi. Grup 3’e (n=10) deneyin başlangıcından itibaren 12 gün boyunca KAFE (10 μmol/kg/gün) ip. olarak ve aynı gruba 7. günde SP (7 mg/kg) tek doz ip. olarak verildi. Grup 4’e (n=10) ise deneyin başlangıcından itibaren 12 gün boyunca KAFE (10 μmol/kg/gün) ip. olarak verildi. Sıçanlar deneyin 14. gününde ksilazin ve ketamin anestezisi altında dekapite edildi ve testisleri alındı. Testislerden alınan kesitler hematoksilen ve eozin boyaları ile boyanarak histolojik hasar incelendi. Sıçanlardan elde edilen testis dokusunda Malondialdehit (MDA), Katalaz (KAT) ve Süperoksit Dismutaz (SOD) parametrelerine bakılarak, lipid peroksidasyon ürünü ve antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri tayin edildi. Ayrıca kan serumunda testosteron (TES) parametreleri tayin edildi. Comet Assay tekniğiyle de duktus epididimisten alınan sperm örneklerinde hücre düzeyinde DNA hasarı saptandı ve hasarın miktarı belirlendi. Bulgular: SP uygulanan gruplardan alınan testis dokularında kontrol grubu testis dokularına göre hasar görüldü. Bu hasar spermatogenik seri hücrelerinde artan şekilde bozulma, tubuli seminiferi kontortilerin bazal membranlarında bozulma, interstisyel alandaki Leydig hücrelerinde kısmen hasarlanma ve testis tübülleri içerisinde ödem şeklindeydi. Testis dokusunda bakılan MDA, SOD ve KAT ölçümleri ile kan serum TES ölçümleri de bu hasarlanmaları destekler niteliktedir. Comet Assay bulguları ise spermlerdeki hasarın DNA parçalanmalarından kaynaklı olduğunu gösterdi. Sadece SP uygulaması, sperm DNA parçalanma oranını kontrol grubuna kıyasla önemli ölçüde artırdı (p

Ameliyathanede yönetim organizasyon ve cerrahi uygulamalar