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5. Microbial fouling of drip irrigation equipment in wastewater reuse systems

Author

Taylor, Huw David

Subjects
628.168, Water pollution & oil pollution
Abstract

This study set out to investigate the processes that lead to emitter fouling in wastewater reuse systems. The susceptibilities of several emitter designs to clogging were compared and the role of phytoplankton in the clogging process and in the development of algal mats was investigated. Emitter design was found to be an important factor controlling the degree of clogging. Those designs that operated most efficiently used a long-path narrow labyrinth to control emitter output and encourage turbulent flow. Simpler designs that controlled flow by small sponge inserts or by stitched tubing were found to be unsuitable for use with treated wastewaters. The most common cause of clogging was found to be sand particles in the size range 360 urn to 1080 urn, trapped within the narrow channels of emitters. The sand contaminated the entire irrigation system from the potable water supply in July 1987, before a screen filter was installed in the water supply line. Emitter clogging under these circumstances was a problem, to varying degrees, for all emitter designs and for all water qualities. Emitters supplied with WSP effluent generally clogged to a greater degree than those supplied with potable water and the principal cause of clogging was shown to be sand particles. However, no statistically significant difference was recorded in the discharge characteristics of the most efficient emitter design between different water qualities. Thorough cleaning of the irrigation laterals in 1987 and replacement of emitters in 1988 failed to eradicate the sand contamination problem. Examination of clogged emitters by electron microscopy showed that organic material encased the sand particles in clogged emitters from laterals supplied with WSP effluent, thereby sealing the water channel. This mass was shown to be comprised of dead microalgae and invertebrate animals such as Daphnia spp. on which bacteria developed. Microalgae did not multiply in the dark environment of the emitter interiors. External algal mats were detected on less than 5 percent all emitters supplied with WSP effluent and were absent on all emitters supplied with potable water. Emitter C, which was the design that presented the largest wetted surface to sunlight, developed the greatest number of mats and covering these emitters with black polythene prevented mat development. The mats were shown to comprise of predominantly filamentous cyanobacteria (Oscil/atoria spp. and Lyngbya spp.) and filamentous green algae (Microcystis spp.). Although these organisms were also detected on the walls of the maturation pond, they were not detected in grab samples of pond effluent which contained predominantly planktonic algal genera such as Euglena spp. and Chlorella spp. Short decaying filaments of Oscillatoria spp. were, however, detected within the irrigation laterals and on the surfaces of sand particles within clogged emitters and no degree of filtration would guarantee their complete removal from the pond effluent. It was hypothesised that their development on the outer surfaces of emitters was a result of colonization of a well-illuminated, wet and nutrient-rich environment and that the source of the inoculum was as likely to be the soil as to be the maturation pond. Studies of greenhouse irrigation systems in the UK revealed that algal mats were a consequence of applying inorganic nutrients to the crop in the irrigation water: their development can be prevented in greenhouses by chlorination of the water supply. It was concluded that clogging results from a combination of physical, chemical and biological factors. Sand particles can be efficiently removed from the water supply by incorporating a simple screen filter, with a mesh size of at least 120, that allows microalgae to pass through the system to the soil. Clogging by sand particles was exacerbated by chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate and by the development of a organic material over the surface of the sand particles in emitters supplied with pond effluent. Biological growth alone was not shown to cause emitter clogging. It was also shown that the development of algal mats over the outer surface of emitters supplied with pond effluent were not a result of an accumulation of pond algae at this point but represented an opportunistic colonization of a well illuminated nutrient-rich environment by microorganisms from the atmosphere and/or soil. Algal mats had no adverse effect on the operation of emitters in WSP reuse irrigation.

Published
1992

7. Performance of viruses and bacteriophages for fecal source determination in a multi-laboratory, comparative study

Author

Harwood, Valerie J., Boehm, Alexandria B., Sassoubre, Lauren M., Vijayavel, Kannappan, Stewart, Jill R., Fong, Theng-Theng, Caprais, Marie-Paule, Converse, Reagan R., Diston, David, Ebdon, James, Fuhrman, Jed A., Gourmelon, Michele, Gentry-Shields, Jennifer, Griffith, John F., Kashian, Donna R., Noble, Rachel T., Taylor, Huw, and Wicki, Melanie

Published
2013
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14. Contributors

Author

Anderson, GK, primary, Arbord, JP, additional, Atkinson, B, additional, Barford, JP, additional, Barton, GW, additional, Bartram, Jamie, additional, Binkley, John, additional, Boon, Arthur G, additional, Bromley-Challenor, K C A, additional, Chan, E C S, additional, Cloete, TE, additional, Codony, Franscisc, additional, Curtis, Tom, additional, Drasar, BS, additional, Ehlers, MM, additional, Ekama, GA, additional, Fattal, Badri, additional, Feachem, R G A, additional, Fitzpatrick, Caroline S, additional, Foot, RJ, additional, Gale, Paul, additional, Godfree, A, additional, Gregory, John, additional, Grimason, AM, additional, Handley, Pauline S, additional, Hao, Oliver J, additional, Heritage, John, additional, Horan, Nigel, additional, Howard, Guy, additional, Huffman, Debra E, additional, Johnstone, David W M, additional, Kator, Howard, additional, Kelley, Joan, additional, Kerr, Charmain J, additional, Kinsey, Graham, additional, Knapp, JS, additional, Bihan, Yann Le, additional, Lessard, Paul, additional, Loewenthal, RE, additional, Madoni, Paolo, additional, Mara, DD, additional, Mas, J, additional, Melo, Luís F, additional, Mir, J, additional, Morató, J, additional, Morris, R, additional, Murchie, Peter, additional, Oragui, John, additional, Ortenberg, Esther, additional, Osborn, Keith S, additional, Paterson, Russell, additional, Payment, Pierre, additional, Pearson, Howard, additional, Pinfold, John, additional, Quintero-Betancourt, Walter, additional, Rhodes, Martha, additional, Ribas, F, additional, Rickard, Alex H, additional, Robinson, MS, additional, Robson, Geoff D, additional, Rose, Joan B, additional, Sallis, PJ, additional, Schroeder, Edward D, additional, Shuval, Hillel, additional, Simpson, JA, additional, Smith, HV, additional, Stott, Rebecca, additional, Taylor, Huw, additional, Teltsch, Benjamin, additional, Uyanik, S, additional, van Heerden, J., additional, Vincent, Alison J, additional, Wentzel, MC, additional, Wong, CH, additional, and Wuertz, Stefan, additional

Published
2003
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20. Global Distribution of Human-Associated Fecal Genetic Markers in Reference Samples from Six Continents

Author

Mayer, René E., primary, Reischer, Georg H., additional, Ixenmaier, Simone K., additional, Derx, Julia, additional, Blaschke, Alfred Paul, additional, Ebdon, James E., additional, Linke, Rita, additional, Egle, Lukas, additional, Ahmed, Warish, additional, Blanch, Anicet R., additional, Byamukama, Denis, additional, Savill, Marion, additional, Mushi, Douglas, additional, Cristóbal, Héctor A., additional, Edge, Thomas A., additional, Schade, Margit A., additional, Aslan, Asli, additional, Brooks, Yolanda M., additional, Sommer, Regina, additional, Masago, Yoshifumi, additional, Sato, Maria I., additional, Taylor, Huw D., additional, Rose, Joan B., additional, Wuertz, Stefan, additional, Shanks, Orin C., additional, Piringer, Harald, additional, Mach, Robert L., additional, Savio, Domenico, additional, Zessner, Matthias, additional, and Farnleitner, Andreas H., additional

Published
2018
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22. Integrated analysis of established and novel microbial and chemical methods for microbial source tracking

Author

Blanch, Anicet R., Belanche-Munoz, Lluis, Bonjoch, Xavier, Ebdon, James, Gantzer, Christophe, Lucena, Francisco, Ottoson, Jakob, Kourtis, Christos, Iversen, Aina, Kuhn, Inger, Moce, Laura, Muniesa, Maite, Schwartzbrod, Janine, Skraber, Sylvain, Papageorgiou, Georgios T., Taylor, Huw, Wallis, Jessica, and Jofre, Joan

Subjects
Bacteriophages -- Research, Marine pollution -- Research, Feces -- Impaction, Feces -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

A multilaboratory research was conducted wherein various microbial and chemical indicators were examined to differentiate the sources of human fecal from nonhuman fecal sources using wastewaters and slurries from different geographical regions within Europe. It was concluded that none of the tested microbial and chemical parameters were alone able to determine the source of fecal pollution in wastewaters and slurries and therefore, a suite of parameters was required.

Published
2006

23. Trends in Environmental Microbiology for Public Health 2014: abtract book

Author

Brandão, João, Viegas, Carla, Viegas, Susana, Rodrigues, Raquel, Hagen, Ferry, Cano, Manuela, Verissimo, Cristina, Sabino, Raquel, Pereira, Paulo, Machado, Jorge, Caniça, Manuela, Correia, Cristina Belo, Rosado, Laura, Falcão, Leonor, Calheiros, Jose M., Alvito, Paula C., Mendes, Benilde Simões, Solo-Gabriele, Helena, Wither, Andrew, Whitman, Richard, Samson, Robert A., Sadowsky, Michael J., Harwood, Valerie, Taylor, Huw David, Vettorazzi, Ariane, Hyvärinen, Anne, Täubel, Martin, Edge, Tom, and McLellan, Sandra L.

Published
2014
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24. Performance assessment of qPCR assays targeting human- and ruminant-associated Bacteroidetes for microbial source tracking across sixteen countries on six continents

Author

Reischer, Georg H., Ebdon, James E., Bauer, Johanna M., Schuster, Nathalie, Ahmed, Warish, Åström, Johan, Blanch, Anicet R., Blöschl, Günter, Byamukama, Denis, Coakley, Tricia, Ferguson, Christobel, Goshu, Goraw, Ko, GwangPyo, de Roda Husman, Ana Maria, Mushi, Douglas, Poma, Hugo Ramiro, Pradhan, Bandana, Rajal, Verónica Beatriz, Schade, Margit A., Sommer, Regina, Taylor, Huw, Toth, Erika M., Vrajmasu, Virgil, Wuertz, Stefan, Mach, Robert L., and Farnleitner, Andreas H.

Subjects
Microbial source tracking, Water quality, purl.org/becyt/ford/2.8 [https], purl.org/becyt/ford/2 [https], Bacteroidetes, Biotecnología del Medio Ambiente, Genetic markers, Biotecnología Medioambiental, Fecal pollution, INGENIERÍAS Y TECNOLOGÍAS, Pollution microbiology, Quantitative real-time PCR
Abstract

Numerous quantitative PCR assays for microbial fecal source tracking (MST) have been developed and evaluated in recent years. Widespread application has been hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding the geographical stability and hence applicability of such methods beyond the regional level. This study assessed the performance of five previously reported quantitative PCR assays targeting human-, cattle- or ruminant-associated Bacteroidetes populations on 280 human and animal fecal samples from 16 countries across six continents. The tested cattle-associated markers were shown to be ruminant-associated. The quantitative distributions of marker concentrations in target and non target samples proved to be essential for the assessment of assay performance and were used to establish a new metric for quantitative source-specificity. In general, this study demonstrates that stable target populations required for marker-based MST occur around the globe. Ruminant-associated marker concentrations were strongly correlated with total intestinal Bacteroidetes populations and with each other, indicating that the detected ruminant-associated populations seem to be part of the intestinal core microbiome of ruminants worldwide. Consequently tested ruminant targeted assays appear to be suitable quantitative MST tools beyond the regional level while the targeted human-associated populations seem to be less prevalent and stable suggesting potential for improvements in human-targeted methods. Fil: Reischer, Georg H.. Vienna University of Technology; Austria. InterUniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health; Austria Fil: Ebdon, James E.. University of Brighton. School of Environment and Technology. Environment & Public Health Research Unit ; Reino Unido Fil: Bauer, Johanna M.. Vienna University of Technology; Austria Fil: Schuster, Nathalie. Vienna University of Technology; Austria Fil: Ahmed, Warish. CSIRO Land and Water; Australia Fil: Åström, Johan. Chalmers University Of Technology; Suecia Fil: Blanch, Anicet R.. Universidad de Barcelona. Departamento de Bioquimica; España Fil: Blöschl, Günter. Vienna University of Technology; Austria Fil: Byamukama, Denis. Makerere University. Department of Biochemistry; Uganda Fil: Coakley, Tricia. University Of Kentucky; Estados Unidos Fil: Ferguson, Christobel. ALS Water Sciences Group; Australia Fil: Goshu, Goraw. Bahir Dar University. Blue Nile Water Institute. College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences; Etiopía Fil: Ko, GwangPyo. Seoul National University; Corea del Sur Fil: de Roda Husman, Ana Maria. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment ; Países Bajos Fil: Mushi, Douglas. Sokoine University; Tanzania Fil: Poma, Hugo Ramiro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación para la Industria Química (i); Argentina Fil: Pradhan, Bandana. Tribhuvan University; Nepal Fil: Rajal, Verónica Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación para la Industria Química (i); Argentina Fil: Schade, Margit A.. Bavarian Environment Agency; Alemania Fil: Sommer, Regina. InterUniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health; Austria. Medical University of Vienna. Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene; Austria Fil: Taylor, Huw. University of Brighton. School of Environment and Technology. Environment & Public Health Research Unit ; Reino Unido Fil: Toth, Erika M.. Eötvös Lorand University. Department of Microbiology. Biological Institute; Hungría Fil: Vrajmasu, Virgil. Veterinary State Laboratory; Rumania Fil: Wuertz, Stefan. University Of California At Davis; Estados Unidos Fil: Mach, Robert L.. Vienna University of Technology; Austria Fil: Farnleitner, Andreas H.. Vienna University of Technology; Austria. InterUniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health; Austria

Published
2013

27. Beach sand and the potential for infectious disease transmission: observations and recommendations

Author

Solo-Gabriele, Helena M., primary, Harwood, Valerie J., additional, Kay, David, additional, Fujioka, Roger S., additional, Sadowsky, Michael J., additional, Whitman, Richard L., additional, Wither, Andrew, additional, Caniça, Manuela, additional, Carvalho da Fonseca, Rita, additional, Duarte, Aida, additional, Edge, Thomas A., additional, Gargaté, Maria J., additional, Gunde-Cimerman, Nina, additional, Hagen, Ferry, additional, McLellan, Sandra L., additional, Nogueira da Silva, Alexandra, additional, Novak Babič, Monika, additional, Prada, Susana, additional, Rodrigues, Raquel, additional, Romão, Daniela, additional, Sabino, Raquel, additional, Samson, Robert A., additional, Segal, Esther, additional, Staley, Christopher, additional, Taylor, Huw D., additional, Veríssimo, Cristina, additional, Viegas, Carla, additional, Barroso, Helena, additional, and Brandão, João C., additional

Published
2015
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31. Performance Characteristics of qPCR Assays Targeting Human- and Ruminant-AssociatedBacteroidetesfor Microbial Source Tracking across Sixteen Countries on Six Continents

Author

Reischer, Georg H., primary, Ebdon, James E., additional, Bauer, Johanna M., additional, Schuster, Nathalie, additional, Ahmed, Warish, additional, Åström, Johan, additional, Blanch, Anicet R., additional, Blöschl, Günter, additional, Byamukama, Denis, additional, Coakley, Tricia, additional, Ferguson, Christobel, additional, Goshu, Goraw, additional, Ko, GwangPyo, additional, de Roda Husman, Ana Maria, additional, Mushi, Douglas, additional, Poma, Ramiro, additional, Pradhan, Bandana, additional, Rajal, Veronica, additional, Schade, Margit A., additional, Sommer, Regina, additional, Taylor, Huw, additional, Toth, Erika M., additional, Vrajmasu, Virgil, additional, Wuertz, Stefan, additional, Mach, Robert L., additional, and Farnleitner, Andreas H., additional

Published
2013
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32. Simulation of daily discharge using the distributed model SWAT as a catchment management tool: Limnatis River case study

Author

Papatheodoulou, Athina, primary, Tzoraki, Ourania, additional, Panagos, Panos, additional, Taylor, Huw, additional, Ebdon, James, additional, Papageorgiou, George, additional, Pissarides, Nicholas, additional, Antoniou, Katerina, additional, Christofi, Georgia, additional, Dorlfinger, Gerald, additional, and Symons, Nick, additional

Published
2013
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37. The application of removal coefficients for viruses in different wastewater treatment processes calculated using stochastic modelling.

Author

Dias, Edgard, Ebdon, James, and Taylor, Huw

Subjects
WASTEWATER treatment, STOCHASTIC analysis, ACTIVATED sludge process, BACTERIOPHAGES, HEALTH risk assessment
Abstract

This study proposes that calculating and interpreting removal coefficients (K20) for bacteriophages in activated sludge (AS) and trickling filter (TF) systems using stochastic modelling may provide important information that may be used to estimate the removal of phages in such systems using simplified models. In order to achieve this, 14 samples of settled wastewater and post-secondary sedimentation wastewater were collected every 2 weeks, over a 6-month period (May to November), from two AS and two TF systems situated in southern England. Initial results have demonstrated that the removal of somatic coliphages in both AS and TF systems is considerably higher than that of F-RNA coliphages, and that AS more effectively removes both phage groups than TF. The results have also demonstrated that K20 values for phages in AS are higher than in TF, which could be justified by the higher removal rates observed in AS and the models assumed for both systems. The research provides a suggested framework for calculating and predicting removal rates of pathogens and indicator organisms in wastewater treatment systems using simplified models in order to support integrated water and sanitation safety planning approaches to human health risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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38. Occurrence and Relatedness of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Animals, Humans, and the Environment in Different European Regions

Author

Kühn, Inger, primary, Iversen, Aina, additional, Finn, Maria, additional, Greko, Christina, additional, Burman, Lars G., additional, Blanch, Anicet R., additional, Vilanova, Xavier, additional, Manero, Albert, additional, Taylor, Huw, additional, Caplin, Jonathan, additional, Domínguez, Lucas, additional, Herrero, Inmaculada A., additional, Moreno, Miguel A., additional, and Möllby, Roland, additional

Published
2005
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40. Tracking the origin of faecal pollution in surface water: an ongoing project within the European Union research programme

Author

Blanch, Anicet R., primary, Belanche-Muñoz, Luis, primary, Bonjoch, Xavier, primary, Ebdon, James, primary, Gantzer, Christophe, primary, Lucena, Francisco, primary, Ottoson, Jakob, primary, Kourtis, Christos, primary, Iversen, Aina, primary, Kühn, Inger, primary, Moce, Laura, primary, Muniesa, Maite, primary, Schwartzbrod, Janine, primary, Skraber, Sylvain, primary, Papageorgiou, George, primary, Taylor, Huw D., primary, Wallis, Jessica, primary, and Jofre, Joan, primary

Published
2004
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41. Chapter 36: Surface waters.

Author

Taylor, Huw

Abstract

Chapter 36 of the book "Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology" is presented. It explores the microbial pollution on surface water by faecal microorganisms. It suggests that eutrophic conditions reduces suitability of river water as drinking source due to formation of trihalomethanes (THM) and other water borne pathogenic organisms. Details related to methods of tracking sources of faecal pollutants like by Catchment studies affecting surface run-off and modeling of faecal coliform levels are also discussed.

Published
2003

46. Towards a healthier water environment: the IC Sewage collaboration.

Author

ASLAN-YILMAZ, ASLI, AHMED, WARISH, FARNLEITNER, ANDREAS, MASAGO, YOSHIFUMI, TAYLOR, HUW, and ROSE, JOAN

Abstract

The article offers information on the International Collaboratory for Sewage initiative, which is part of the Health-Related Water Microbiology Specialist Group of the International Water Association (IWA). The group is developing a microbial source tracking tool that can be used to monitor and assess human fecal pollution in waters across the globe. Statistics released by the World Health Organization on the extent of sewage contamination and water pollution globally are presented.

Published
2010

47. All faeces are not equal: microbial source tracking as a health protection tool.

Author

Taylor, Huw and Ebdon, James

Abstract

The article discusses microbial source tracking (MST). MST has many applications, most recently for testing water supplies and recreational water for fecal indicator. The approaches to MTS are commonly classified into library-dependent methods, where the library is a database of characteristics and library-independent methods where host-specific characteristics are studied. The use of host-specific molecular markers in the Bacteroides-Prevotella group of gut bacteria is another promising approach. MST could improve microbial risk management and thereby reduce human contact with pathogens throughout the water cycle.

Published
2007

48. From microbe to watershed: integrating environmental and public health tools to manage waterborne disease in European river basins.

Author

TAYLOR, HUW, PAPATHEODOULOU, ATHINA, PURNELL, SARAH, and EBDON, JAMES

Abstract

The article discusses the European Union's (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) which aims to achieve good ecological status for all river basins in Europe by 2015. It highlights the designation and management of river basin districts as a means of achieving the WFD's objective. It highlights the environmental and public health management innovations needed to produce a collection of public health protection tools including quantitative microbial source apportionment (QMSA).

Published
2013

49. Cutting the cholera risk - alternative approaches for medical centre wastewater treatment.

Author

TAYLOR, HUW, FESSELET, JEAN-FRANÇOIS, SOZZI, EMANUELE, CURTIS, TOM, and MAHAMA, ADRIEN

Abstract

The article looks at alternative ways being tested by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) or Doctors Without Borders to treat Vibrio cholerae-laden wastewater from specialist cholera treatment centers (CTCs). MSF has collaborated with two British universities to develop two experimental chemical methods. The first approach involves the addition of hydrated lime. The second method involves neutralization and coagulation following initial disinfection and acidification.

Published
2011

50. Comparison of enterococcal populations in animals, humans, and the environment - a European study

Author

Kühn, Inger, Iversen, Aina, Burman, Lars G., Olsson-Liljequist, Barbro, Franklin, Anders, Finn, Maria, Aarestrup, Frank, Seyfarth, Anne Mette, Blanch, Anicet R., Vilanova, Xavier, Taylor, Huw, Caplin, Jonathan, Moreno, Miguel A., Dominguez, Lucas, Herrero, Inmaculada A., and Möllby, Roland

Subjects
*ACCLIMATIZATION, *ENTEROCOCCUS, *FOOD chains, *ENTEROCOCCUS faecalis
Abstract

The objectives of the present study were to generate knowledge of enterococcal populations in the food chain, by studying the population structure (in measures of abundance and diversity) among enterococci in different geographical regions and in different parts of the food chain, as well as the similarities between different enterococcal populations. Altogether, 2868 samples were collected from humans (healthy and hospitalised individuals and clinical isolates), animals (slaughterhouse carcasses and farm animals), and the environment (pig farms, sewage, and surface water) in four European countries—Sweden, Denmark, UK, and Spain. The samples were characterised with regard to presence and numbers of enterococci, and eight (for faecal samples) or 24 (for environmental samples) isolates per sample were phenotyped and preliminarily identified with the PhP-RF system. In total, more than 20,000 isolates were typed. A majority of the samples (77%) showed the presence of presumed enterococci. The diversities of enterococci in environmental samples were generally high, and also faecal samples normally showed presence of more than one enterococcal strain. The most common species found were Enterococcus faecium (33%), E. faecalis (29%), and E. hirae (24%), but different enterococcal populations differed in their species distribution. Clinical isolates, hospitalised patients, and hospital sewage in Sweden showed a clear dominance of E. faecalis (80%, 57%, and 54%, respectively) whereas healthy individuals and urban sewage contained less E. faecalis (39% and 40%, respectively). The species distribution among isolates from slaughterhouses varied between animal species and also between countries, but E. faecalis seemed to be mainly associated with broiler, and E. hirae with cattle and pigs.The results from the study have indicated a simplified method to study the diversity of bacterial populations. Instead of collecting many samples and analysing one or a few isolates per sample, it is possible to collect fewer samples and analyse several isolates per sample. Both approaches yielded similar information on the diversity of the populations. Another useful information was that since samples from hospital sewage, urban sewage, and manure contained enterococcal populations that reflected those in faecal samples of hospitalised patients, healthy humans, and animals, respectively, such samples may be used as pooled faecal samples and may replace cumbersome samplings from many individuals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2003
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