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Additional file 1: Figure S1. Phylogenetic analysis of transmission chains. Maximum likelihood tree with 1000 bootstrap resamplings for 30 sample sequences (in red). Bootstrap values are indicated on the branches and clusters are numbered. Table S1. Branch lengths for each cluster or sequences pair indicated in the tree of Figure S1.

No orthodox practices disrupt the vaginal flora and expose it to pathogenic microorganisms including group B Streptococcus β hemolytic (GBS). The study aims to describe the bacterial profil and resistance of GBS to antibiotics. Retrospective study included 640 women at Cotonou suspected of vaginal infections or vaginal discharge during 1st January 2004 to 31st December 2015. Three swabs were collected and analyzed to identify the bacteria by standard biochemical reactions, diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and identification of Trichomonas vaginalis, yeasts and leukocyte count. Antibiogram was performed according to the CA-SFM. Among 640 samples, 502 (78.4%) were positive. The most encountered microorganisms were Candida albicans (37.45%) and GBS (19.92%). GBS sensitivity ranged from 80-100% for augmentin, pefloxacin and nitrofuran. But resistance was observed to netilmicin, tetracyclin, cefoxitin, cephalotin, thiamphenicol, trimethoprim / sulfamethnoxazole between 80-100%. A high percentage of resistance is the result of uncontrolled access to antibiotics and improper antibiotic policy. Routine susceptibility testing will allow to take appropriate treatment of GBS in Benin.

Antimicrobial resistance became a growing public health problem in the world and Escherichia coli (E. coli) appeared as one of nine bacteria commonly causing infections in community and hospitals. It prevalence and it resistance to antibiotics were evaluated in Benin throughout an eleven year period. In this retrospective study, routine urine samples from patients collected at the National Laboratory (NL) of Health Ministry during the period 2005-2015 were analyzed. Samples higher than 103 CFU/mL bacterial growth were considered positive and for these cases, the bacteria were identified and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) was performed. From the 4467 samples analyzed, 1455 (32.6%) were positive with E. coli preponderance (38.3%) of all isolated germs and (58.5%) of enterobacteriaceae. Most of the isolates were susceptibility to netilmicin (80%), gentamycin (93%), chloramphenicol (70%), pipemidic acid (60%), nalidixic acid (75%), ciprofloxacin (75%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (80%) and nitrofurantoin (100%). Susceptibility rates increased for cefotaxim (78-100%), ceftriaxon (71-100%) and aztreonam (67-100%). Resistances were observed for minocyclin (70%), Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (60%), ampicillin (67%), amoxicillin (75%), carbenicillin (86%), cephalothin and cephalexin (50 and 80% respectively). The use of drugs such as minocyclin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, cephalexin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole does not seem appropriate for empirical treatment of UTI in Benin.

Introduction : Access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) becomes more and more effective in resource-limited settings (RLS). However, this global effort would be even more profitable if the access to laboratory services especially in decentralized settings was strengthened. We report the virological outcome and HIV-1 drug resistance in three West African countries using dried blood spots (DBS) samples. Methods : We included HIV-1-infected adults on ART ≥6 months and followed up in capital cities and decentralized sites in Senegal, Mali and Guinea-Conakry. Patients were consecutively enrolled and DBS were collected in field conditions and kept at ambient temperature before transfer to the reference laboratory. Viral load (VL) was quantified using the NucliSENS EasyQ HIV-1 v1.2. Genotyping of HIV-1 pol gene was performed using in-house protocol. Results : Of the 407 participants, 119, 152 and 136 were from Senegal, Mali and Guinea-Conakry, respectively. The median treatment duration was 36 months [IQR: 6–136]. Virological failure (VF) (VL≥3log 10 copies/mL) was observed in 26% (95% confidence interval (CI), 18–35; n=31), 11% (95% CI, 6–17; n=16) and 24% (95% CI, 17–32; n=33) of patients in Senegal, Mali and Guinea-Conakry, respectively ( p =0.001). Of samples presenting VL≥3log 10 copies/mL (n=80), 70 were successfully genotyped. At least one drug resistance mutation (DRM) was detected in the following proportions: 70% (95% CI, 50–86; n=19), 93% (95% CI, 68–100; n=14) and 68% (95% CI, 48–84; n=19) in Senegal, Mali and Guinea-Conakry, respectively ( p =0.22). Twenty-six per cent (26%; 95% CI, 16–38; n=18) of patients in VF harboured wild-type viruses, which is likely indicative of weak adherence. Phylogenetic analysis showed the predominance of CRF02_AG subtype (73%; 95% CI, 61–83; n=51). Conclusions : We describe the ART outcome in capital and rural settings of Senegal, Mali and Guinea-Conakry. Our results in all of the three countries highlight the need to reinforce the ART adherence in order to minimize the occurrence of drug resistance. In addition, these findings provide additional evidence that the use of DBS as a sampling support could assist virological monitoring of patients on ART in remote areas. Keywords: HIV-1 drug resistance; viral load; HIV-1 genetic diversity; dried blood spots; remote areas; West Africa. (Published: 18 December 2014) Citation: Diouara AAM et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2014, 17 :19315 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19315 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.19315