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Identification of Podaxis species to species-level based on morphology alone is problematic. Thus, species of the genus Podaxis are in dire need of taxonomic and phylogenetic evaluations using molecular data to develop a consensus between morphological taxonomy and more robust molecular analyses. In Mexico, most of the collected specimens of Podaxis have been morphologically identified as Podaxis pistillaris sensu lato and are locally used for its culinary value. In this study, the internal transcribed spacer region of Podaxis specimens from the MEXU fungarium collected between 1948 and 2014 from arid regions of Mexico were sequenced and these collections placed into a molecular phylogenetic framework using Maximum Likelihood analysis. In addition, the ethnomycological use of Podaxis in Mexico (utility, traditional handling, economic importance, etc.) is described by observations, interviews, and sampling of Podaxis species with local people from three areas of the region of the Cañada of Oaxaca, which belongs to the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve. These results indicate that the Mexican Podaxis were divided into two clades. Specimens collected in the northern region showed phylogenetic affinities to clade D, while specimens from the south of Mexico clustered within clade E. Morphological data, such as spore length and width, showed significant differences between the two phylogenetic clades, implying that these clades represent different species. None of the Mexican specimens were found in association with termite mounds, which might indicate an adaptation to desert-like regions. This study provides the first ethnomycological use of Podaxis from Mexico.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la longitud de mecha y fibra, así como el diámetro de fibra descerdada de vicuñas por clase (crías, juveniles y adultos) y sexo (macho y hembra). Se realizó en el Criadero de Vicuñas en Semicautiverio de la Multicomunal Picotani, Puno, Perú, ubicado entre 4420 y 4800 msnm. Las variables respuesta se analizaron en un arreglo factorial de 2x3 conducido en un diseño completamente al azar. Los promedios de la longitud de mecha fueron 3.03 ± 0.52 y 2.97 ± 0.51 cm para machos y hembras (p>0.05) y de 3.08 ± 0.47, 3.33 ± 0.39 y 2.59 ± 0.39 cm en crías, juveniles y adultos, respectivamente (p0.05) y de 4.22 ± 0.28, 4.57 ± 0.27 y 3.50 ± 0.34 cm para crías, juveniles y adultas, respectivamente (p0.05) y de 12.359 ± 0.352, 12.856 ± 0.442 y 12.997 ± 0.447 μm en crías, juveniles y adultas, respectivamente (p, The aim of this study was to determine staple and fibre length, as well as the fibre diameter of vicuñas by age (cria, juvenile and adults) and sex (male and female). The study was carried out in the semicaptivity vicuña farm of Multicomunal Picotani, Puno, Peru, located between 4420 and 4800 m above the sea level. Response variables were analyzed in a factorial arrangement of 2x3 conducted in a completely radomized design. The mean staple length was 3.03 ± 0.52 and 2.97 ± 0.51 cm for males and females (p>0.05) and 3.08 ± 0.47, 3.33 ± 0.39 and 2.59 ± 0.39 cm for crias, juveniles and adults respectively (p0.05) and 4.22 ± 0.28, 4.57 ± 0.27 and 3.50 ± 0.34 cm for crias, juveniles and adults respectively (p0.05), and 12.359 ± 0.352, 12.856 ± 0.442 and 12.997 ± 0.447 μm for juveniles and adults, respectively (p

ResumenGeastrum violaceum se registra por primera vez para la micobiota mexicana del bosque tropical caducifolio. Las características macromorfológicas exclusivas son: exoperidio de color rosa, rojo a violeta pálido, peristoma con pocos pliegues y no delimitado. Esta especie es descrita e ilustrada con fotografías y dibujos de las estructuras macro y microscópicas del basidioma. Los ejemplares están depositados en los Herbarios ENCB, FCME, MEXU y UJAT.AbstractGeastrum violaceum is recorded for the first time to the Mexican mycobiota of the tropical dry forest. The exclusive macromorphological features are: exoperidium pink, red to pale violet, peristome with a few folds and not delimited. This species is described and illustrated with photographs and drawing-lines of the macro and microscopic structures of the basidiome. The specimens are deposited in Herbaria ENCB, FCME, MEXU and UJAT.

This study characterized Clavispora lusitaniae strains isolated from different stages of the processing and early fermentation of a henequen (Agave fourcroydes) spirit produced in Yucatan, Mexico using a molecular technique. Sixteen strains identified based on morphological features, obtained from different substrates, were typed molecularly. Nine different versions of the divergent D1/D2 domain of the large-subunit ribosomal DNA sequence were identified among the C. lusitaniae strains. The greatest degree of polymorphism was found in the 90-bp structural motif of the D2 domain. The MSP-PCR technique was able to differentiate 100% of the isolates. This study provides significant insight into the genetic diversity of the mycobiota present during the henequen fermentation process, especially that of C. lusitaniae, for which only a few studies in plants have been published. The applied MSP-PCR markers were very efficient in revealing olymorphisms between isolates of this species.

Specimens of the genus Bovista from eight Mexican herbaria (CESUES, ENCB, FCME, HEMIM, IBUG, IZTA, MEXU, XAL) were examined and studied, and fifteen taxa were identified: Bovista aestivalis, B. brunnea, B. dermoxantha, B. dominicensis, B. fusca, B. grandipora, B. graveolens, B. heterocapilla, B. leucoderma, B. oblongispora var. longispora, B. oblongispora var. oblongispora, B. plumbea, B. pusilla, B. sempervirentium, and B. tomentosa. The new information obtained indicates a wider distribution for B. aestivalis, B. dermoxantha, B. fusca, B. graveolens, B. leucoderma, B. oblongispora var. longispora, B. pusilla, and B. tomentosa. New records for the Mexican mycobiota are: B. dominicensis, B. grandipora, B. heterocapilla, B. oblongispora var. oblongispora, and B. sempervirentium.

"Las exposiciones micológicas organizadas por la Sociedad Mexicana de Micología datan de 1969, año en que se efectuó la I Exposiciónde Hongos en el Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, en la ciudad de México. Con el fin de que estasexposiciones tuvieran un carácter nacional, en 1976 se organizó la I Exposición Nacional de Hongos en el Museo de Historia Naturaldel Bosque de Chapultepec, México, D. F., con la participación de micólogos del Distrito Federal, Estado de México, Michoacán, Mo-relos y Veracruz. Las Exposiciones Nacionales de Hongos se han llevado a cabo en diversos lugares del Distrito Federal, la última, XVExposición Nacional de Hongos, se realizó del 30 de agosto al 7 de septiembre de 2013, en el Jardín Botánico del Instituto de Biologíade la UNAM. A partir de 1979, las exposiciones se han realizado en diferentes entidades federativas de la República Mexicana: Chiapas,Chihuahua, Estado de México, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Sonora, Tlaxcala, Veracruz y Yucatán, entre otras.Palabras clave:México, micología, eventos micológicos."

137Cs and 40 K specific activities were determined in soil samples and in different edible wild mushroom species collected from a temperate mixed forest located at the Nuclear Centre of Mexico and in several surrounding localities. The activity measurements were performed using a HpGe detector. The aggregated transfer factors (ATF) for 137 Cs in 21 local mushroom species collected from 1993 to 1997, showed differences as large as 3 orders of magnitude. The annual effective dose for 137 Cs due to the consumption of mushrooms was estimated to range between be 0.22 and 1.2 μSv.y -1 depending on the method used for calculation. Using the geometric mean of the caesium concentration, the contribution of mushrooms represents 56% of the total 137 Cs dietary intake.

The abundance of hair-bait colonizing fungi was investigated on the beaches of Caracoles, Mocambo, and lcacos, located on the coasts of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean, respectively. On each beach a sample of sandy soil was collected. The samples were analyzed by two selective isolation methods for keratinophilic fungi resulting in a total of 544 occurrences. A total of 17 species was found, of which 4 were ascomycetes and 13 hyphomycetes.Gymnascella dankaliensis andAspergillus terreus were the most abundant.Arthroderma curreyi andChrysosporium tropicum were found in low percentages in this survey. From the three beaches sampled, Icacos beach, on the Pacific Ocean coast had the highest number of isolated species.

Cs-137 and K-40 have been determined in soil samples and in wild edible mushrooms from a forest ecosystem located at the Nuclear Centre of Mexico (NCM) and in several surrounding localities. The transfer factors for Cs-137 were studied in 21 mushroom species from 1993 to 1997. The Cs-137 and K-40 determinations were performed using a gamma spectrometer system of low level counting with a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The local mushroom species that were found to show higher Cs-137 transfer factors were Clavariadelphus truncatus, Cortinarius caerulescens, Gomphus floccosus and Lyophyllum decastes. The Cs-137 levels obtained at the NCM in some mushroom samples were slightly lower than those from surrounding localities indicating that the nuclear facility has not emitted Cs-137 to the atmosphere.

The abundance and diversity of species of microfungi was investigated on the beaches of Delfines, Km 24 Veracruz-Alvarado Highway, and El Coco, located on the coasts of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Ocean, respectively. On each beach a sample composed of sand, subtidal wood or washed-up detritus with moist sand was collected. The samples were analyzed by three different methods, resulting in a total of 1,160 occurrences that fluctuated between 340 and 441 occurrences/sample. The number of species/sample fluctuated between 20 and 32. A total of 52 species was found, of which 12 were marine, and 40 nomarine, of terrestrial origin, and of these 15 were ascomycetes, 34 were hyphomycetes, 2 were blastomycetes and one was a coelomycete. The abundance distribution showed few species with high or low values, with the greates proportion having intermediate values. In order to compare species diversity among the samples frequency curves were utilized, based on the number of species expected from samples taken at random; the results showed that the beach at El Coco was richest in species.

"Se presenta un listado de 43 especies de macromicetos del municipio de Temascaltepec, Estado de México. Todas las especies estudiadas son nuevos registros para el municipio de Temascaltepec y una especie es nuevo registro para México: Gymnopilus luteofolius. La mayoría de las especies colectadas provienen de los bosques de Pinus spp. y Quercus spp. o de Abies religiosa relativamente conservados. Se encontraron especies comestibles, tóxicas y ectomicorrízicas."

"Entre los especímenes de hongos recolectados en el Distrito Federal, Michoacán y Veracruz durante la primera expedición científica a la Nueva España realizada por Sessé y Lacasta en 1793 y 1794 se tienen registradas 17 especies, de las cuales 10 corresponden al género Agaricus, 3 son del género Boletus, una corresponde al género Clathrus, una al género Clavaria, una al género Lycoperdon y otra al de Peziza. Se citan además las 5 especies recolectadas y determinadas por Sessé y Mociño en 1789, que están depositadas en el Herbario del Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (MA) y que provienen de dicha expedición, Cookeina sulcipes, Hirschioporus abietinus, Phellinus salicinus, Poronidulus conchifer y Pycnoporus sanguineus."

The great variety of agaves and their multiple uses have played an important role in the cultural identification of Mexico. They have been exploited in many ways for over 10,000 years, and one of these applications is the production of alcoholic nondistilled and distilled beverages. Most of the production processes of these Mexican beverages involve a complex fermentation in which bacteria (mainly lactic and acetic acid) and yeasts (non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces) are present in stable mixed populations, or succeeding one another, and have a significant impact on the sensorial characteristics and nutritive value of the final product. This minireview focuses on several nondistilled and distilled Agave beverages, their production area, the Agave species used in their elaboration, the functional microbiota involved in the fermentation process, their fermentation products (when known), the biochemical changes of these unique fermentations, and their impact on the quality and sensorial characteristics of the product.

"The actual knowledge of toxic macromycetes from Sonora, Mexico is scarce. Fourteen agaric species were studied, which produce different type of mycetism: a) Phalloid mycetism: Amanita bisporigera and A. virosa. b) Coprinus mycetism: Coprinopsis atramentaria. c) Muscarinic mycetism: Amanita muscaria var. muscaria and A. muscaria subsp. flavivolvata. d) Pantherina mycetism: Amanita pantherina and Inocybe erubescens. e) Gastrointestinal mycetism: Amanita gemmata, Agaricus xanthoderma, Chlorophyllum molybdites, Omphalotus olearius, Cortinarius cinnabarinus and C. semisanguineus. It is mentioned the different vegetation types where the studied species are growing. There is not any record of mycetism in Sonora."

SE CITAN 8 ESPECIES DE MACROMICETES RECOLECTADOS EN EL AREA PONIENTE DE LA RESERVA ECOLOGICA DEL PEDREGAL DE SAN ANGEL, D.F. MEXICO 5 DE LAS CUALES SON LIGNICOLAS Y 3 HUMICOLAS, QUE SE DESARROLLAN A LA SOMBRA Y ENTRE HOJARASCA DE PLANTAS SUPERIORES. ENTRE LOS AGARICALES LA FAMILIA AGARICACEAE ES LA MEJOR REPRESENTADA. SE CITAN POR PRIMERA VEZ EN LA MICOBIOTA DEL PEDREGAL DE SAN ANGEL: GYMNOPUS CONFLUENS, AGROCYBE PEDIADES, AGARICUS ARVENSIS Y A. SILVATICUS, SETCHELLIOGASTER RHEOPHYLLUS Y COPRINUS TRUNCORUM SE CITAN POR PRIMERA VEZ PARA MEXICO.

Se estudiaron 26 especies de Myxomycetes de Sonora en México, siendo 23 nuevos registros para la mixobiota del estado, a saber, Comatricha laxa, C. pulchella, Craterium paraguayense, Cribraria violacea, Dictydiaethalium plumbeum, Didymium clavus, D. megalosporum, D. squamulosum, Echinostelium minutum, Enerthenema papillatum, Licea biforis, L. kleistobolus, Macbrideola decapillata, M. synsporos, Mucilago crustacea, Paradiacheopsis fimbriata, Perichaena chrysosperma, P. syncarpon, P. vermicularis, Physarum compressum, Trichia agaves, T. flavicoma y T. persimilis. Al incluir las nuevas citas se reconocen 47 taxones para Sonora. Se comentan las especies descritas y en algunos casos se aportan fotomicrografías de sus características macro y microscópicas.

Se determinaron 114 especies de Agaricales de Sonora , 104 de los cuales son registros nuevos para la micobiota sonorense. Se identifi caron 16 familias, correspondiendo el mayor número de taxones a Pluteaceae (26), Cortinariaceae (17) y Russulaceae (12); y en tipo de vegetación, a bosque de pino-encino (54), bosque de encino (46) y selva baja caducifolia (16). Amanita fue el género mejor representado, con 22 especies, que incluyen comestibles, micorrízicas y tóxicas. Amanita daucipes y Entoloma byssisedum se registran por segunda vez para México.

Se citan 8 especies de macromicetes recolectados en el área poniente de la Reserva Ecológica del Pedregal de San Ángel, D.F. México 5 de las cuales son lignícolas y 3 humícolas, que se desarrollan a la sombra y entre hojarasca de plantas superiores. Entre los Agaricales la familia Agaricaceae es la mejor representada. Se citan por primera vez en la micobiota del Pedregal de San Ángel: Gymnopus confl uens, Agrocybe pediades, Agaricus arvensis y A. silvaticus, Setchelliogaster rheophyllus y Coprinus truncorum se citan por primera vez para México.

Se registran seis especies de gasteromicetos de la Reserva de Biosfera de Calakmul: Scleroderma tenerum, Cyathus helenae, Geastrum fimbriatum, G. javanicum, G. lageniforme y G. saccatum. El conocimiento sobre la distribución de C. helenae y G. javanicum se amplía a bosque tropical en México

Se estudió la concentración de radionúclidos en hongos y su posible transferencia a roedores por considerar a los hongos como bioindicadores de radiactividad. Los coeficientes de transferencia indican el paso de radionúclidos desde un medio o compartimiento a otro. Los factores agregados describen la transferencia a través de una cadena completa de parámetros como el factor que relaciona la concentración de radionúclidos en el suelo y en el alimento. Se hizo la evaluación del fenómeno de la micofagia, se comprobó la presencia de esporas y tejido fúngico en el tracto digestivo de los roedores, se determinó la concentración del cesio 137 y del potasio 40 en los roedores y se calculó el coeficiente de transferencia.

Se citan 37 especies de macromicetos recolectados en el área poniente de la reserva, 5 de las cuales son lignícolas y 32 humícolas que se desarrollan a la sombra y entre hojarasca de plantas superiores. Entre los Agaricales las familias mejor representadas son Cortinariaceae y Agaricaceae y de los Gasteromicetos la familia Lycoperdaceae. Se citan por primera vez en la micobiota mexicana Coprinus plicatilis, Psathyrella pseudocorrugis y P. pseudogracilis.

En el presente trabajo se estudiaron cinco especies del género Helvella del Valle de México: H. lacunosa, H. crispa, H. elastica, H. infula y H. atra . Por medio de estudios morfológicos, tanto macro como microscópicos e inclusive histológicos, se intentó caracterizar a cada especie y facilitar su colocación taxonómica. También se estudiaron las condiciones ecológicas de desarrollo de estas especies en algunas regiones del Valle de México.