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Purpose: To evaluate the effect of adding tea tree oil to denture liners on Candida albicans and bond strength to the acrylic denture base. Materials and Methods: Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from silicone-based resilient liner (Tokuyama, Molloplast), acrylic-based hard liner (GC Reline), and acrylic-based soft liner (Visco-gel). Tea tree oil (TTO) was incorporated into the liners at varying concentrations (0% [control], 2%, 5%, 8%). C albicans were counted by viable colony count, and optical density (OD) was measured with a spectrophotometer. The tensile strength to heat polymerized acrylic denture base was measured in a universal testing machine. The compliance of the data to the distribution of normality was evaluated using the Shapiro Wilk test. Two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni correction, and paired sample t test were performed (α = .05). Results: The addition of TTO into liners provided a significant decrease in the OD values (P < .001). The control groups of the liners presented the highest colony counts, whereas increasing TTO decreased the results (P < .01). According to tensile bond strength test, 8% TTO addition resulted in a significant decrease for Tokuyama (P < .01) and Molloplast liners (P < .05), while 2% TTO resulted in significance for GC Reline (P < .001). Conclusions: Denture liners containing increasing percentages of TTO presented lower amounts of C albicans colonies and decreased bond strength to the denture bases. When using TTO for its antifungal properties, the amount added should be carefully selected because the tensile bond strength may be affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of the adjunctive use of tea tree oil (TTO) for dental plaque control and nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Materials and Methods: Three electronic databases were searched from 2003. The reference lists of the included articles and relevant reviews were also manually searched. Randomised controlled trials reporting the clinical outcomes of the topical use of TTO as an adjunct to daily oral hygiene or scaling and root planing (SRP) were included. Regarding the use of TTO as an adjunctive to daily oral hygiene, the primary outcome was plaque index (PI) reduction. Regarding the use of TTO as an adjunctive to SRP, probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain were the primary outcomes. The secondary outcomes were adverse events. Results: Eleven studies were included for qualitative analysis, 9 studies were included for quantitative analysis, and 6 studies were included to examine the application of TTO mouthwash as an adjunctive to daily oral hygiene. In addition, three studies were included to analyse the subgingival use of TTO adjunctive to SRP at selected sites. The results indicated a nonsignificant improvement in PI reduction in the TTO mouthwash group compared with placebo. The incidence of adverse events was statistically significantly greater in the CHX group than in the TTO group. For subgingival use of TTO adjunctive to SRP, beneficial effects were observed in the TTO group compared with SRP alone in terms of PPD and CAL at both three and six months post-treatment. However, an unpleasant taste was reported in three out of four studies. Conclusion: There is a lack of strong evidence to support the beneficial effects of TTO. Studies with larger sample sizes and standardised evaluation criteria are needed to further demonstrate the clinical relevance of TTO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavity formation, is one of the world's most widespread dental conditions. It is a plaque-related infection caused mainly by Streptococcus mutans. People have relied on several plant species to treat oral infections; Heteropyxis natalensis, for example, has been used to treat toothache and gum infections. Methods: In this study, the antimicrobial and anti-adherence properties of H. natalensis and Camellia sinensis, as well as tea tree and peppermint essential oils were investigated on tooth enamel. Results: The bacterial load of S. mutans was reduced by approximately two orders of a magnitude after 48 h, with a lesser extent on the commensal bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei. Scanning electron micrographs of enamel blocks showed a reduction in the attachment and chain formation of S. mutans and degraded cell morphology. Lastly, the combination and each component individually, showed low to no cellular toxicity when tested on human macrophages. Conclusions: This is the first report of this polyherbal regarding its selectivity and potential prevention of dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils are a vast class of compounds that have many interesting therapeutical properties. In this sense, tea tree oil (TTO) stands out for its antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperproliferative potential. However, the low stability and solubility of these compounds can limit their therapeutical capacity, making it necessary to adopt a strategy to overcome this mishap. In that regard, nanoencapsulation can be highlighted as a promising maneuver capable of protecting the active and increasing its solubility in water, promoting greater compatibility and bioavailability. Based on the above, the main objective of this study was to evaluate polycaprolactone/Pluronic F-127 PCL/F-127 polymeric nanoparticles loaded with 10–30% w/w TTO obtained via nanoprecipitation. The obtained particles were evaluated by atomic force microscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy to determine retention efficiency and obtain the release profile (with the evaluation of release models), time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The obtained results show the formation of particles of spherical-type morphology particles with smooth surfaces and particle sizes around 400 nm, with retention efficiencies between 60 and 70% and sustained release profile for up to about 6 or 7 h and compatible with the Higuchi model. Regarding the antimicrobial activity of the systems, it was observed that TTO presents antimicrobial activity against the evaluated strains (S. aureus, C.albicans, and E.coli) and that the encapsulation process can increase the activity against the strain of E. coli. Finally, the cytocompatibility analyses showed that the NNPs obtained are not cytotoxic to the cell lines evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Penicillium digitatum Sacc is a common postharvest pathogen affecting lime fruits. It causes significant losses in postharvest lime production. An emerging alternative to chemical control is the use of environmentally friendly such as edible and biodegradable films and packaging. The goal of the current study was to test different concentrations of Aloe vera gel (5, 15, 25, 50, 75, and 100% v/v), tea tree oil coating (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10% v/v), and their combination for controlling P. digitatum in vitro. The results revealed that specific concentrations of Aloe vera gel (75% and 100% v/v), tea tree oil (2.5, 5, and 10% v/v), and Aloe vera gel (25%) + tea tree oil (1%) v/v showed the highest inhibitory effect against the pathogen. The most effective concentrations of Aloe vera gel (75%), tea tree oil (2.5%), and Aloe vera gel (25%) + tea tree oil (1%) were evaluated against the green mold disease of lime under natural infection through storage period (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Compared to the control group, all edible layers demonstrated a significant delay and reduced in disease severity percentage throughout the storage periods. However, coating lime fruits with a combination of Aloe vera gel (25%) + tea tree oil (1%) successfully prevented the green mold disease of lime fruits over 28 days. The impact of these coatings was evaluated on lime fruit quality maintenance (weight loss, firmness, juice weight, total soluble solids, total acidity, pH, vitamin C, lipid peroxidation content, total phenols, total flavonoid, and total protein) over 28 days of storage during the 2021 and 2022 seasons. All treatments improved fruit quality through the storage period compared with untreated fruits. Treated lime fruits with Aloe vera gel (25%) + tea tree oil (1%) exhibited slight reductions in weight loss and juice weight compared to alternative treatments as an average of the two successive seasons. Simultaneously, this treatment improved fruit firmness, vitamin C levels, total phenols, total flavonoid, and total protein when contrasted with other treatments as an average of the two studied seasons. These findings show that the combination of Aloe vera gel and tea tree oil coatings enhances the shelf life and maintains the quality of lime fruits. They can also be used as an environmentally acceptable, chemical-free alternative treatment to preserve the postharvest quality of lime fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited solubility is the main cause of the low local availability of anti-candidiasis drug, miconazole nitrate (MN). The study's objective was to develop and characterize microemulsion (ME) based temperature-triggered in situ gel of MN for intravaginal administration to enhance local availability and antifungal activity. The solubility of MN was initially studied in different oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants. Then, pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to select the best ratio of various components. The ME formulations were characterized by thermodynamic study, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, and in-vitro antifungal mean inhibition zone (MIZ). Selected MEs were incorporated into different in situ gel bases using a combination of two thermosensitive polymers (poloxamer (PLX) 407 and 188), with 0.6% of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) and gellan gum (GG) as mucoadhesive polymer. ME-based gels (MG) were investigated for gelation temperature, gelation time, viscosity, spreadability, mucoadhesive strength, in vitro release profile, and MIZ test. Furthermore, the optimum MG was assessed for in vivo animal irritation test and FESEM investigation. Tea tree oil, lavender oil, tween 80, and propylene glycol (PG) were chosen for ME preparation for the optimal formulation; formulation ME7 and ME10 were chosen. After incorporation of the selected formulation into a mixture of P407 and P188 (18:2% w/w) with 0.6% mucoadhesive polymer, the resultant MG formulation (MG1) revealed optimum gelation temperature (33 ± 0.01℃) and appropriate viscosity with enhanced sustained release (98%) and retention through sheep vaginal mucosa, MG1 exhibited a better MIZ compared to the 2% MN gel formulation and the marketed MN product, and no rabbit vagina irritation. In conclusion, the miconazole nitrate-loaded MG-based formula sustained the duration of action and better antifungal activity than the marketed miconazole nitrate formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus proliferate within accumulated sebum and produce localised inflammation thereby inducing acne vulgaris. Essential oils are one of the leading natural products used for acne and are diluted in fixed oils to reduce irritation and toxicity. This study investigated the in vitro antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and skin retention properties of Rosa rubiginosa rosehip fixed oil in combination with essential oils having activity against acne vulgaris. The broth microdilution assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (ΣFIC) was calculated for the interactions. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammatory pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophages was used to assess anti-inflammatory activity. A dual-staining method in A549 epithelial cells was used to assess cytotoxicity. Qualitative Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis was used for initial skin retention determination. Rosa rubiginosa oil combined with Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil displayed antimicrobial synergy (MIC = 0.42 mg/ mL; ΣFIC = 0.45) against three acne-inducing strains. Rosa rubiginosa fixed oil combined with Styrax benzoin essential oil suppressed LPS-induced nitrite production by 33.80%. Rosa rubiginosa oil combined with Melaleuca quinquenervia essential oil exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity (84.32% cell viability). Rosa rubiginosa oil combined with either C. zeylanicum, Eugenia caryophyllata, Rosa damascena or S. benzoin essential oil was retained within the porcine skin. Rosa rubiginosa fixed oil serves as an ideal carrier oil that can potentiate selected essential oils for the treatment of acne vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of tea tree oil obtained from leaves and terminal branchlets of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that tea tree oil was very unlikely to be of safety concern for long‐living and reproductive animals and is of no concern for target species for fattening at the following concentrations in complete feed: 1.1 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 1.5 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 1.7 mg/kg for laying hens, 2.0 mg/kg for piglets, 2.4 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 3.1 mg/kg for sows, 5.0 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer) and salmonids, 4.4 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep/goats and horses, 2.9 mg/kg for dairy cows, 1.8 mg/kg for rabbits, 0.9 mg/kg for cats, 5.3 mg/kg for dogs, 6.6 for crustaceans and 15 mg/kg for ornamental fish. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive is very unlikely to be of safety concern at 1.1 mg/kg complete feed. No concerns for consumers and the environment were identified following the use of the additive up to the highest safe use level in feed. Regarding user safety, tea tree oil should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. It is classified as a reprotoxic substance (category 1B) following CLP criteria and should be handled accordingly. Since M. alternifolia and its preparations were recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the anesthetic effectiveness and potential reduction of toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through the use of clove, cinnamon, and tea tree essential oils. We evaluated genetic damage, enzymatic activity, and gene expression. We conducted two experiments. In experiment 1, we individually evaluated the anesthetic efficiency and genotoxicity of these essential oils. In experiment 2, we assessed their combined effects at different concentrations. Clove oil, particularly at the highest concentration (200 µL/L), induced genotoxic effects and oxidative stress in fish, leading to alterations in gene expression regulation and enzymatic activity. Tea tree and cinnamon oils, at concentrations of 75 and 100 µL/L, required longer times to induce fish to the anesthesia stage and were less efficient in achieving deep anesthesia stage. Notably, combining tea tree and cinnamon essential oils to clove oil showed promise as an alternative to using clove oil alone. This combination demonstrated potential as an effective anesthetic and may help mitigate the genotoxic effects associated with clove essential oil. Our findings suggest a viable option to minimize potential physiological damage during the anesthesia process in aquaculture, thereby promoting a balance between this necessary procedure and animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop and evaluate hydrogels containing a cyclodextrin complex with clove essential oil and other free volatile oils with antimicrobial properties (tea tree and rosemary essential oils), focusing on their pharmaco-technical and rheological characteristics. The formulations varied in the Carbopol 940 (a hydrophilic polymer) and volatile oils' concentrations. Rheological analysis indicated that the gels displayed pseudoplastic behavior, with the flow index (n) values below 1, ensuring appropriate consistency and handling. The results showed that increasing the Carbopol concentration significantly enhanced the yield stress, consistency index, and viscosity, with gel B, containing 1% Carbopol, 1.5% tea tree essential oil, and 1.5% rosemary essential oil, demonstrating optimal stability and rheological properties. At the same time, the concentration of volatile oils was found to modulate the gels' flow parameters, but their effect was less pronounced than that of the gel-forming polymer. Antimicrobial testing revealed that both gel B and gel E (containing 1% Carbopol, 2% tea tree essential oil, and 2% rosemary essential oil) exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida spp., with gel E showing superior efficacy against Candida tropicalis. The antimicrobial effects were likely influenced by the higher concentrations of tea tree and rosemary essential oils in gel E. Overall, the study demonstrates that the concentration of Carbopol 940 primarily determines the gel's rheological behavior, while volatile oil concentration modulates antimicrobial effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting millions worldwide each year, poses a significant threat due to its potential for progressive joint damage and debilitating pain if left untreated. Topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatments offer localized relief with reduced systemic side effects compared to conventional oral therapies, making them a promising option for managing rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, the current study endeavored to formulate a microemulsion gel formulation loaded with diclofenac and curcumin for topical administration in the management of rheumatoid arthritis, utilizing Tea tree oil. The ratio of surfactant and cosurfactant was 4:1, assessed by pseudoternary phase diagram on the basis of the maximum emulsification region. The microemulsion underwent optimization using a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) with constraints of minimum particle size, polydispersity index, and maximum transmittance. The Curcufenac-T microemulsion had a particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and transmittance of 151.82 ± 15.9 nm, 0.287 ± 0.021, and −5.78 ± 0.26 mV, respectively. DSC analyses confirmed the stability and compatibility of diclofenac and curcumin within the formulation. The microemulsion was changed into gel form by incorporating 1% carbopol-934. Skin permeation analysis revealed that the percentage of diclofenac permeated at 0.5 h from Curcufenac-T microemugel and the conventional gel was 12.1% and 3.9%, respectively, while at 12 h, the rates were 82.6% and 34.2%, respectively. In vitro permeability demonstrated significant potential for the effective delivery of diclofenac and curcumin to targeted sites, compared to conventional gel. Therefore, it was deduced that the Tea tree oil integrated diclofenac and curcumin microemulsion gel could enhance the effectiveness of diclofenac and serve as a promising vehicle for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM:To investigate the differences in clinical features and therapeutic effects of the tea tree oil wipes combined with deep massages of the meibomian glands for different age groups of patients with demodex blepharitis.METHODS:The clinical data of 146 patients(292 eyes)diagnosed with demodex blepharitis, hospitalized in Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital from January 2023 to October 2023, was collected in this retrospective study, and the patients were divided into group A(64 cases with 128 eyes)aged ≤45 years old and group B(82 cases with 164 eyes)aged >45 years old according to different ages. The differences in total numbers of binocular mites, Schirmer I tests, symptom and sign scores before, and at 1 and 3 mo after the treatment of the tea tree oil wipes combined with deep massages of the meibomian glands were analyzed between the two groups.RESULTS: Before the treatments, the total number of the mites in the group A [7(6, 8)] was lower than that in the group B [8(7, 9.25); P

[Display omitted] • A novel natural antibacterial agents derived Pickering emulsion (FLTPE) has been designed for the first time. • FLTPE shows enhanced antibacterial performance due to synergistic bacterial cell wall and cell membrane dual destruction function. • FLTPE provides superior efficacy in healing drug-resistant bacteria-infected wounds in mice compared to ampicillin. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a global health challenge due to the overuse of antibiotics. Natural substances including enzymes and essential oils have shown great potential as alternative treatment options. However, the combinational use of these natural agents remains challenging due to the denaturation of enzymes upon direct contact with oil. In this study, we report the design of a Pickering emulsion containing two natural antibacterial agents, lysozyme and tea tree oil, stabilized by fractal silica nanoparticles. In this design, the enzyme activity is kept and the volatility problem of tea tree oil is mitigated. Due to synergistic bacterial cell wall digestion and membrane disruption functions, potent bactericidal efficacy in vitro against drug-resistant bacteria is achieved. The therapeutic potential is further demonstrated in a wound healing model with drug-resistant bacteria infection, better than a synthetic antibiotic, Ampicillin. This study opens new avenues for the development of natural product-based antimicrobial treatments with promising application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-KP) poses a significant global health threat due to its involvement in severe infections and high mortality rates. The emergence of MDR strains necessitates the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies. Methods: K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from human and animal sources. Antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed, followed by the evaluation of essential oil activity through inhibition zone, MIC, and MBC determinations. Checkerboard assays were conducted to assess synergistic effects with amikacin. Gene expression analysis and transmission electron microscopy were employed to elucidate the mechanisms of action. Molecular docking studies were performed to identify potential binding targets of bioactive compounds. Results: Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from 25 of the100 samples examined, representing a prevalence rate of 25%. All isolates were found to be multidrugresistant. Tea tree and thyme essential oils exhibited potent antibacterial activity and synergistic effects with amikacin. Notably, these combinations significantly downregulated the expression of key capsule virulence genes (wcaG, rmpA, magA, uge, and wabG), suggesting a novel mechanism for enhancing amikacin efficacy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed disrupted cell integrity in MDR-KP cells treated with the combinations. Molecular docking analysis identified Terpinen-4-ol, Farnesol, 1,4-Dihydroxy-p-menth-2-ene, and 7-Oxabicyclo [4.1.0] heptane as potential bioactive compounds responsible for the observed effects. Conclusion: By effectively combating MDR-KP, this research holds promise for reducing antibiotic resistance, improving treatment outcomes, and ultimately enhancing potential care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Photoaging is a process of the architecture of normal skin damaged by ultraviolet radiation. Topical cosmeceuticals have been used to treat this condition. The authors aimed to understand the mechanism and level of evidence of different commonly used cosmeceuticals used to treat photodamaged skin. Objective: A range of commonly used topical cosmeceuticals (botanicals, peptides, and hydroquinone) has been used in cosmetic medicine for many years to treat photodamaged skin. This review article compares their efficacy and level of evidence. Material and methods: This study was a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of different topical cosmeceuticals. Keywords including "Photoaging," "Azelaic acid," "Soy," "Green Tea," "Chamomile," "Ginkgo," "Tea Tree Oil," "Resveratrol," "Cucumber," "Ginseng," "Centella asiatica," "Licorice Root," "Aloe Vera," "Peptides," "Argireline," "Hydroquinone," were typed on OVID, PUBMED, MEDLINE for relevant studies published on photoaging treatment. Results: Most of the evidence behind cosmeceuticals is of high‐quality ranging from Level I to Level II. In particular, the evidence base behind peptides is the strongest with most studies achieving Level Ib status in the evidence hierarchy. Conclusion: Topical cosmeceuticals like botanicals, peptides and hydroquinone can effectively treat photodamaged skin [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Weaning causes a breakdown of intestinal barrier function and thus easily induces diarrhea in pigs. Establishing a proper cell model is helpful for exploring the underlying mechanisms and for rapidly exploiting new feed additives on a large scale. An LPS-induced immune-stressed IPI-2I cell model for piglets was generated and the regulatory effects of TTO on inflammatory injury were studied. The results showed that 50 μg/mL LPS stimulated for 6 h can be used to establish an immune-stressed cell model in IPI-2I cell lines, and 0.03% TTO treatment for 6 h alleviated inflammatory injury in the intestinal epithelial cells of pigs. In addition, TTO might suppress the inflammatory injury to intestinal epithelial cells caused by LPS stimulation through TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Tea tree oil (TTO) improves the intestinal mucosal immunity of weaning piglets, but its underlying mechanism is not clear. We hypothesized that TTO may alleviate inflammatory injury by regulating the function of intestinal epithelial cells. Ileum epithelial cells (IPI-2I) were chosen and an inflammatory injury cell model was generated. The cell viability, cytokine secretion, and gene expression of TLR4 and NF-κB were measured to further evaluate the effects of TTO on the inflammatory injury in immune-stressed cells. The results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS; content: ≥30 μg/mL; time: 3 h, 6 h, or 9 h) decreased cell viability (p < 0.01), and 50 μg/mL LPS stimulated for 6 h resulted in an increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and a dramatically decreased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05) in IPI-2I cells. Concentrations of 0–0.05% of TTO improved cell viability, while the 0.03% TTO treatment resulted in the highest cell viability and alleviated LPS-induced cell death (p < 0.01). In addition, 0.03% TTO alleviated the LPS-induced increase in the gene expression of IL-1β, TNFα, and IFNγ, as well as the decrease in the expression of IL-10 in IPI-2I cells (p < 0.05). LPS also upregulated the gene expression of TLR4 and NF-κB (p < 0.05); while TTO supplementation alleviated this effect (p < 0.05), 0.03% and 0.05% TTO supplementation had greater effects (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 50 μg/mL LPS stimulated for 6 h can be used to establish an immune-stressed cell model in IPI-2I cell lines, and 0.03% TTO treatment for 6 h alleviated inflammatory injury in the intestinal epithelial cells of pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the greatest challenges in poultry production is maintaining intestinal mucosal barrier integrity and gut microbiota balance. Safe alternative antimicrobials that can regulate the microbial community through animal feed have been the subject of research in poultry production. This study evaluated the effect of Mentha piperita and Melaleuca alternifolia essential oils (EOs) on the gut microbiome and morphometry of broiler quails under normal feeding conditions. The gut microbiome was studied using a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments, namely control, bacitracin zinc, and the Eos M. piperita and M. alternifolia, with 8 repetitions and 7 quails per treatment, totaling 224 quails from 1 to 42 days old. The intestinal contents of the slaughtered quails were collected to evaluate the gut microbiome profile of their digestive tract. Gut morphometry was analyzed using a completely randomized factorial design, with four experimental rations for three intestinal sections (4x3) and five replications. The variables studied were villus surface area and height, crypt depth, villus height to cryptdepth ratio (VH:CD), villus-crypt ratio (V:C), villus width to height ratio (VW:H), and height of the intestinal epithelium and musculature. M. alternifolia (50 mg/kg of feed) in the diet of broiler quails improved gut morphometry, similar to the results obtained with bacitracin zinc. This EO also altered the gut microbiome of quails and reduced pathogenic bacterial diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan University of Technology Natural Science Edition is the property of Henan University of Technology Journal Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Chemical hair relaxers are widely utilized by black women, yet little research exists on the allergens present in these products. Objective: This study aims to investigate allergen prevalence in the most popular chemical hair relaxers. Methods: We analysed 41 products from five major retailers, identifying allergens through ingredient lists and comparing them to the 2020 American Contact Dermatitis Group Core allergen series. Results: The most common contact allergens in chemical relaxers include propylene glycol, cetyl steryl alcohol, fragrance, D/L‐a‐tocopherol, tea tree oil and cocamidopropyl betaine. Conclusion: Understanding allergen exposure in products used by individuals with textured hair is needed for managing contact dermatitis in diverse populations. This analysis underscores the presence of potential allergens in hair relaxers, emphasizing the importance of dermatologists' awareness and patient scrutiny of ingredient lists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of chemical pesticides in agriculture contributes to soil, water and air pollution, biodiversity loss, and injury to non-target species. The European Commission has already established a Harmonized Risk Indicator to quantify the progress in reducing the risks linked to pesticides. Therefore, there is an increasing need to promote biopesticides, or so-called low-risk pesticides (LRP). Tea tree oil (TTO) is known for its antiseptic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. TTO has been extensively studied in pest management as well as in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry; there are already products based on its active substances on the market. This review focuses on the overall evaluation of TTO in terms of effectiveness and safety as a biopesticide for the first time. The collected data can be an added value for further evaluation of TTO in terms of the authorization extension as a fungicide in 2026. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the responses given by OpenAI's ChatGPT, an AI chatbot, to questions about acne. Two dermatologists evaluated the responses based on accuracy, completeness, and relevance. The study found that 40% of the responses met satisfactory standards for accuracy, completeness, and relevance. Treatment-related questions had fewer satisfactory responses compared to basic and acne-type questions. The study also assessed the understandability and actionability of the responses using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and their readability using the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES). Overall, the study provides insights into the usefulness and quality of information provided by ChatGPT for acne patients. However, it suggests that while AI models like ChatGPT can be helpful as a preliminary resource, they should not replace thorough consultations with a dermatologist. Further research is needed to evaluate the performance of AI models with less common skin conditions and other natural language models. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: To study the demographic, clinical, and microbiological profile of Demodex‑related blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC) at a tertiary eye care hospital. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted from January 2016 to September 2022. It included 83 patients with microbiologically proven Demodex BKC who presented to the cornea department of our tertiary care eye center. The clinical, microbiological, and demographic data of the 83 cases were analyzed. Results: Of the 83 cases, 57 (68.67%) were younger than 40 years, and 25 (30.12%) were below 20. Most patients presented with a good visual acuity of 20/40 or better (93 eyes; 84.55%). The disease was unilateral in 55 patients and bilateral in 28. Cylindrical dandruff was the predominant presentation noted in 61 eyes (54.95%), followed by corneal scarring in 47 eyes (42.34%) and corneal vascularization in 40 eyes (36.04%). On light microscopy, 87.95% of the positive samples were identified as Demodex folliculorum, 7.23% as Demodex brevis, and 6.02% remained unidentified. Tea tree oil and lid scrubs eradicated the disease in most patients clinically (75/83, 90.36%). Conclusion: The spectrum of BKC includes both lid signs and corneal involvement. It can be a cause of recurrent BKC and detection of the mite by microscopic evaluation of the lashes can confirm the diagnosis. In most cases, the tea tree oil can effectively manage this condition. However, low doses of topical steroids are needed to control the inflammation in patients with corneal involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "RECENT PUBLICATION FROM INDIAN PATENT OFFICE JOURNAL WITH PCT/WIPO NUMBER" provides a list of recent publications from the Indian Patent Office Journal. These publications cover a range of topics related to pharmaceuticals and medical treatments. Some of the topics include a vaccine against tuberculosis, a treatment for Alzheimer's disease, a transdermal patch for wound management, a polyherbal formulation for acne treatment, and a composition for diabetes treatment. The document also includes inventions and processes related to pharmaceuticals, such as the preparation of clemizole hydrochloride and the formulation of a pharmaceutical aerosol for asthma treatment. Additionally, it mentions the use of essential oils for respiratory tract infections and the treatment of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

This work presents a design of experiment (DoE) approach to optimize the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) parameters for chitosan (CS), gelatin (Gel), and whitlockite (WH) composite coatings on titanium substrate. The suspension for EPD was prepared by dissolving CS and Gel in acetic acid and WH nanoparticles (NPs) were dispersed in ethanol. Afterward, both (CS, Gel solution, and WH suspension) were mixed and the suspension stability was evaluated using zeta potential. Deposition parameters like voltage, concentration of WH, and time were optimized using Taguchi L 16 orthogonal array with four control factors. The statistical data obtained confirmed that a higher time with average voltage and WH concentration is ideal to achieve deposits with maximum yield and minimum signal-to-noise ratio. Tea tree oil (TTO) in different concentrations was added to these optimized conditions. Different physiochemical characterization like x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in-vitro degradation, surface adhesion, and wettability tests were done to evaluate the coating stability, adhesion, surface and chemical properties. The obtained data confirmed that coatings were mechanically strong, chemically stable, and possessed good adhesion strength to the substrate. To further confirm the bone tissue regeneration potential of the coatings, in-vitro bioactivity, cell viability, and cell proliferation tests were done. The obtained data confirmed that CS/Gel/WH composite is highly bioactive and promotes osseointegration. TTO at lower concentrations facilitates cell proliferation but it is toxic at higher concentrations. TTO interacted with the coating matrix via non-covalent interactions that resulted in its slow and sustained release over 28 days. TTO showed antibacterial effect when tested with E. coli bacteria. Hence, in this work, experimental, statistical, physiochemical, and biological analyses are discussed in detail based on the current knowledge of WH coatings and the effect of TTO on cytocompatibility as well as biofilm prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the use of tea tree oil (TTO) in the treatment of H2S-induced lung injury in chickens, focusing on the detoxification mechanism. H2S can damage the respiratory system and reduce growth performance. TTO can improve immune inflammation and growth performance. The mechanism by which TTO mitigates the harmful effects of H2S on chicken lungs remains unclear. Therefore, the experimental model was established by H2S exposure and TTO addition in drinking water. The 240 one-day-old Roman pink chicks were selected for the experiment. The trial was divided into control group (CON), treatment group (TTG, 0.02 mL/L TTO+H2S) and H2S exposure group (AVG, H2S). There were 4 replicates in each group and the trial lasted for 42 d. The therapeutic effect of TTO on lung injury in chickens were determined by growth performance evaluation, transcription sequencing and network pharmacology analysis. The results showed that in the test's third week, the body weights of the chickens in the CON were higher than those in the AVG and TTG (P < 0.05). Pathological sections showed that TTO alleviated the symptoms of lung inflammation and bleeding caused by ROS. As showed by transcriptional sequencing, the mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes Caspase-9, BAK-1, BCL-2 and BAX were significantly altered (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes IL-2, IL-6, and IL-17 were downregulated (P < 0.05). Network pharmacological analysis showed that CA2, CA4, GABRA5 and ADH1C were the key targets of TTO. The TTO treatment significantly altered these targets (P < 0.05). Molecular docking confirmed the strong binding ability between the active component and the targets. This study showed that TTO inhibits H2S-induced oxidative damage to the lungs, thereby improving their health status. This provides a new solution for the prevention of harmful gas in the poultry industry.

This research aimed to assess the effect of immersing heat-cured acrylic resin in tea tree oil solution as a long-term disinfectant. The effect of immersing heat-cured acrylic resin in tea tree oil denture cleanser 180 times on its hardness, UV absorption, water sorption, and solubility was investigated in this study. Ninety heat-cured acrylic resin specimens were prepared and divided into three sets, each consisting of 30 specimens. The specimens were placed in different solutions: distilled water, a solution containing 0.75% tea tree oil, and a solution containing 1% tea tree oil. Each group comprised 10 specimens, and each specimen was submerged for 10 min in accordance with its group. This process was repeated 180 times. After 180 times of immersion, tea tree oil solutions showed non-significant differences (P > 0.05) in surface hardness and statistically significant changes in UV absorption, water sorption, and solubility (P < 0.05). The heat-cured acrylic resin immersed 180 times showed that 0.75% tea tree oil concentration improved solubility and water absorption but not surface hardness and UV absorption. Moreover, 1% tea tree oil concentration enhanced water sorption and solubility. It also decreased UV absorption, but it did not influence hardness. Thus, a 0.75% tea tree oil disinfectant solution is intended to be a long-term denture cleanser.

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of tea tree oil obtained from leaves and terminal branchlets of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that tea tree oil was very unlikely to be of safety concern for long‐living and reproductive animals and is of no concern for target species for fattening at the following concentrations in complete feed: 1.1 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 1.5 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 1.7 mg/kg for laying hens, 2.0 mg/kg for piglets, 2.4 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 3.1 mg/kg for sows, 5.0 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer) and salmonids, 4.4 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep/goats and horses, 2.9 mg/kg for dairy cows, 1.8 mg/kg for rabbits, 0.9 mg/kg for cats, 5.3 mg/kg for dogs, 6.6 for crustaceans and 15 mg/kg for ornamental fish. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive is very unlikely to be of safety concern at 1.1 mg/kg complete feed. No concerns for consumers and the environment were identified following the use of the additive up to the highest safe use level in feed. Regarding user safety, tea tree oil should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. It is classified as a reprotoxic substance (category 1B) following CLP criteria and should be handled accordingly. Since M. alternifolia and its preparations were recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a widespread fish pathogen. However, due to the extensive use of antibiotics in aquaculture, this bacterium has developed drug resistance. In recent years, tea tree oil, extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia, has gained widespread application in antibacterial research. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of action of tea tree oil on A. hydrophila remains unclear. In this study, the inhibitory effect of tea tree oil on A. hydrophila was analyzed, and its mechanism of action was elucidated through a combination of transcriptome and proteome analyses. In the current work, tea tree oil (0.039 mg/mL) significantly inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila and changed the permeability of the cell membrane. A total of 109 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the combined analysis of the transcriptome and the proteome, of which 46 were upregulated and 63 were downregulated. These co-regulated DEGs were primarily enriched in metabolic pathways such as bacterial chemotaxis, pyrimidine metabolism, and the two-component system. Simultaneously, it was found that the target proteins of tea tree oil, such as secB, yajC, rpsP, rplL, and rpsT were significantly downregulated. These findings suggested that the potential of tea tree oil as an alternative to antibiotics in inhibiting the growth of A. hydrophila. It provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil against A. hydrophila.

Introduction. Despite the proven clinical efficacy of antifungal and anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention and treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, the search for new targets and the development of new substances with a beneficial effect on the scalp microflora, with a low risk of antimicrobial resistance and adverse effects, are relevant.Aim. Development of the antimicrobial multicomponent pharmaceutical substance of plant origin in stages: from a literature search for promising substances, analysis of their composition by GC-MS, in silico evaluation of the affinity of individual components to pathogenetic targets, selection of the optimal composition of a multicomponent substance based on the results of in vitro research of antimicrobial action and the making of a medical dosage form based on it – a medicinal shampoo for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.Materials and methods. Objects of research: tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole, α-(-)-bisabolol and the multicomponent substance based on them. Methods: molecular docking (AutoDock version 4.2), prediction of pharmacological activity (Phyto4Health), TLC, GC-MS, study of antimicrobial activity in vitro.Results and discussion. Based on the results of a literature search, 3 promising substances were selected for the development of a multicomponent plant-based substance: tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole and α-(-)-bisabolol. Molecular docking predicted the targeted activity of the phytochemicals of tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole and α-(-)-bisabolol on the domains of ABC-transporters of microorganisms involved in the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis and justified the possibility of use for therapy. The multicomponent substance has been developed based on tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole and α-(-)-bisabolol in a mass ratio of 1 : 1 : 1. The qualitative composition of the substance was assessed by TLC and GC-MS methods, and 15 terpenes were quantitatively identified in its composition with a predominance of terpinen-4-ol (16.98 %), 1,8-cineole (25.63 %) and α-(-)-bisabolol (27.67 %). The synergistic antimicrobial activity of the substance has been established against S. epidermidis, S. aureus, C. albicans and M. furfur in comparison with benzalkonium chloride, ketoconazole and climbazole. The composition of a new medical shampoo based on the investigated substance has been developed, which has a pronounced antifungal effect (more than 99.0 %) against M. furfur without visible suppression of normal microflora. For the novel substance of plant origin and medical shampoo, quality parameters were assessed in accordance with the Russian Pharmacopoeia of XIV edition.Conclusion. A substance of plant origin with synergistic and targeted antimicrobial activity has been developed. It has an interest for further study as a drug and API for new products for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.

Bahan pengawet merupakan eksipien yang sangat dibutuhkan dalam sediaan cair seperti masker gel peel-off ekstrak etanol beras merah. Penggunaan paraben diyakini memiliki efek samping jangka panjang pada sistem endokrin dan reproduksi sehingga perlu dikembangkan pengawet alami seperti tea tree oil. Selain faktor kualitas sediaan, faktor harga produk juga seringkali menjadi pertimbangan konsumen dalam membeli produk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan komposisi optimum bahan pengawet metil paraben, propil paraben, dan tea tree oil dalam sediaan masker gel peel-off ekstrak etanol beras merah. Metode optimasi simplex lattice design (SLD) digunakan untuk optimasi kombinasi pengawet metilparaben, propilparaben, dan tea tree oil dalam 8 run formula. Formula optimum ditentukan dengan parameter pH, daya sebar, waktu mengering, Angka Lempeng Total (ALT), Angka Kapang Khamir (AKK), dan biaya produksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kombinasi tea tree oil, metilparaben, dan propilparaben dapat menjaga stabilitas masker gel peel-off ekstrak etanol beras merah. Berdasarkan optimasi metode numerik diperoleh komposisi optimum pengawet dalam sediaan terdiri dari metilparaben 0,119%, propilparaben 0,151%, dan tea tree oil 0,13%.

Terpinen-4-ol (T-4-O) is an important component of tea tree oil and has anti-inflammatory effects. Currently, there are very few studies on the mechanisms by which T-4-O improves lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage inflammation. In this study, LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were used as a model to analyze the effects of T-4-O on macrophage inflammatory factors and related metabolic pathways in an inflammatory environment. The results showed that T-4-O significantly decreased the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS. Cellular metabolism results showed that T-4-O significantly decreased the ratio of the extracellular acidification rate and oxygen consumption rate. Non-targeted metabolomics results showed that T-4-O mainly affected glutamine and glutamate metabolism and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolic pathways. qPCR results showed that T-4-O increased the transcript levels of GLS and GDH and promoted glutamine catabolism. Western blotting results showed that T-4-O inhibited the mTOR and IκB, thereby decreasing NF-κB activity. The overall results showed that T-4-O inhibited mTOR phosphorylation to promote glutamine metabolism and increased cell oxidative phosphorylation levels, thereby inhibiting the expression of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoma, primarily caused by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, can be prevented by the use of sunscreens. However, the use of synthetic sunscreens raises environmental concerns. Natural compounds with antioxidant photoprotective properties and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells can be promising for the prevention and treatment of melanoma with less environmental effect. This study focuses on Melaleuca leucadendron essential oil (EO) for photoprotection and antitumor applications. EO was hydrodistilled from M. leucadendron leaves with a 0.59% yield. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry detected monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Nanoemulsions were prepared with (NE-EO) and without EO (NE-B) using the phase inversion method, showing good stability, spherical or oval morphology, and a pseudoplastic profile. Photoprotective activity assessed spectrophotometrically showed that the NE-EO was more effective than NE-B and free EO. Antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH and ABTS methods indicated that pure and nanoemulsified EO mainly inhibited the ABTS radical, showing IC50 40.72 and 5.30 µg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests on L-929 mouse fibroblasts, NGM human melanocyte, B16-F10 melanoma, and MeWo human melanoma revealed that EO and NE-EO were more cytotoxic to melanoma cells than to non-tumor cells. The stable NE-EO demonstrates potential for melanoma prevention and treatment. Further research is required to gain a better understanding of these activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melaleuca polandii, commonly known as "Gold-tipped Bottlebrush", is widely grown in Indian gardens and parks as an ornamental plant. In the present study, the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of M. polandii leaf essential oil (MPLEO) have been investigated. GC-MS analysis of MPLEO isolated from plants grown along the coastal plains of Eastern India revealed the presence of 50 constituents with α-pinene (46.17%), 3Z-hexenyl acetate (10.10 %), α-terpineol (5.43%), limonene (3.63%) and ρ-cymene (2.44 %) as the major constituents. MPLEO exhibited moderate antioxidant capacity in DPPH, ABTS and Reducing ability assays with IC50 values of 7.94 ± 0.34 μg/mL, 5.71 ± 0.21 μg/mL and EC50 7.09 ± 0.35 μg/mL, respectively. Of the 5 bacterial strains tested, the EO exhibited highest sensitivity against Bacillus subtilis with the ZOI of 12.66 ± 0.57 mm and strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus saprophyticus with MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL. MPLEO exhibited significant cytotoxic effects against Human alveolar lung adenocarcinoma (A549), Human hepato-cellular carcinoma (HepG2), Human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and normal Human Embryonic Kidney cell (HEK-293) as evaluated through MTT assay with IC50 values of 9.5 ± 0.38 μg/mL, 22.73 ± 0.95 μg/mL, 20.41 ± 0.82 μg/mL and 237.68 ± 9.26 μg/mL, respectively. The findings of the present study demonstrated that MPLEO could be considered as a potential bioresource having applications in pharmaceutical industries as an antibacterial and antiproliferative agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) is an antimicrobial agent, and hence, its use in fabricating nanoparticles (NP) may be useful in providing more efficacious antimicrobial agents. The current research aimed to test the antimicrobial efficacy of TTO and its TTO-Metal-NPs against oral microbes: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. The antimicrobial activity of TTO and zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) and the combined effects of antimicrobial agents were investigated using agar well diffusion assays. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify the phyto-constituents of TTO. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scatter (DLS), and zeta potential were utilized to analyze the biogenic nanoparticles' morphology, size, and potential. The antimicrobial mode of action was determined by assessing the morphological changes under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TTO extracts converted Zn and Fe ions to NPs, having an average size of 97.50 (ZnNPs) and 102.4 nm (FeNPs). All tested agents had significant antibacterial efficacy against the tested oral microbes. However, the TTO extract was more efficacious than the NPs. Combination treatment of TTO with antibiotics resulted in partial additive effects against P. gingivalis and partial antagonistic effects against E. faecalis, S. mutans, and common mouthwashes (Oral B and chlorhexidine). TTO and NP-treated bacteria underwent morphological changes on treatment. M. alternifolia phytochemicals could be useful for further research and development of antimicrobial NPs. The current study highlights the variance in activity observed for different types of bacteria and antagonistic effects seen with common mouthwashes, which represent a threat to therapeutic efficacy and heighten the risk of clinical microbial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oil is valuable as an edible oil and serves as a base material for a range of high-value products. Camellia plants of significant economic importance, such as Camellia sinensis and Camellia oleifera, have been classified into sect. Thea and sect. Oleifera, respectively. Fatty acid desaturases play a crucial role in catalyzing the formation of double bonds at specific positions of fatty acid chains, leading to the production of unsaturated fatty acids and contributing to lipid synthesis. Comparative genomics results have revealed that expanded gene families in oil tea are enriched in functions related to lipid, fatty acid, and seed processes. To explore the function of the FAD gene family, a total of 82 FAD genes were identified in tea and oil tea. Transcriptome data showed the differential expression of the FAD gene family in mature seeds of tea tree and oil tea tree. Furthermore, the structural analysis and clustering of FAD proteins provided insights for the further exploration of the function of the FAD gene family and its role in lipid synthesis. Overall, these findings shed light on the role of the FAD gene family in Camellia plants and their involvement in lipid metabolism, as well as provide a reference for understanding their function in oil synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an emerging type of packaging film containing polyvinyl alcohol and sesbania gum as the matrix and tea tree oil hydroxyapatite microspheres as the active ingredients was developed. The effect of this film on the postharvest quality of the Agaricus bisporus stored for 12 days at 4 °C was investigated. The experimental results revealed that the novel packaging film enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD and CAT, reduced the weight loss in the Agaricus bisporus. On the last day of storage, the hardness was 11.5 N, malondialdehyde content was 1.42 nmol/g, and the total colony count was 5.16 log10 cfu/g, which were better than those of other groups, the mushrooms in this treatment group also maintained a fine whiteness appearance. According to the findings, the packaging film can effectively maintain the quality of Agaricus bisporus, thereby facilitating its use as a novel active packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further develop the commercial use of Melaleuca bracteata (F. Muell), this report studied the extraction of essential oil from Melaleuca bracteata (F. Muell) leaves using ultrasonic pretreatment, cellulase-inorganic salt soaked and combined with microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. To optimize the primary contributing parameters, the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied. The optimum yield of essential oil was 9.61 mL/kg DW at a microwave power of 510.77 W, lithium chloride dose of 63.56 μmol, and microwave irradiation period of 46.97 min. The essential oil included a total of 41 compounds, and methyl eugenol (76.53%) and methyl cinnamate (12.62%) were the main compounds. The inhibitory impact was notable when the essential oil concentration was 1.6 mg/mL. Therefore, it has the potential to replace chemical pesticides. When the concentration of the essential oil solution was 1.6 mg/mL, the three pathogenic species of fungus (Pseudocercospora psidii, Colletotrichum eriobotryae, and Colletotrichum siamense) were greatly affected; at this dose, the fungus was unable to develop and its growth diameter was 0 mm. Additionally, the fungus's inhibition rate reached 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional therapy is commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions, but undesirable effects, such as erythema, dryness, skin thinning, and resistance to treatment, may cause poor patient compliance. Therefore, patients may seek complementary treatment with herbal plant products including essential oils (EOs). This scoping review aims to generate a broad overview of the EOs used to treat inflammatory skin conditions, namely, acne vulgaris, dermatitis and eczema, psoriasis, and rosacea, in a clinical setting. The quality, efficacy, and safety of various EOs, as well as the way in which they are prepared, are reviewed, and the potential, as well as the limitations, of EOs for the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions are discussed. Twenty-nine eligible studies (case studies, uncontrolled clinical studies, and randomized clinical studies) on the applications of EOs for inflammatory skin conditions were retrieved from scientific electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library). As an initial result, tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil emerged as the most studied EO. The clinical studies with tea tree oil gel for acne treatment showed an efficacy with fewer adverse reactions compared to conventional treatments. The uncontrolled studies indicated the potential efficacy of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) oil, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) oil, and cedarwood (Cedrus libani) oil in the treatment of acne, but further research is required to reach conclusive evidence. The placebo-controlled studies revealed the positive effects of kānuka (Kunzea ericoides) oil and frankincense (Boswellia spp.) oil in the treatment of psoriasis and eczema. The quality verification of the EO products was inconsistent, with some studies lacking analyses and transparency. The quality limitations of some studies included a small sample size, a short duration, and the absence of a control group. This present review underscores the need for extended, well-designed clinical studies to further assess the efficacy and safety of EOs for treating inflammatory skin conditions with products of assured quality and to further elucidate the mechanisms of action involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep is one of the most important factors affecting overall health. During the night, the skin repairs damage caused by daily stresses. Melatonin plays a key role in this process. Toxins are removed, and cellular repair and growth hormone production are increased. Inter alia, this also decreases signs of intrinsic aging. Aims: The current study was intended to demonstrate the impact of a unique fraction of Melaleuca alternifolia (FMA) essential oil, on sleep and skin quality. Methods: The effect of FMA was investigated in vitro on skin cells, evaluating its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, and in an ex‐vivo study on human skin biopsies treated with FMA following stress induction. In addition, two clinical studies were performed on volunteers with life‐style‐related sleep complaints. In one study, sleep was measured using a noncontact monitoring device (SleepScore Labs, Max). A second study was conducted to assess skin anti‐aging effects. Results: In vitro application of FMA reduced IL‐8 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in skin cells. This was confirmed ex vivo through a decrease in inflammatory markers and an increase in antioxidant enzymes after stress induction. Interestingly, FMA also upregulated melatonin‐associated genes. Real‐world sleep tracking revealed that FMA significantly improved sleep quality, relative to unscented control. In vivo applications also showed a reduction in signs of aging. Conclusion: These results provide initial data to suggest that this unique FMA delivers skin anti‐aging benefits via a two‐pronged mode of action, improving sleep quality, and reducing skin inflammatory and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf‐cutting ants (LCAs) cause significant damage to forest plantations and are mainly managed by broad‐spectrum synthetic insecticides. In Patagonia, Pinus ponderosa (Pinales: Pinaceae) (Douglas 1836) and Pinus contorta (Pinales: Pinaceae) (Dluglas 1838) are the predominant pine species in forest plantations. Previous research has shown that dehydrated citrus pulp is an LCAs attractant, and tea tree essential oil acts as an LCAs repellent.We evaluated the use of dehydrated citrus pulp and tea tree oil to manage LCAs behaviour in a push–pull setting, using mixed pine species in small plot fields, to reduce the LCA Acromyrmex lobicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Emery, 1888) damage in young P. ponderosa plants. We combined the treatment with attractant and repellent in a mono‐specific plantation design (three ponderosa plants surrounded with pulp and three sprayed with tea tree extract) or mixed plantation designs (three contorta plants with pulp and three ponderosa plants with tea tree).The combination of both mono‐specific and mixed plantations with push–pull stimuli delayed discovery and decreased the damage in pines sprayed with the repellent. Mono‐specific as well as mixed species designs were equally effective, reducing ant damage and increasing ~50% the survival probability of P. ponderosa when push–pull stimuli were applied.The use of a push–pull strategy with plant‐based compounds provides potential as a management tool that reduces and delays LCA damage in pine trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis represents a complex clinical syndrome that results from a harmful host response to infection. The infections most associated with sepsis are pneumonia, intra-abdominal infection, and urinary tract infection. Tea tree oil (TTO) has shown high antibacterial activity; however, it exhibits low aqueous solubility and high volatility, which have motivated its nanoencapsulation. In this study, the performance of nanoemulsions (NE) and nanocapsules (NC) loaded with TTO was compared. These systems were prepared by spontaneous emulsification and nanoprecipitation methods, respectively. Poly-ε-caprolactone or Eudragit® RS100 were tested as polymers for NCs whereas Tween® 80 or Pluronic® F68 as surfactants in NE preparation. Pluronic® F68 and Eudragit® RS100 resulted in more homogeneous and stable nanoparticles. In accelerated stability studies at 4 and 25 °C, both colloidal suspensions (NC and NE) were kinetically stable. NCs showed to be more stable to photodegradation and less cytotoxic than NEs. After sepsis induction by the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, both NE and NC reduced neutrophil infiltration into peritoneal lavage (PL) and kidneys. Moreover, the systems increased group thiols in the kidney and lung tissue and reduced bacterial growth in PL. Taken together, both systems showed to be effective against injury induced by sepsis; however, NCs should be prioritized due to advantages in terms of cytotoxicity and physicochemical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]