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An inventory is a set of technical operations for obtaining reliable information about a site in order to prepare technical and descriptive documentation, presenting the current state of objects. One of the measurement technologies allowing for the acquisition of reliable and comprehensive information about a site is terrestrial laser scanning. A point cloud from terrestrial laser scanning generates both 2D surveys and 3D models of various types of objects. The scope of research work included the application of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology in the inventory of the Mechowo Caves -- a cave in the village of Mechowo. The survey of the area in front of the cave and its part accessible to visitors was carried out using a Leica P40 laser scanner. Due to the highly varied shape of the cave ( multiple low and narrow passages) and its unique character, the measurement had to be performed in a non-standard way -- with the use of numerous measuring stations with different combinations of measuring instrument settings and variable scanning parameters. As a result of the work, a point cloud was generated, based on which cross-sections presenting the spatial layout of the Mechowo Caves were created, as well as a 3D model of the area covered by the survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage analysis using Multispectral (MSI) and Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) has grown significantly since the early 21st century. This boom has been related to the development of digital imaging, with the appearance of cheaper and easier-to-use tools. This paper presents a comparative study between two multispectral imaging systems applied to interior design watercolours from the Arxiu Valencià del Disseny (AVD) at the Universitat de València (UV). For the comparison, the samples were registered with these two systems: one based on an adapted digital DSLR camera and another dedicated hyperspectral camera. One of the systems made it possible to combine multiband technical photography (TP) with MSI (405-920nm, 18 bands) and open-source software processing. The second, based on HSI in the VNIR region (400-1000nm, 204 bands), even though it was not preferable for art photographic registration, favoured the data acquisition and processing thanks to the proprietary software automatization mechanisms. Therefore, it was observed that spectral information, calibration, and data processing were more limited in one system than in the other. Finally, this comparison aims to expose considerations to take into account when purchasing this equipment, rating issues such as affordability, versatility of use, and obtaining data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English is used in all parts of aviation, especially in aircraft maintenance, where all documentation and various manuals are written in this language. However, there are no formal requirements for aircraft mechanics to have a certain level of English. Nevertheless, aircraft mechanics must master their English language skills, since they are needed for managing their work tasks. This study deals with the issue of insufficiency of standardized English courses, and determines the English language needs of aircraft maintenance in the Slovak Republic, using a triangular approach. The gathered data from 80 respondents for this paper were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics, which were calculated by the means of Jamovi statistical software. The results revealed that aircraft mechanics engage most often in communication situations that require their knowledge of the reading skill. The importance of all language skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking) is proven by the determination of the most-common communication activities of aircraft mechanics, which should be included in specialized English courses. The results of this study are useful in the creation of language courses which increase the level of English in aircraft maintenance, thus, increasing safety in aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Based on data from a globally operating industrial company, this study demonstrated the benefits of VR to maintenance documentation review and risk assessment processes. Technical documentation creation is a collaborative process involving several departments in R&D. Even though virtual reality (VR) has been demonstrated to facilitate industrial collaboration and advance the product development lifecycle in earlier studies, it has not been utilized for technical documentation review and risk assessment processes in industrial companies. This article presents a case study where the benefits of VR to maintenance documentation reviews and risk assessments were studied. The virtual reality environment was tested by nine domain experts from an industrial company in a user study that replicated their actual real-life industrial collaboration tasks. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected during the study. Our findings show that collaborative VR has the potential to enhance the documentation review and risk assessment processes. Overall, the concept of using virtual reality for documentation review and risk assessment processes was rated positively by participants, and even though further development is needed for the review tools, VR was viewed as a concept that facilitates collaboration, enhances the current review practices, and increases spatial understanding. The benefits of VR are evident, especially for geographically scattered teams that rarely meet face-to-face or do not have access to the actual physical equipment. In cases where traditional means of communication are not enough, process improvements are needed for documentation review and risk assessment processes, and our proposed solution is VR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maintenance process of machine tools becomes more complex and difficult due to its increasing complexity and individuality. Augmented reality (AR) can support the maintenance engineer by visualizing the process with individual working steps and further information in a user-friendly manner. In order to an efficient deployment, a short and automated creation process of the AR based documentation is required including the integration of existing systems and data such as the technical documentation, CAD models and PDM data. This avoids a complete rewriting and manual creation of the AR based documentation in addition to the standard paper-based version. Therefore, various concepts for creating AR based technical documentations for the maintenance of machine tools are presented and verified including an analysis of the required documentation data, systems and processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Based on data from multinational domain experts in the field of Industrial Maintenance, this study demonstrated the application cases and advantages of asymmetric VR set-up to address needs present in the industry. Virtual Reality (VR) is a critical emerging technology in industrial contexts, as it facilitates collaboration and supports the product development lifecycle. However, its broad adoption is constrained by complex and high-cost integration. The use of VR among devices with various immersion and control levels may solve this obstacle, and increase the scalability of VR technologies. This article presents a case study on applying asymmetry between the COVE-VR platform and Microsoft Teams to enable distributed collaboration of multinational departments and enhance the maintenance method and documentation creation processes. Overall, five remote collaborative sessions were held with 20 experts from four countries. Our findings suggest that asymmetry between head-mounted display and Teams users enhances the quality of communication among geographically dispersed teams and their spatial understanding, which positively influences knowledge transfer and efficiency of industrial processes. Based on qualitative evaluation of the asymmetric VR setup, we further suggest a list of guidelines on how to enhance the collaboration efficiency for low-cost distributed asymmetric VR from three perspectives: organization, collaboration and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of technical documentation of vessels provides that the design, construction and conformity assessment is clearly understood and meets the competent requirements. This paper presents the development process of technical documentation for a small vessel, i.e. a motorboat of project category B (navigation on the high seas), whose hull length is within the range from 2.5 m to 24 m, according to the given norms. For example, the paper will present a boat intended as a polyvalent workboat in service on the Adriatic Sea, whose documentation has been prepared according to standards, i.e. the requirements of the Croatian Register of Shipping (HRN EN ISO Standards) [1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to analyse a terminological mechanism applied in choosing English words and phrases which are the basis for professional communication between airport aircraft mechanics of various nationalities. Correctly applied terminology facilitates successful communication and can contribute to reducing incidents arising from errors made during aircraft pre-flight preparation. Aircraft mechanics communicate not only by means of specialised terms and acronyms, but also by AECMA/ASD1 standardised Simplified Technical English for technical documentation purposes. Due to frequent text comprehension problems, common specific words have been selected according to the rule "one word - one meaning." Furthermore, English grammar has been simplified for successful international communication between aircraft mechanics. Thus, a specific communication tool has been created and is currently in global use, which indirectly contributes to flight safety. The author presents common trends applied in the process of terms selection in the working environment. She also emphasises the necessity of using clear and concise terminology in aviation communication. The author's observations can support aircraft mechanics' language training, and terminological as well as translation work. The article familiarises the reader with some key concepts of aircraft maintenance terminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technical documentation creation is a collaborative process involving several departments in R&D. Even though virtual reality (VR) has been demonstrated to facilitate industrial collaboration and advance the product development lifecycle in earlier studies, it has not been utilized for technical documentation review and risk assessment processes in industrial companies. This article presents a case study where the benefits of VR to maintenance documentation reviews and risk assessments were studied. The virtual reality environment was tested by nine domain experts from an industrial company in a user study that replicated their actual real-life industrial collaboration tasks. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected during the study. Our findings show that collaborative VR has the potential to enhance the documentation review and risk assessment processes. Overall, the concept of using virtual reality for documentation review and risk assessment processes was rated positively by participants, and even though further development is needed for the review tools, VR was viewed as a concept that facilitates collaboration, enhances the current review practices, and increases spatial understanding. The benefits of VR are evident, especially for geographically scattered teams that rarely meet face-to-face or do not have access to the actual physical equipment. In cases where traditional means of communication are not enough, process improvements are needed for documentation review and risk assessment processes, and our proposed solution is VR.

Mobile applications have a lot of unique challenges during the development process. One of them is monolith architecture that can’t be skipped even for large Mobile Enterprise applications. Software engineer should keep mind the whole source code structure to be effective. This article will introduce an approach to Rapid Software Design that allows to make a working documentation related to code and understandable by all team members. Rapid Software Design is suitable for Waterfall/Agile processes of developing applications with graphical user interface (web, mobile, desktop, embedded) and initially was created for mobile projects. This article contains only the description of User Interface related documentation despite the whole Rapid Software Design also covering the usage of architecture patterns, business logic, services, features of mobile operation systems and writing automated tests.

Virtual Reality (VR) is a critical emerging technology in industrial contexts, as it facilitates collaboration and supports the product development lifecycle. However, its broad adoption is constrained by complex and high-cost integration. The use of VR among devices with various immersion and control levels may solve this obstacle, and increase the scalability of VR technologies. This article presents a case study on applying asymmetry between the COVE-VR platform and Microsoft Teams to enable distributed collaboration of multinational departments and enhance the maintenance method and documentation creation processes. Overall, five remote collaborative sessions were held with 20 experts from four countries. Our findings suggest that asymmetry between head-mounted display and Teams users enhances the quality of communication among geographically dispersed teams and their spatial understanding, which positively influences knowledge transfer and efficiency of industrial processes. Based on qualitative evaluation of the asymmetric VR setup, we further suggest a list of guidelines on how to enhance the collaboration efficiency for low-cost distributed asymmetric VR from three perspectives: organization, collaboration and technology.

Technical documentation is evolving from static contents presented on paper or via digital publishing to real-time on-demand contents displayed via virtual and augmented reality (AR) devices. However, how best to provide personalized and context-relevant presentation of technical information is still an open field of research. In particular, the systems described in the literature can manage a limited number of modalities to convey technical information, and do not consider the 'people' factor. Then, in this work, we present a Context-Aware Technical Information Management (CATIM) system, that dynamically manages (1) what information as well as (2) how information is presented in an augmented reality interface. The system was successfully implemented, and we made a first evaluation in the real industrial scenario of the maintenance of a hydraulic valve. We also measured the time performance of the system, and results revealed that CATIM performs fast enough to support interactive AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing, understanding and implementing the European technical legislation is essential in the products development, design, manufacture and quality assurance. For each developed product, should be prepared a technical documentation. User instructions are an integral part of every product, therefore all those who want to sell their products, should learn how to write them. The aim of our work is to propose a universal concept for preparing user instructions to be used for any product, either small or complex. Specifications for the structure, content and presentation of user instructions are laid down in the IEC 82079-1 standard which provides a concept basis for writing user instructions. Chapter 1 in our paper presents the open issues, in machine safety, CE labeling and writing technical documentation. Chapter 2 explains the meaning of a technical communicator and presents the IEC 82079-1 standard, that defines the importance and the the content to be covered by the user instructions and gives guidelines that should be carefully followed when writing of the user instructions. Chapter 3 gives a reference to the template for the user manual and draws conclusions of our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research on user-generated content in technical communication focused primarily on non-traditional forms of technical communication outside of traditional institutions and organizations. User-generated content from the forum StackOverflow provides rich knowledge and stories behind problems faced by web and software developers. This study explores how technical communicators engage in this knowledge-rich content specific to web and software developers. Our findings provide insights into how researchers, instructors, and practicing technical communicators might leverage user-generated forum content in their work. Literature review: Previous research examined how user-generated content is a form of technical writing and technical editing. Furthermore, some research in technical communication has examined how technical user forums present a type of user-generated content to which technical communicators might add value. However, no research on user forums has explicitly examined how technical communicators engage in user forums to gain subject-matter familiarity or expertise. This study seeks to explore how technical communication students engage in user forums to troubleshoot coding problems. Research questions: 1. Are technical communication students able to successfully solve unfamiliar coding problems using user-generated content posted on the StackOverflow website? Are they able to identify the conceptual knowledge needed to solve the coding problem? 2. When learning about new, unfamiliar technical content, how do technical communication students search for information and decide which forum content to engage with? 3. Do technical communication students make meaning and actively fill knowledge gaps when they engage in new, unfamiliar technical content on StackOverflow? 4. After searching and reading through user-generated forum content to troubleshoot a coding task, do technical communication students feel confident enough in what they learned to teach someone else? Results: Most participants were unable to solve any of the coding problems using StackOverflow. Those who did successfully troubleshoot the coding problems exhibited more active scanning when selecting a search thread and made meaning of thread content more closely. Conclusions: Actively engaging and making meaning of thread content reveals insights into the stories behind the thread. These stories provide important details and clues for gaining subject-matter familiarity, but users must actively engage in meaning-making to access the stories and fill knowledge gaps. Practitioners and instructors can leverage content on StackOverflow to better understand coding problems. StackOverflow threads, along with other user-generated forum content, also give instructors insight into technical audiences and can be leveraged to teach students how to use primary research to better understand audiences. Researchers can continue to study how novice users interact with user-generated content by investigating how confidence levels affect meaning-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of problems typically tackled in initial programming courses can lead students to dismiss problem solving techniques and processes. Faculty and students in Programming 1 and 2 classes are prone to focus on the mechanics and syntax of programming at the expense of building increasingly complex and realistic models of the solution. To motivate undergraduate students to accept the importance of flowcharts, pseudo-code, documentation, and other development tools, we present a series of active learning lessons for introductory programming classes built and tested at Valparaiso University. These lessons introduce development tools and problem solving as vital components of an overall solution and provide opportunities for students to see their value in real world applications. Following the lessons, 100% of the students recognized the importance of development tools, and 95% of the students identified a desire to learn more about how they can be used.

Because the industrial production requires the application of some transformation procedures on the material resources, so that a clothing product comes out with optimal use value in terms of maximum economic efficiency, one of the main influencial factors is the quality of the products. To make manufacturing processes more efficient, it is necessary to carry out the zero series in order to ensure the quality of the technological processes, as well as to prevent some design deficiencies. Among the main operations undertaken to ensure the quality of the zero series, we mention: creating the conditions for launch, tracking and finalizing the accompanying production documents under similar series production conditions; zero-series producers are usually the same workers who make up the series production line; equipping with the appropriate equipment and providing with necessary devices in order to create the technical conditions for the execution of the zero series; providing technical assistance in relation to manufacturing and control documentation for eliminating the design deficiencies. This paper presents the architecture of the zero series execution in manufacturing processes in the textile garment industry. The information obtained from the zero-series analysis is directed to the technical support, for possible corrections of the patterns according to which the products were manufactured.

In this study, we summarize the drastic restrictions introduced in the last eight years within the European environmental legislation governing electro-medical devices, and highlight manufacturer's obligations to demonstrate compliance with these rules. On July 1, 2011, the recast of the Directive on the Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment (known as RoHS II) was published in the European Official Journal. This Directive, that within its scope, included medical devices (MDs) and in-vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVDs), aimed to limit the amount of six toxic materials released into the environment through discarded electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). MDs and IVDs had to be RoHS II compliant from July 22, 2014 and July 22, 2016 respectively. On June 4, 2015, the EU Commission published RoHS III, a new Directive that limited the content of four additional substances belonging to the phthalates group. According to RoHS III, phthalates will be subject to restriction for all EEE, starting from July 22, 2019, with the exception of MDs and monitoring and control equipment which will need another two years. RoHS II is a CE marking Directive; therefore, manufacturers must adhere to its requirements both in technical documentation and in subsequent EU declaration of conformity before affixing the "CE" mark on their finished products. RoHS III is also a CE marking Directive that medical device manufacturers will have to apply starting from July 22, 2021. Although this seems a long time, manufacturers need to start meeting the RoHS III requirements by now to avoid the risk of being out of business for that date. • Electromedical-devices contain hazardous substances that partecipate in soil and groundwater pollution and cause health people risks. • The European Union has implemented a group of Directives aimed to eradicate certain hazardous substances from new EEE. • RoHS II added MDs and IVDs within its scope. RoHS II and RoHS III are CE marking Directives. • Manufacturers must provide technical documentation in order to demonstrate compliance with the RoHS requirements. • RoHS III will entry into force starting from July 22, 2021. Manufacturers must start meeting its requirements by now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technical writing allows reduction of the negative impacts of technical communication barriers by unification and standardization of documents, collection of user product requirements, and study of the user experience to develop scenarios for improving the user-friendliness of a product (usability and human factors), instruction design, and increasing the readability of technical documents through the use of simplified technical language, information style, and information design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Adequate evaluation of photoelectric systems, photoelectric arrays and photoelectric modules in conditions they are supposed to be operated is one of the most essential problems of today's photoelectric power industry that has to be considered in the course of their designing and putting into service, as well as during operation in particular, permanently changing environments. In this work, mandatory characteristics and parameters of photoelectric systems and system's PV components have been considered that have to be specified by manufacturer in technical documentation. Conventional test and calculations methods for defining these characteristics and parameters have been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightweight markup languages have been consolidated as the lingua franca for the preparation of technical documents. Their foundations and history are revised, as well as the main languages and documentation generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the principle of parametric modeling as an efficient way of designing and processing technical documentation is described on the example of creating a specific parametric model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural language permits an enormous amount of expressive variation. Writers, especially technical writers, tend to develop special vocabularies (jargons), styles, and grammatical constructions. Technical language becomes opaque not just to ordinary readers, but to experts as well. The problem becomes particularly acute when such text is translated into another language, since the translator may not even be an expert in the technical domain. Controlled Languages (CL) have been developed to counter the tendency of writers to use unusual or overly-specialized, inconsistent language [1, Section 7.6]. Engineering professionals know that making text understandable is very challenging in domestic environment (Serbian language), and especially in an international environment (mostly English language). Simplified Serbian language could help in domestic environment. Simplified English language already helps in international environment. Simplified English is sometimes used as a generic term for a controlled language. Simplified English is the original name of a controlled language originally developed for aerospace industry to facilitate the use of maintenance manuals by engineers for whom English is not the native language. It is now officially known under its trademarked name as Simplified Technical English (STE). Although STE is developed for use in the aerospace and defense industries, other industries have used it as a basis for developing their own controlled English standards, which are mostly used for making appropriate technical documentation.