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Awoke Seyoum Tegegne Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Awoke Seyoum Tegegne, Email bisrategebrail@yahoo.comBackground: The availability of medication related to HIV treatment in the world is one of the substantial improvements for reaching USAID’s 90-90 targets. Among the 90% of patients who have awareness about their disease, 90% are accessing their treatment and patients who received appropriate treatment have a suppressed viral load and improved CD4 cell count. Therefore, the main objective of the current study was to investigate the quality of life and associated factors of people living with HIV receiving first-line regimens at public hospitals in the Amhara region, Ethiopia.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 700 adult HIV-infected patients under treatment with first-line regimens, who were followed-up in 17 public hospitals in the Amhara region. A multivariate linear regression analysis was used for the current study.Results: Of the 700 patients included in the current analyses, 59.5% (n=358) reported no impairment in self-care, while 63.1% (n=380) were extremely anxious/depressed. The overall expected EQ-5D utility score and visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) scores were 0.388 0.41 and 66.20 17.22 respectively. The current study indicated that the covariates sex, age of patient, level of education, appointment frequency, disclosure status of the disease, and substance use significantly affected the quality of life of people living with HIV and under treatment with first-line regimens. Hence, higher CD4 cell count and less detectable viral load lead to good quality of life of people living with HIV.Conclusion: This study indicates that certain covariates have been identified as statistically significant predictors of the study variable “quality of life” of HIV-positive people. The findings obtained in the current investigation can help policy-makers to revise the current directives. The r

Abay Hussen Tale,1 Awoke Seyoum Tegegne,2 Denekew Bitew Belay2 1Department of Statistics, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Awoke Seyoum Tegegne, Email bisrategebrail@yahoo.comBackground: Maintaining good medication adherence and decreasing viral load in patients living with HIV/AIDS are critical to ensuring antiretroviral therapy’s preventive and therapeutic benefits. The main objective of this study was to assess the predictors of viral load and medication adherence among HIV-positive adults under treatment at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (FHCSH).Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was conducted from a random sample of 281 adult HIV-infected patients under treatment at FHCSH in northwest Ethiopia from June 2017 to June 2021. Separate GLMM was used in analysis of viral load and medication adherence, and joint mode was applied to fit those two outcomes jointly. The potential correlation of those two outcomes was linked by random intercepts. Information criteria (AIC and BIC) were used for model comparison and covariance structure selection.Results: The small standard error of significant predictors and significant correlation between viral load and medication adherence over time provide evidence for joint model selection. The correlation between viral load and medication adherence was − 0.7688 (P-value=< 0.05), which indicates that the decrement of viral load tends to increase good medication adherence. Patient substance use, visit time, baseline CD4 cell, baseline hemoglobin, and the interaction of visit time by substance use were significantly associated with viral load and medication adherence jointly.Conclusion: The study revealed that substance user adult patients, patients with low baseline CD4 cells, and patients with low baseline hemoglobin were with high viral loads and poor medication adherence. Therefore, health officials and other con

Melaku Tadege,1 Azmeraw Misganaw,2 Zemenay Truneh,1 Awoke Seyoum Tegegne3 1Department of Statistics, Injibara University, Injibara, Amhara, Ethiopia; 2Department of Statistics, Mettu University, Mettu, Oromia, Ethiopia; 3Department of Bio-Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Awoke Seyoum Tegegne, Email bisrategebrail@yahoo.comIntroduction: Currently, diabetes is a global health problem and it affects many people, especially in the developing continents. As patients’ living conditions improve and the science of medicine advances, the longevity of such patients has increased greatly. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify predictors for the association of the longevity of people with diabetes in Buno Bedele and Illubabor Zones, South-west Ethiopia.Methods: The study applied a retrospective cohort study design approach. In particular, long rank tests for longevity experience and Cox semi-parametric regression were implemented to compare and investigate the predictors associated with the longevity of patients with diabetes.Results: Among all the patients who participated in this study, 56.9% were females and the rest were males. From the Cox regression result, age (AHR = 1.0550, 95% CI: (1.0250, 1.0860), p-value = 0.001), female patients (AHR = 0.2200, 95% CI: (0.0390, 0.5290)), rural patients (AHR = 0.2200, 95% CI: (0.1000, 0.4890), p-value = 0.001), the existence of fasting blood glucose complication (AHR = 1.2040, 95% CI: (1.0930, 1.4460), p-value = 0.001), the existence of blood pressure (AHR = 1.2480, 95% CI: (1.1390, 1.5999), p-value = 0.0180), treatment type, Sulfonylureas (AHR = 4.9970, 95% CI: (1.4140, 17.6550), p-value = 0.0120), treatment type, Sulfonylurea and Metformin (AHR = 5.7200, 95% CI: (1.7780, 18.3990), p-value = 0.0030) were significantly affected the longevity of people with diabetes.Conclusion: The findings of the current study showed that the patient’s age, sex of patients, residence area, the exi

Ayitenew Agegn Gwadu,1 Mengistu Abebe Tegegne,1 Kidist Belay Mihretu,1 Awoke Seyoum Tegegne2 1Departments of Statistics, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Awoke Seyoum Tegegne, Email bisrategebrail@yahoo.comBackground: HIV attacks the CD4 cells which are responsible for the body’s immune response to infectious agents. The main objective of this study was to identify predictors of viral load status over time among HIV patients under HAART in Zewditu Memorial Hospital.Methods: A retrospective institutional-based cohort study design was conducted on 161 HIV-infected adults under HAART whose follow-ups were from January 2014 up to December 2017. A generalized linear mixed-effects model was conducted to infer predictors of the status of viral load at 95% of CI).Results: The descriptive statistics revealed that about 55.9% of the adults under treatment had a detected viral load status. Among the potential predictors, visiting time of patients (AOR = 0.731, 95%: (0.634,0.842) and p-value < 0.01), age of patients (AOR = 1.0666, 95% CI: (1.0527,1.0917) and p-value < 0.01), weight (AOR=. 0.904, 95% CI: (0.862, 0.946) and p-value < 0.01), baseline CD4 cell count (AOR = 0.996, 95% CI: (0.994, 0.998) and P-value < 0.01), educated patients (AOR = 0.030, 95% CI: (0.002, 0.385) and p-value=0.0053), rural patients (AOR = 6.30,95% CL: (1.78, 2.25) and p-value=0.0043), working status patients (AOR = 0.5905, 95% CI: (0.547,0.638), p-value < 0.01), poor adherent patients (AOR = 1.120, 95% CI; (1.035,1.391) and p-value = 0.016) and patients disclosed the disease status (AOR = 0.195, 95% CI: (0.023, 0.818) and p-value=0.0134) significantly affected the detection status of viral loads, keeping all other covariates constant.Conclusion: The predictor variables; visiting times, the weight of patients, residence area, age of patients, educational level, clinical stages, functio

Awoke Seyoum Tegegne,1 Molalign Tarekegn Minwagaw2 1Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Public Health, Amhara Community Health Institution, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Awoke Seyoum Tegegne, Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Po. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Tel +251 918779451, Fax + 251 2205927, Email bisrategebrail@yahoo.comBackground: Tuberculosis is one of the leading infectious diseases for people living with HIV. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the development of TB among HIV-positive adults under treatment in government hospitals of Amhara Region, Ethiopia.Methods: A hospital-based retrospective study design was conducted among 700 HIV-positive adults under HAART in 17 government hospitals in the Amhara region, Ethiopia.Results: Age of the patients (AOR = 1.122, 95% CI:1.013, 2.234), baseline CD4 cell count (AOR = 0.888, 95% CI: 0.714, 0.945), patients living without their partner (AOR = 1.212, 95% CI: 1.051, 1.123), females under treatment (AOR = 0.786, 95% CI; 0.564, 0.845), non-opportunistic diseases (AOR = 0.865, 95% CI: 0.731, 0.938), patients not disclosed their HIV status (AOR = 1.241, 95% CI: 1.087, 2.341), rural patients (AOR = 1.135, 95% CI: 1.032, 1.453, patient with no education (AOR = 1.125, 95% CI: 1.056, 1.546), low adherence patients (AOR = 1.225, 95% CI: 1.191, 2.453), bedridden patients (AOR = 1.223, 95% CI: 1.131, 1.521), ambulatory patients (AOR = 1.156, 95% CI:1.091, 1.267), non-smoker patients (AOR = 0.854, 95% CI: 0.686, 0.935) significantly affected on the variable of interest. Similarly, alcohol intake, drug toxicity and baseline clinical WHO stages significantly affected for the development of tuberculosis in HIV-positive patients under treatment.Conclusion: In this study, baseline CD4 cell count, female patients, non-opportunistic diseases, and non-smoking status were negatively associated with the development of TB, whereas

Awoke Seyoum Tegegne,1 Mitiku Wale Muluneh,2 Setegn Bayabil Agegn,2 Hailegebrael Birhan Biresaw2 1Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Statistics, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mitiku Wale Muluneh, Tel + 251-923-23-27-68, Email mitikuwale@gmail.comBackground: Medication adherence plays a significant in the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Therefore, the current investigation was conducted with the objective of comparing adherence and CD4 cell count with respect to virologic failure among HIV-infected adults under cART.Methods: A retrospective study design was conducted on 792 randomly selected HIV-infected adult patients who initiated first-line cART enrolled in the first 10 months of 2012 and followed up to August 2018 by using a simple random sampling technique based on their identification number.Results: The main outcome for the current investigation was the virologic failure which was decreased with successive visits. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for adherence and CD4 cell count change were 0.68 and 0.63 with χ2 = 21.2; p-value < 0.001 for the 12-month assessment. Similarly, these areas for the 36th and 60th month assessments were 0.71 and 0.66, with χ2 = 23.2; p-value < 0.001, and 0.73 and 0.71 with χ2 = 24.3; p-value < 0.001 for adherence and CD4 cell count, respectively.Conclusion: Pill count adherence was more accurate compared to CD4 cell count change for assessing virologic responses. Therefore, because of its easy access, simple use, cost-effectiveness, and accuracy, the adherence to cART was in favor of CD4 cell count change for monitoring the healthcare quality of HIV-infected patients.Keywords: adherence to cART, CD4 cell count, viral load, HIV, virologic failure, Ethiopia

Molalign Tarekegn Minwagaw,1 Betelihem Belete Akenie,1 Desalew Salew Tewabe,1 Awoke Seyoum Tegegne,2 Tariku Belachew Beyene3 1Department of Public Health, Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Public Health, Amhara Region Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Awoke Seyoum TegegneDepartment of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Po. Box 79, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaTel +251 918779451Fax + 251 2205927Email bisrategebrail@yahoo.comBackground: Globally, HIV/AIDS has challenged the lives of 36.3 million people and resulted in 17 million orphans. The disease has neither a vaccine nor a cure and the only option currently is highly active antiretroviral therapy. This research was conducted to identify the predictors of poor adherence to CART and treatment failure at second-line regimen among adults living with HIV/AIDS in public hospitals of Amhara region, north-western Ethiopia.Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was conducted on 700 HIV-positive people who were receiving a second-line CART regimen. Participants on second-line regimens who followed their treatment between 2016 and 2019 were considered. Data were extracted from participants’ clinical charts from June 18–July 7, 2020.Results: A multivariate regression analysis indicates that age of patients (OR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.001– 1.321; p = 0.005), follow-up visits (OR = 0.979, 95% CI: 0.873– 0.998; p < 0.001), CD4 cell count change (OR = 0.9860; 95% CI: 0.835– 0.998; p < 0.01), marital status (OR = 0.973, 95% CI: 0.789– 0.997; p = 0.006), female HIV-infected patients (OR = 0.990; 95% CI: 0.789– 0.999; p < 0.001), rural patients (OR = 1.151; 95% CI 1.065– 1.398; p = 0.004), non-educated adult patients (OR = 1.026, 95% CI: 1.002– 1.198; p = 0.003), existence of social violence (OR = 0.012, 95% CI: 0.008– 0.134; p< 0.01), patients with opportunistic diseases (OR = 1.0345, 95% CI

Awoke Seyoum Tegegne Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Awoke Seyoum TegegneDepartment of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, EthiopiaTel +251 918779451Email Bisrategebrail@yahoo.comBackground: Currently, around 36.7 million people in the world are living with HIV. Among these, 52% are living in sub-Saharan Africa. The main objective of this study was to identify socio-demographic economic and clinical factors associated with HAART adherence competence in successive visits among adult HIV patients after commencement of their treatment.Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was conducted on a random sample of 792 treatment attendants. The samples were selected using stratified random samples technique considering their residence area as strata. Secondary data were used in this study. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to identify predictors of HAART adherence competence over time.Results: In this longitudinal study, factors affecting long-term HAART adherence competence in successive visits were identified. Among the predictors, marital status (mean = 3.97, variance = 0.6, p = 0.021), level of disclosure of the disease (mean = 6.24, variance = 0.29, p = 0.012), residence area (mean = 3.97, variance = 0.6, p = 0.021), level of education (mean = 2.04, variance= 0.81, p = 0.012), ownership of cell phone (mean = 2.99, variance = 0.68, p = 0.034), household income (mean = 6.37, variance = 0.53, p = 0.002), age of patients (mean = – 2.78, variance = 56.64, p = 0.023), sex of patients (mean = – 1.25, variance = 0.88, p = 0.036), weight (mean = – 2.89, 42.36, p = 0.001), initial CD4 cell count (mean = 2.57, variance = 158.48, p = 0.015) and WHO stages (mean = 2.37, variance = 0.78, p = 0.026) were directly associated with retention of medication care. On the other hand, medication care was significantly and independently associated with longitudinal adherence competence.Conclusion: The outcome variable in

Awoke Seyoum Tegegne Department of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Awoke Seyoum TegegneDepartment of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaTel +251918779451Email bisrategebrail@yahoo.comBackground: One of the chronic diseases, all over the world, due to its significant contribution to the existence of other health problems is hypertension. It is known that hypertensive patients exposed to diabetes and the reverse is also true. The objective of the current investigation was to identify joint risk factors for hypertension and type 2 diabetes for adults under treatment.Methods: A random sample of 748 hypertensive and type 2 diabetic patients was selected. A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted with the selected patients who were receiving treatment for both hypertension and type 2 diabetes. A joint linear mixed-effect model was used for data analysis in this investigation.Results: The current investigation revealed that age (β = 0.18, p-value = 0.04 for hypertension, β = 0.81, p-value = 0.02 for type 2 diabetes) and weight of patients (β = 0.52, p-value < 0.01 for hypertension, β = 0.32, p-value < 0.01 for type 2 diabetes) were positively and significantly associated with existence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes whereas visiting times (β = − 0.08, p-value = 0.04 for hypertension, β = − 0.38, p-value = 0.03 for type 2 diabetes) were negatively associated with the variables of interest. Similarly, patients who do not exercise, who smoke, and drink and patients with a family history of disease were positively associated with the existence of the variables of interest.Conclusion: Hypertension and diabetes are highly correlated and one is the causes of the other. Hypertensive and diabetic patients should be aware that they should stop drinking alcohol and smoking and should attend properly to their medication as prescribe